比邻学堂考研英语真题-iv

1995年入学统一考试英语试Section UseofForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CorD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleep,characterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreaming,andlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.1kindofsleepisatallwell-understood,butREMsleepis2toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore3.Thenewexperiments,suchasthose4forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolis,suggestfascinatingexnations5ofnon-REMsleep.Forexample,ithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep6is100percentfataltorats,yet,7examinationofthedeadbodies,theanimalslookcompleynormal.Aresearcherhasnow8themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats9bacterialinfectionsoftheblood,10theirimmunesystems--theself-protectingmechanismagainstdisease--had1．A. B. C. D.2．A. B. C. D.3．A. B. C. D.4．A. B. C. D.5．A.inthe B.by C.withtheexceptionD.forthe6．A. B. C. D.7．A. B. C. D.8．A.paidattentiontoB.caughtsight C.laidemphasis D.castlight9．A. B. C. D.10．A. B.as C.only D.ifSection ReadingPartAEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefouranswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)MoneyspentonadvertisingismoneyspentaswellasanyIknowof.Itservesdirectlytoassistarapiddistributionofgoodsatreasonableprices,therebyestablishingafirmhomemarketandsomakingitpossibletoprovideforexportatcompetitiveprices.Bydrawingattentiontonewideasithelpsenormouslytoraisestandardsofliving.Byheltoincreasedemanditensuresanincreasedneedforlabour,andisthereforeaneffectivewaytofightunemployment.Itlowersthecostsofmanyservices:withoutadvertisementsyourdailynewspaperwouldcostfourtimesasmuch,thepriceofyourevisionlicensewouldneedtobedoubledandtravelbybusortubewouldcost20percentmore.Andperhapsmostimportantofall,advertisingprovidesaguaranteeofreasonablevalueintheproductsandservicesyoubuy.Apartfromthefactthattwenty-sevenActsofParliamenternthetermsofadvertising,noregularadvertiserdarepromoteaproductthatfailstoliveuptothepromiseofhisadvertisements.Hemightfoolsomepeopleforalittlewhilethroughmisleadingadvertising.Hewillnotdosoforlong,formercifullythepublichasthegoodsensenottobuytheinferiorarticlemorethanonce.Ifyouseeanarticleconsistentlyadvertised,itisthesurestproofIknowthatthearticledoeswhatisclaimedforit,andthatitrepresentsgoodAdvertisingdoesmoreforthematerialbenefitofthecommunitythananyotherIcanthinkof.ThereisonepointIfeelIoughttotouchon.RecentlyIheardawell-knownevisionalitydeclarethathewasagainstadvertisingbecauseitpersuadesratherthanwasdrawingexcessivelyfinedistinctions.OfcourseadvertisingseekstoIfitsmessagewereconfinedmerelytoinformation--andthatinitselfwouldbedifficultifnotimpossibletoachieve,forevenadetailsuchasthechoiceofthecolourofashirtissubtlypersuasive--advertisingwouldbesoboringthatnoonewouldpayanyattention.Butperhapsthatiswhatthewell-knownevision alitywants.Bythefirstsentenceofthepassagetheauthormeans heisfairlyfamiliarwiththecostofeverybodyknowswellthatadvertisingismoneyadvertisingcostsmoneylikeeverythingitisworthwhiletospendmoneyonInthepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTincludedintheadvantagesofSecuringgreater B.ProvidingmoreC.Enhancingliving D.ReducingnewspaperTheauthordeemsthatthewell-known ality verypreciseinpassinghisjudgmentoninterestedinnothingbutthebuyers‘correctinlingthedifferencebetweenpersuasionandobviouslypartialinhisviewsonIntheauthor‘s advertisingcanseldombringmaterialbenefittomanbyprovidingadvertisinginformspeopleofnewideasratherthanwinsthemthereisnothingwrongwithadvertisinginpersuadingthethebuyerisnotinterestedingettinginformationfromanTherearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproduct,theotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewed algrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotion,thestudentwhosegradesimprove,theforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage--alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts.Bycontrast,theprocessof algrowthismuchmoredifficulttodetermine,sincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditself,butrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehave,theircautionorcourage,astheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocess,thejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworld,newideastotry,newchallengestoaccept.Inordertogrow,totravelnewroads,peopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakerisks,toconfronttheunknown,andtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymayfail‖atfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.Doweperceiveourselvesasquickandcurious?Ifso,thenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe‘reshyandindecisive?Thenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitate,tomoveslowly,andnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe‘reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe‘renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallenge?Thenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall.Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontand etheseinternalfearsanddoubts,ifweprotectourselvestoomuch,thenweceasetogrow.We etrappedinsideasofourownmaking.isgenerallybelievedto algrowth hehasgivenuphissmokinghehasmadegreateffortsinhisWhentheauthorsays―anewwayofbeing‖(Line2~3,Para.3)heisreferring.anewapproachtoexperiencingtheanewwayoftakinganewmethodofperceivinganewsystemofadaptationto algrowth,theauthoradvocatesallofthefollowing curiosityaboutmorepromptnessinself-open-mindednesstonewavoidanceofinternalfearsandInsuchachanging,complexsocietyformerlysimplesolutionstoinformationalneedsecomplicated.Manyoflife‘sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.WheretoturnforexpertinformationandhowtodeterminewhichexpertadvicetoacceptarequestionsmanypeopleInadditiontothis,thereisthegrowingmobilityofpeoplesinceWorldWarII.Asfamiliesmoveawayfromtheirstablecommunity,theirfriendsofmanyyears,theirextendedfamilyrelationships,theinformalflowofinformationiscutoff,andwithittheconfidencethatinformationwillbeavailablewhenneededandwillbetrustworthyandreliable.Thealmostunconsciousflowofinformationaboutthesimplestaspectsoflivingcanbecutoff.Thus,thingsoncelearnedsubconsciouslythroughthecasualcommunicationsoftheextendedfamilymustbeconsciouslylearned.Addingtosocietalchangestodayisanenormousstockpileofinformation.Theindividualnowhasmoreinformationavailablethananygeneration,andthetaskoffindingthatonepieceofinformationrelevanttohisorherspecificproblemiscomplicated,time-consumingandsometimesevenoverwhelming.Coupledwiththegrowingtyofinformationisthedevelopmentofwhichenablethestorageanddeliveryofmoreinformationwithgreaterspeedtomorelocationsthanhaseverbeenpossiblebefore.Computertechnologymakesitpossibletostorevastamountsofdatainmachine-readablefiles,andtoprogramcomputerstolocatespecific municationsdevelopmentsenablethesendingofmessagesviaevision,radio,andveryshortly,electronicmailtobombardpeoplewithmultitudesofmessages.Saliteshaveextendedthepowerofcommunicationstoreporteventsattheinstantofoccurrence.Expertisecanbesharedworldwidethrougheconferencing,andproblemsindisputecanbesettledwithouttheparticipantsleavingtheirhomesand/orjobstotraveltoadistantconferencesite.Technologyhasfacilitatedthesharingofinformationandthestorageanddeliveryofinformation,thusmakingmoreinformationavailabletomorepeople.Inthisworldofchangeandcomplexity,theneedforinformationisofgreatestimportance.Thosepeoplewhohaveaccurate,reliableup-to-dateinformationtosolvetheday-to-dayproblems,thecriticalproblemsoftheirbusiness,socialandfamilylife,willsurviveandsucceed.Knowledgeispower‖maywellbethetruestsayingandaccesstoinformationmaybethemostcriticalrequirementofallpeople.it thelackofstablethebreakdownofinformalinformationtheincreasedmobilityofthegrowingnumberofpeoplemovingfromcetoThemainproblempeoplemayencountertodayarisesfromthefact theyhavetolearnnewthingstheylacktheconfidenceofsecuringreliableandtrustworthytheyhavedifficultyobtainingtheneededinformationtheycanhardlycarryoutcasualcommunicationswithanextendedFromthepassagewecaninfer electronicmailwillsoonyadominantroleintransmittingit emoredifficultforpeopletokeepsecretsinaninformationpeoplewillspendlesstimeholdingmeetingsoreventswillbereportedonthespotmainlythroughsaWecanlearnfromthelastparagraph itisnecessarytoobtainasmuchknowledgeaspeopleshouldmakethebestuseoftheinformationweshouldrealizetheimportanceofaccumulatingitisofvitalimportancetoacquireneededinformationalityistoalargeextentinherent--A-typeparentsusuallybringaboutA-typeoffspring.Buttheenvironmentmustalsohaveaprofoundeffect,sinceifcompetitionisimportanttotheparents,itislikelyto eamajorfactorinthelivesoftheirchildren.OnecewherechildrensoakupA-characteristicsisschool,whichis,byitsverynature,ahighlycompetitiveinstitution.Toomanyschoolsadoptthewinatallcosts‖moralstandardandmeasuretheirsuccessbysportingachievements.Thecurrentpassionformakingchildrencompeteagainsttheirclassmatesoragainsttheclockproducesatwo-layersystem,inwhichcompetitiveA-typesseeminsomewaybetterthantheirB-typefellows.Beingtookeentowincanhavedangerousconsequences:rememberthatPheidippides,thefirstmarathonrunner,droppeddeadsecondsaftersaying:Rejoice,weconquer!‖Byfartheworstformofcompetitioninschoolsisthedisproportionateemphasisonexaminations.Itisarareschoolthatallowspupilstoconcentrateonthosethingstheydowell.Themeritsofcompetitionbyexaminationaresomewhatquestionable,butcompetitioninthecertainknowledgeoffailureispositivelyharmful.Obviously,itisneitherpracticalnordesirablethatallAyoungsterschangeintoworldneedsAtypes,andschoolshaveanimportantdutytotrytofitachild‘s alitytohispossiblefutureemployment.Itistopmanagement.Ifthepreoccupationofschoolswithacademicworkwaslessened,moretimemightbespentteachingchildrensurervalues.Perhapsselectionforthecaringprofessions,especiallymedicine,couldbemadelessbygoodgradesinchemistryandmorebysuchconsiderationsassensitivityandsympathy.ItissurelyamistaketochooseourdoctorsexclusivelyfromA-typestock.B‘sareimportantandshouldbeencouraged.Accordingtothepassage,A-typeindividualsare A. B. C. D.Theauthorisstronglyopposedtothepracticeofexaminationsatschools.thepressureistoogreatonthesomestudentsareboundtofailureratesaretootheresultsofexanimationsareTheselectionofmedicalprofessionalsiscurrentlybased B.academicC.competitive D.surerFromthepassagewecandrawtheconclusion alityofachildiswellestablishedatfamilyinfluencedominatestheshaofone‘sthedevelopmentof alityisduetomultipleB-typecharacteristicscanfindnoceincompetitiveThatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskillfulperformanceonthepiano,torecitationofapoem,andeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledinligentbehaviourdemandsmemory,rememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typically,thedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences.Practice(orreview)tendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yet,dramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissense,theabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeed,whenone‘smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadtoseriousanxiety,forgettingmayproducerelief.Nevertheless,anevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturaltoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintime,sinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandout,providingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgetting,adaptiveabilitywouldsuffer,forexample,learnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewho(byordinarystandards)forgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethatsurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies.adaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisview,continualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorage(input)andforgetting(output).Indeed,thereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputFromtheevolutionarypointof forgettingforlackofpracticetendstobeobviouslyif getsveryforgetfulallofasuddenhemustbeverythegradualprocessofforgettingisanindicationofanindividual‘ssuddenforgettingmaybringaboutadaptiveAccordingtothepassage,if never hewouldsurvivehewouldhavealotofhisabilitytolearnwouldbetheevolutionofmemorywouldFromthelastparagraphweknow forgetfulnessisaresponsetothememorystoragesystemisanexactlybalancedinput-outputmemoryisacompensationforthecapacityofamemorystoragesystemislimitedbecauseforgettingInthisarticle,theauthortriestointerpretthefunction A. B. C. D.PartBReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesinto.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicalteststhatarewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,classifying,assigning,orpromotingstudents,employees,andmilitary nelhavebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.31)Thetargetiswrong,forinattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedor petentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools,withcharacteristicsthatcanbemeasuredwithreasonableprecisionunderspecifieduponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance:schoolgrades,researchproductivity,salesrecords,orwhateverisappropriate.32)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalways pleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext.Theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindsofinformationaboutwhata learned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindof heis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesand ingsasotherkindsofinformation.33)Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheevidencefromexperienceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.34)Ingeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthequalitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefinedandleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized,buttherearemanythingstheydonotdo.35)Forexample,theydonotcompensateforgrosssocialinequality,andthusdonotlhowableanunderprivilegedyoungstermighthavebeenhadhegrownupundermorefavorablecircumstances.Section PROJECTTimelimit:40Wordlimit:120-150words(notincludingthegivenopeningYourcompositionshouldbebasedontheOUTLINEbelowandshouldstartwiththegivenopeningsentence:EducationysaveryimportantroleinthemodernizationofourYourcompositionmustbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(15points)1995年考研英语答SectionI:UseofSectionII:ReadingPartPart不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则。1996年入学统一考试英语试Section UseofForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Vitaminsareorganiccompoundsnecessaryinsmallamountsinthedietforthenormalgrowthandmaintenanceoflifeofanimals,includingman.Theydonotprovideenergy,1dotheyconstructorbuildanypartofthebody.Theyareneededfor2foodsintoenergyandbodymaintenance.Therearethirteenormoreofthem,andif3ismissingadeficiencydisease es4.Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements--usuallycarbon,hydrogen,oxygen,and5nitrogen.Theyaredifferent6theirelementsarearrangeddifferently,andeachvitamin7oneormorespecificfunctionsinthebody.enoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionalusevitamins.Manypeople,10,believeinbeingonthe‖safeside‖andthustakeextravitamins.However,awell-balanceddietwillusuallymeetallthebody‘svitaminneeds.1．A.B.C.D.2．A.B.C.D.3．A.B.C.D.4．A.B.C.D.5．A.B.C.D.6．A.inB.soC.suchD.except7．A.B.C.D.8．A.B.C.D.9．A.B.C.D.10．A.B.C.D.Section ReadingPartAEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.ForeachquestiontherearefouranswersmarkedA,B,CandD.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,It‘snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.‖Psychologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeachofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintendtohavefriendstodinner,wenthe,makeashoplist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,andsuchnningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.Likewise,ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.Inmakingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhavetooffer,youcaninligentlynwheretosellyourservices.Thisaccountofyourselfisactuallyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludeeducation,experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandardapplicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulin alinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualifications,willpayhimtoemployyouandyourwares‖andabilitiesmustbedisyedinanorderlyandreasonablyconnectedmanner.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomethingtangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyourcould-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesandearsopen,anduseyourownjudgment.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingtheemploymentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,It‘snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.‖?You‘llcertainlygetwhatyouIt‘snouseYoushouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouIt‘sessentialtosetagoalfor12．Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassage anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforaanindicationofhowtosecureagoodaguidelineforjobaprincipleforjobAccordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajobbecause thatisthefirststeptopleasethethatistherequirementoftheitenableshimtoknowwhentosellhis shim eclearlyawareofWhenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,you definiteto B.imaginarytoC.practicalto D.desirabletoWiththestartofBBCWorldServiceevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannowwatchtheCorporation‘snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.AndofcourseinBritainlistenersandviewerscantuneintotwoBBCevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesanddozensoflocalradiostations.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrentaffairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children‘sprogrammesandfiforanannuallicensefeeof￡83perhousehold.Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years--yettheBBC‘sfutureisnowindoubt.TheCorporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.Thedebatewaslaunchedbytheernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionoftheBBC--includingordinarylistenersandviewers--tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkee.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC‘sroyalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,ortomakechanges.DefendersoftheCorporation--ofwhomtherearemany--arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan―Ifitain‘tbroke,don‘tfixit.‖TheBBCain‘tbroke,‖theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnotbroken(asdistinctfromtheword‗broke‘,meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.ThecommercialTVchannels–ITVandChannel4--wererequiredbytheThatcherernment‘sBroadcastingActto emorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,andcuttingcostsandjobs.Butitisthearrivalofnewsalitechannels--fundedpartlybyadvertisingandpartlybyviewers‘subscriptions--whichwillbringaboutthechangesinthelongTheworldfamousBBCnow theproblemofnew B.anuncertainC.inquiriesbythegeneral D.shrinkageofInthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisNOTmentionedasthekeyExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarProgrammesasthesubjectofanation-widePotentialsforfurtherinternationalItsexistenceasabroadcastingTheBBC‘sroyalcharter‖(Line4,Paragraph4)stands thefinancialsupportfromtheroyaltheprivilegesgrantedbytheacontractwiththeauniquerelationshipwiththeroyalTheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnoother theemergenceofcommercialTVthe mentofBroadcastingActby theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandthechallengeofnew liteInthelasthalfofthenineteenthcenturycapital‖andlabour‖wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasrecedbyalimited withabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.Thegrowthofthelimitedliability andmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,im almanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld‘smovementtowardsindustrialization.TownslikeBournemouthandEastbournespranguptohouselargecomfortable‖classeswhohadretiredontheir es,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders‘meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhandshareholding‖meantleisureanddomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.Theshareholders‖assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythe inwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthe wasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliar ofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuch alrelationsimpossible.Fortunay,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother‘sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairIt‘strueoftheoldfamilyfirms theywerespoiledbytheyoungertheyfailedforlackofindividualtheylackedefficiencycomparedwithmoderntheycouldsupplyadequateservicestotheThegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresulted theseparationofcapitalfromtheownershipofcapitalbytheemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwotheparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalAccordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsofthetheoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirthelimitedliabilitycompaniesweretoolargetorunthetradeunionsseemedtoyapositiveTheauthorismostcritical familyfilm B.C. D.WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica--breakthroughssuchastheegraph,theboatandtheweavingmachine?Amongthemanyshafactors,Iwouldsingleoutthe