《跨文化交际教程》课件chapter 6

ChapterSixBarriersinIntercultural

CommunicationOurNaturalCulturalContextWearelikeafishinwater.TheInterculturalContextWebecome“afishoutofwater”.“outofwater”=outofcontext“Water”ismycultureOtherwaterorairare“otherculturalcontexts”“Ineedmyculturetofeelcomfortable!!”

Case1:OneChinesestudentnamedLiYingwasstudyinginAmericaandwasonceinvitedtoattendafriend’sparty.Hearrivedthereontimebuthefoundmanyarrivedlateincasualclothes.Thefoodwassimpleandtherewerefewacquaintances.Hejusthadashortconversationwiththehost.Twohourslaterheleftindisappointment,determinednevertoattendthesekindofpartiesagain.

Case2:ComingfromManchester,SaraworksasateacherinXi’an.Whenshewasgivingalecture,shefoundthestudentskepttakingnoteswithoutaskinganyquestions.Sheencouragedthemtoposequestionsinclassbutitdidn’twork.Thestudentsusuallyaskedquestionsafterclassanddidn’treadmuchthereferencebooksshehadrecommended.BarriersinInterculturalCommunicationCulturalAssumptionsStereotypesEthnocentrismCulturalShock…LaRayBarna(afamousscholarininterculturalcommunication)believesthatthemainbarrierininterculturalcommunicationistoassumetheculturalnormsofone’sownareacceptedbyothercultures.

CulturalAssumptions

CraigStortibelieves

ininterculturalcommunication,peoplegenerallygothroughfourphases:

ExpectingpeopleinanotherculturetobehavesimilarlyCulturalconflictresultingfromthebiggapbetweentheexpectationandrealityFeelingangryandfearfulWantingtoshrinkandgiveupCraigStortiCraigStortiisthedirectorofCommunicatingAcrossCultures,specializinginthedesignanddeliveryofseminarsininterculturalcommunications,cross-culturalbusinessdynamics,expatriationandrepatriation,culturaldiversity,andmanagingthemulticultural/globalworkforce—forclientsfromgovernment,business,military,andtheeducationsectors.

HowtoAvoidCulturalAssumptioninInterculturalCommunication１、Constantlyremindoneselfthatpeoplehavedifferentculturalbackgroundsandcontrastingcustoms.２、Learntoobserveothercountry’scultureandcompareitwithone’sownsoastoimprovethecross-culturalawareness.StereotypesStereotypesareperceptionsandbeliefsweholdaboutgroupsorindividualsbasedonourpreviouslyformedopinionsorattitudes.Theycanbepositiveornegative.Stereotypescanchangealongwithtime.Changeinsocialconditionscanleadtothechangeofstereotypes.ReasonsforFormingStereotypes1、Socialenvironmentisthekeyfactor;2、Thepersonalexperienceofchildhoodplaysasignificantrole;3、Ithassomethingtodowiththecognitivedevelopmentofchildren.StereotypesVs.Prejudices刻板印象偏见Stereotypescanbeeitherpositiveornegativeandcanchangealongwithtime.Prejudicesaregenerallynegativeandtakemanyformsincluding“discrimination”,whichisanextremeandintentionalformofprejudice.DisadvantagesofStereotypesExaggeratethedifferencesbetweengroupsandignoreindividualdifferencesLeadtoethnocentricandprejudicialconceptionsandspeeches

NeglectthedynamicandchangeablenatureofculturePreventionofStereotypesPayattentiontoindividualdifferences.

Reservethespaceforindependentexploring.

Betolerant.EthnocentrismTobeethnocentricistobelieveinthesuperiorityofone’sowncultureandnegativelyjudgeaspectsofanotherculturebythestandardsofone’sown，includingthebehaviors,communicationmodes,socialcustoms,managingmethodsandsocialvalues.ManifestationofEthnocentrismThecoursebookofeachcountryallfocusesonthehistoryandcultureofitsown.Themapofeachcountryalwaysplacesitselfinthecenter.3.Whenmentioningthecontributiontotheworldcivilization,onecountryalwayshighlightitsownwhileunderestimatingothers’.

4.Incomposingtheworldliteraturehistory,therehaslongexistedatendencytoplaceEuropeinthecentre,whilementioninglittleaboutthecontributionofAsia,AfricaandLatinAmerica,leadingtoalowevaluationoftheworksinthoseplaces.ThereasonthatliesbehindisthattheauthorsaremainlyEuropeans.5.…

EthnocentrismVs.Patriotism

民族中心主义爱国主义

Ethnocentrismbelievesone’scultureissuperiortoothers’andlooksdownuponmembersinothergroupsandmocksatpeopleinothergroupswhentheyseethemhavedifferentsocialcustomsorbehavedifferently.Patriotismisakindofpositiveandsupportiveattitudeandemotionstowardsone’sowncountry.CultureShock文化休克CultureShockreferstoatransitionalprocessinwhichanindividualperceivesthreatstoherorhiswell-beinginaculturallynewenvironment.

Wealllikethefamiliar.Culturemakesthingsfamiliar,andinsodoinghelpsusreducethestressoflife.Butwhenwearethrustintoanotherculture,byeitherchanceordesign,andexperiencepsychologicalandphysicaldiscomfortfromthiscontact,wehavebecomevictimsofCultureShock.ThetermwasfirstintroducedbytheanthropologistOberg.AccordingtoOberg(afamousanthropologist),CultureShockinvolves:

Asenseofidentitylossandidentitydeprivationwithregardtovalues,status,profession,friends,andpossessions;Identitystrainasaresultoftheeffortrequiredtomakenecessarypsychologicaladaptation;Identityrejectionbymembersofthenewculture;Identityconfusion,especiallyasregardsroleambiguityandunpredictability;Identityimpotenceasaresultofnotbeingabletocopewiththenewenvironment.CultureShockreasonsCommunicationbarriersDifferentdailyactivitiesSolitudeDifferentcustomsDifferentbeliefsandvalueshighDegreeofpersonalhappinesslowHoneymoonperiodFrustratedperiodRecoveryandadjustmentperiodAdaptiveperiodTheProcedureChartProcessofCultureShockSatisfiedwiththepeople,sightsandfoodofthenewenvironmentandhappywiththeprospectofworkingorlivinginaforeigncountry1.HoneymoonPeriodAppearanceofconflictsinvaluesbecauseofculturald