《2023全球量子计算产业发展展望》

GlobalQuantumCommunication&SecurityIndustryDevelopmentProspectRidetheWind&BreaktheWaves2023GlobalQuantumComputingIndustryDevelopmentProspectForewordThequantumcomputerisanewandnext-generationcomputerthatiscurrentlybeingdeveloped.Duetoitspowerfulparallelcomputingcapability,quantumcomputingwilllikelyleadanewroundofinformationtechnologyrevolution.Majortechnologicalcountriesworldwidehavelaunchedrelatedresearchanddevelopmentprojects,andactivelydevelopedquantumcomputingindustry.Oncelarge-scalequantumcomputingisachieved,itwillposeasignificantthreattothecurrentencryptionsystem,makingitamatterofstrategicimportancefornationalinformationsecurity.Inaddition,itsbroaddownstreamapplicationprospectsarelikelytochangetherulesofindustriessuchasbanking,drugdevelopment,andlogisticsinthefuture.In2022,thecharacteristicsofvariousquantumcomputingtechnologyroutesnotyetconverginghavebecomeincreasinglyevident.Breakthroughsinvariousrouteshavebeenmadetovaryingdegrees,andthepioneersofglobalquantumcomputingarerapidlycrossingtheNISQerawiththemaintrendofquantumerrorcorrection.Amongthem,thenumberofsuperconductingquantumbitsisexpectedtoentertheeraofthousandsofquantumbitsinthenewyear.2022isthe"neutralatomyear."Bothintermsoftechnologyandcommercialmaturity,theneutralatomtechnologyroutehasshownaleapfrogdevelopment.Weweresurprisedtofindthatinthepastthreeyears,wehavehadathemeeachyear,suchas"superconductingyear"in2019,"iontrapyear"in2020,and"quantumphotonicsyear"in2021.Wecanalsolookforwardtowhether2023willbethe"semiconductoryear.“Therapiddevelopmentoftechnologyhasnotbroughtgoodnewsforenterprisevaluationandfinancing.Theglobaloverallfinancinggrowthratein2022hassloweddownforthefirsttimesince2018.Theinvestmententhusiasmandconfidenceofmarketinstitutionsseemtohavehadabriefpause,whichmaynotbeabadthing.Somecompanies,includingthemedia,haveinflatedthebubbleinrecentyearsandneedtobesqueezed.ForewordIn2022,majortechnologicalcountriescontinuetostrengthenpolicysupportandacceleratethelayoutofquantumcomputing,whichhasbecomethemainthemeofglobalfrontiertechnologicaldevelopmentinthepastyear.TheUnitedStatesandChinaarethemostprominentamongthem,andtheircompetitionandconfrontationareaccumulating.Althoughwecannotaccuratelypredicthowmanyquantumbitsquantumcomputingwillachieveinthenextfewyears,howlowthecomputingerrorratewillbe,andwhatcompletelyoverturningapplicationstherewillbe,wecanclearlyunderstandfromthedevelopmenthistoryofclassicalcomputersthathumandemandforcomputingpowerisendless.Therefore,westillhavegreatconfidenceandenthusiasmforthefutureoftheglobalquantumcomputingindustry,andquantumcomputingwilldefinitelypushhumanity'snewjourneytothestarsandthesea!In2023,ICVwilljointlyreleasethe"2023GlobalQuantumComputingIndustryDevelopmentProspect"withChina'squantumtechnologyplatformcompany,GUANGZIHE,andwewillcontinuetobreakthroughthewaves!ICVFrontierTechnologyConsultingDirector,SeniorVicePresidentJudeGreenDisclaimerTheopinionsexpressedinthisreportstrivetobeindependentandobjective,anddonotconstituteanyadvertisement.Thedatainthisreportaremainlypublicinformation,aswellasthecollationofpublicdata.ThecopyrightofthisreportisownedbyICVTAnK.Anyotherformofuseordissemination,includingbutnotlimitedtopublications,websites,publicaccountsorpersonaluseofthecontentofthisreport,needstoindicatethesource(2023GlobalQuantumComputingIndustryDevelopmentProspect.ICVTAnK,2023.02).Whenusingthecontentofthisreport,anyquotation,deletionandtamperingagainsttheoriginalintentionofthisreportshallnotbecarriedout.Withoutwrittenpermission,anyinstitutionorindividualshallnotreproduce,reproduceorpublishinanyform.Ifconsentisobtainedforquoting,reprinting,andpublishing,itmustbewithinthescopeofpermission.Thosewhousethisreportinviolationofregulationsshallbearcorrespondinglegalresponsibilities.Thepurposeofcitingdata,eventsandopinionsinthisreportistocollectandsummarizeinformation,anditdoesnotmeanthatweagreewithalloftheiropinions,andwearenotresponsiblefortheirauthenticity.Thisreportinvolvesdynamicdata,expressesthesituationasofthetimeofpublishing,anddoesnotrepresentthefuturesituation.Theinformationoropinionsexpressedinthisreportdonotconstituteinvestmentadvice,pleasereferwithcaution.Forotherquestions,pleasecontactinfer@.GlobalQuantumComputingWGAcknowledgementThisreportisjointlyproducedbyICVTAnKandGUANGZIHEWearegratefultotheinstitutionswhoofferedussupport,includingbutnotlimitedto:TableofContents2023GlobalQuantumComputingIndustryDevelopmentTableofContentsQuantumComputerSoftware,Algorithm,CloudPlatformingdustryOutlookIndustryInsightChapterChapter1ChapterChapter1IndustryInsightyadvancementsandtheexpansionofsoftwaredevelopmentandplatforms,thequantumcomputing•SuperconductingQuantumComputers:Currently,thedevelopmentofgeneral-purposesuperconductingquantumcomputersisundergoingacrucialstageoftransitioningbeyondtheNISQera,withafocusonimprovingbothbreadthanddepth.Breadthreferstothenumberofquantumbits,withthecurrenthighestbeing433quantumbitsinIBM'sOsprey.Depthreferstothenumberofcontinuoushigh-fidelitymulti-qubitlogicoperationsthatcanbeperformed.•TrappedIonQuantumComputers:OneofthetwoquantumcomputingresearchdirectionsthathasreceivedthemostfundingfromtheUSgovernment.Inadditiontogeneral-purposequantumcomputers,iontrapsarealsowidelyusedinquantumsimulationresearchinfieldssuchasquantumchemistry,relativisticquantummechanics,andquantumthermodynamics.•PhotonicQuantumComputers:Xanadusuccessfullydemonstratedthesuperiorityofquantumcomputingin2022.Neutral•AtomQuantumComputers:CreatedinMarchbytheUniversityofChicago,theneutralatomachieves512quantumbitsinalaboratoryenvironment.JapaneseNationalInstituteofNaturalSciencesresearchersachieveda6.5nanosecondultrafastdual-qubitgate,breakingtheworldrecord.•Semiconducting,DiamondNVCenters,andNuclearMagneticResonanceQuantumComputers:Allshowedvariousdegreesoftechnicalprogressin2022.CChapterChapter1IndustryInsightAgnostiqJanuaryTencentQuantumMayLaboratory. •Thereleaseoftheopen-sourceworkfloworchestrationplatform,Covalent,designedspecificallyforquantumcomputingandHPCtechnology.•Thereleaseofanopen-sourcesoftwareproduct,TensorCircuit,inthefieldofquantumcomputing,designedforthenext-generationquantumcomputingsoftwarefornoisyintermediate-scalequantum(NISQ)computing.•ThereleaseofapubliclyavailabletestversionoftheBroqadeprogram,anopen-sourceJulialanguagepackageforquantumcomputingandquantumdynamicsbasedonneutralatomarchitecture,allowinguserstosimulatequantumprocessorsinsimulationmode.sandcommunitybasedsharingofopensourcesoftwarefrequentlyresultionandhinderingthepromotionofopensourcesoftwareapplicationsAsaresultrepairthem.evelopmentworkforvariousquantumcomputingroutesadvancestheupstreamhardwareandcomponentselectionforthecompletemachinebecomesincreasinglyustrialchainisgraduallybecomingclearandrovingwiththenumberofparticipantsineachlinkgraduallyincreasingCChapterChapter1IndustryInsightExhibit1-1QuantumComputingIndustryLandscape|VersionFeb2023Asthedevelopmentofquantumcomputingadvancesalongvariousroutes,thehardwarecomponentsanddevicesrequiredfortheentiresystemarebecomingclearer.Meanwhile,thesoftwaresystemforquantumcomputersisalsoevolving,withaclearerandmorecompletecompositionofvariousstagesofthesupplychainandanincreasingnumberofparticipantsineachstage.Theupstreamofquantumcomputingmainlyconsistsofhardwareandsoftwaredevelopmenttools.Currently,hardwarecomponentsanddevicesformthelargestpartoftheupstreamduetotheeffortsofvariouscompaniesandteamsworldwidetodevelopprototypesoftheentiremachine.Physicallybreakingthroughthedevelopmentisthecurrentmostimportanttask.CChapterChapter1IndustryInsightThemidstreamofthequantumcomputerindustryencompassesthequantumcomputerhardwareandsoftwaresystems,aswellasthealgorithmsandapplicationsoftware.Currently,themostprominenttechnicalavenuesinthehardwareaspectaresuperconducting,iontrap,photonic,andneutralatom.Forinstance,IBMaccomplishedthefabricationof433quantumbitchipsin2022,whichmarkedtheachievementofitsestablishedroadmapandrepresentedthehighestnumberofquantumbitsamongallthetechnicalavenues.Meanwhile,iontrapsmaintainthehighesttwo-bitgatefidelityof99.99%,andtheneutralatomquantumcomputersurprisedtheindustrybytheleapfrogdevelopmentofitsrouterepresentedbycompaniessuchasColdQuantaandPasqalin2022.Themidstreamofthequantumcomputerindustryencompassesthequantumcomputerhardwareandsoftwaresystems,aswellasthealgorithmsandapplicationsoftware.Currently,themostprominenttechnicalavenuesinthehardwareaspectaresuperconducting,iontrap,photonic,andneutralatom.Forinstance,IBMaccomplishedthefabricationof433quantumbitchipsin2022,whichmarkedtheachievementofitsestablishedroadmapandrepresentedthehighestnumberofquantumbitsamongallthetechnicalavenues.Meanwhile,iontrapsmaintainthehighesttwo-bitgatefidelityof99.99%,andtheneutralatomquantumcomputersurprisedtheindustrybytheleapfrogdevelopmentofitsrouterepresentedbycompaniessuchasColdQuantaandPasqalin2022.Thedownstreamoftheindustrialchainreferstothemajorapplicationdomainsofquantumcomputing,andtherearealreadyseveralrepresentativecompaniesinthesegmentedindustriesthatcollaboratewithquantumcomputingcompaniestojointlyexploreapplicationdevelopment.Withthegradualmaturityofquantumcomputingtechnology,especiallytheemergenceofdedicatedquantumcomputers,practicaldownstreamapplicationsareexpectedtoberealizedwithinfiveyears.Quantumcomputingisanovelcomputingparadigmbasedontheprinciplesofquantummechanics,offeringvastlysuperiorparallelcomputingpowerinprincipletoclassicalcomputing.Itprovidessolutionstolarge-scalecomputingproblemsrequiredforartificialintelligence,cryptography,weatherforecasting,resourceexploration,drugdesign,andotherfields,andcanrevealcomplexphysicalmechanismssuchasquantumphasetransitions,high-temperaturesuperconductivity,andthequantumHalleffect.Thisisthepowerfulcapabilitythatquantumcomputerscanofferus.Currently,limitedbytheprogressofrealquantumcomputers,itisnotyetpossibletoprovidethepowerfulcomputingpowerofquantumcomputerstoachievecompletequantumapplications.However,variousquantumalgorithmsforverticalindustryapplicationscanbedevelopedandverifiedusingthecomputingpowerofclassicalcomputers,thuslayingasolidfoundationforfuturepracticalapplications.CChapterChapter1IndustryInsight•OriginQuantumandFudanUniversitydesignedanovelmolecularcrystalstructurepredictionalgorithmutilizingtheparallelcomputingcapabilitiesofquantumsuperpositionstates,•SaritaUniversity,Usingquantumcomputing,discoveredanewphaseoftwo-dimensionalmaterials,assistingtheresearchofhexagonalboronnitride(h-BN)asahighlypromisingtwo-dimensionalmaterialattheGratzTechnologicalUniversity.Thesestudiesdemonstratetheenormouspotentialofquantumcomputinginpredictingmolecularstructures,developingnext-generationmaterialsandbatteries.•CaixaBankandD-WaveSystemshavecollaboratedtodevelopaquantumhybridapplication,reportedlysignificantlyreducingthetimetoresolvecomplexfinancialproblemsandimprovingportfoliooptimization,resultinginanincreaseininternalreturnratesforbondportfolios.•OriginQuantumhasdevelopedthequantummRMRalgorithmtoacceleratetheidentificationofdebtdefaultsinthefinancialriskcontroldomain.•IBMhasintroducedquantumcomputingtotheFrenchfinanceindustry,withtheNationalMutualCreditBankcollaboratingwithIBMtotrainteamsandexploreusecasesandconceptvalidationforquantuminfinancialservices.PlansareunderwaytoexpandFrance'squantumecosystem.•IonQannouncedacollaborationwithAirbustoexplorethepotentialandadvantagesofquantumcomputinginaviationandpassengerexperienceservices.Bothpartieshavejointlylauncheda12-monthquantumaircraftloadingoptimizationandquantummachinelearningproject,andwilleventuallypresentaprototypeofanaircraftloadingoptimizationapplication,providingguidanceforAirbusdevelopersandengineers.CChapterChapter1IndustryInsightIn2022,thequantumcomputingmachinesgloballyremainprimarilyintheirprototypephase,andwearestillintheearlystagesoftheNISQerawithlimitedprogressmadeintermsofactualapplicationsandproblem-solving.Althoughtheemergenceofanewtechnologyisboundtoattractcapitalandsocietalattention,andtheoccurrenceofabubbleisrationaltosomeextent,itisimportanttoclearlycommunicatethatthedevelopmentofquantumcomputersisstillinitsearlystagesandfarfrombeingpractical,withthevastmajorityofverifiableapplicationsbeingcarriedoutonquantumcomputingsimulators.Wepredictthat,priorto2030,therealizationofpurpose-builtquantumcomputersismostlikely,whichinvolvecoherentmanipulationofhundredsofquantumbitsandcanbeappliedtospecificproblemssuchascombinatorialoptimization,quantumchemistry,machinelearning,guidingmaterialdesign,anddrugdevelopment.CChapterChapter1IndustryInsightGlobalquantumcomputercompanies,includingresearchinstitutes,arenowactivelyexploringtheirownprofitmodels,mainlyasfollows.sDuetothehighconstructioncosts,highmaintenancecosts,largefootprint,andstringentoperatingconditionsofquantumcomputers,accesstoquantumcomputersviacloudcomputingismoreeconomicalandconvenientforthemajorityofpotentialquantumcomputingusers.Currently,mostcompanieswithquantumcomputinghardwarehavedevelopedcloudplatforms,withIBMbeingthefirsttodevelopaquantumcomputingcloudplatformandcurrentlyasuccessfulcaseinoperation.However,mostquantumcloudplatformssufferfromlowlevelsofaccessibility.omputingCurrently,thepurchasebehaviorofquantumcomputersasawholemachineisalmostdominatedbyvariouscountries,andtheunitswiththecapabilitytopurchasearemainlymilitaryforcesandnational-levelresearchinstitutions.Althoughquantumcomputersarestillwaitingforpracticalization,theemergenceofpurchasingbehaviorinthemarketprovidesincomeandsupportforquantumcomputercompaniesononehand,andontheotherhand,itreflectstheactiveinvolvementofdefenseandmilitarydepartments,aimingtoacceleratethepracticalizationprocess.Thefuturepowerfulabilitiesofquantumcomputershavealsoattracteddownstreamindustrycustomerstoparticipate,suchasfinancialcustomerswhohaveapressingneedtolayouttechnologyinadvance.Currently,somequantumcomputercompaniescanprovidesuitableservicesolutions,suchasquantumalgorithms,modeloptimization,andMonteCarlosimulations,tosuchindustrycustomers.Thesecollaborationsaremostlystrategic,andquantumcomputercompaniesandindustrycustomersjointlyconductresearchonacertainproject,whichhasagoodpreliminaryaccumulativeeffectonthedevelopmentoffutureindustries.QuantumComputerCChapterChapter2QuantumComputerIn2022,thedevelopmentachievementsofquantumcomputingshoweddiversifiedantumalsomadeinerrorcorrectionandcontrol.Wesummarizeandanalyzethedevelopmenttrendsofrity3.akingsicalnyesshasacceleratedandtheadvantagesinhepologicalgapsandhasthentumphaseQubitNumberSqueezed-StateQubitsChapterChapter2QuantumComputerQubitNumberSqueezed-StateQubitsChapterChapter2QuantumComputerExhibit2-1RoadmapforQuantumComputingHardware10520202021202220232024202520262027202820292030Trapped105105102102101020212223242526272829302021222324252627282930Exhibit2-2QuantumComputingStageExperimentaStageDemonstrationStageApplicationStageQuantuQuantumAdvantage2019202820351-53Qubits400+Qubits4000+Qubits10K-100KQubits100K+Qubits|VersionFeb2023CChapterChapter2QuantumComputerThecurrentprimaryfocusofhardwaredevelopmentintherealmofquantumcomputingisonincreasingthequantity,density,andconnectivityofquantumbits,aswellasimprovingtheirqualitybymeansofbettercoherencetimeandgatefidelity.Additionally,thereisadrivetowardsdesigningandimplementingnovelarchitectures,suchas3Dsettingsandinnovativeassemblytechniques,aswellasdevelopinglarge-scale,modularandintegratablequantumprocessingfacilities.Thedemonstrationofinterconnectivityandinformationexchangebetweendiversequantumcomputersisalsoapriority.Atpresent,multipletechnologicalavenuesforquantumcomputingarevyingfordominance,eachshowcasingitsownadvantages,andeachwiththepotentialforaremarkableimpact.IBMCorporationiscurrentlyleadingthedevelopmentofsuperconductingquantumcomputingtechnologyglobally.Basedoncurrenttrends,itisunlikelythatothersuperconductingquantumcomputingcompanies,includingGoogle,willsurpassIBMintheshortterm.IBMrepresentstheUnitedStates'internationalstatusinthefieldofsuperconductingquantumcomputing.IBMannouncedthelaunchofthe433qubitOsprey,whichnotonlyleadsinqubitcountbutalsoprovidesflexibilityinsignalroutinganddevicelayoutthroughitsmulti-tierwiring.Thisseparationofthewiresandcomponentsrequiredforreadoutandcontrolintoseparatelayershelpsprotectfragilequbitsfrombeingdamagedandallowstheprocessortoincorporatemorequbits.ComparedtotheEaglechip,Ospreyhastwosignificantadvantages.OneadvantageistheuseofflexibleribboncablesinsteadofcoaxialcablesusedinIBM'spreviousquantumprocessors,aswellastheintegrationoffilteringfunctionstoreducenoiseandimprovestability.Theflexibleribboncableisdesignedforlow-temperatureenvironmentswithcustomresistanceandthermalresistancetohelpmicrowavesignalstobetransmittedwithoutconductingtoomuchheatthatcouldinterferewiththequbits.Thisincreasesthenumberofchipconnectionsby77%,almosttwiceasmuchasthepreviouscables,contributingtotheexpansionofthequantumcomputer'sscale.Theotheradvantageisthenewgenerationofmeasurementandcontrolsystems,whichareusedtosendandreceivemicrowavesignalsinandoutofthequantumprocessor.Thedeviceismoreprofessionalandbettersuitedforquantumdevices,producingprecisesignalsandfrequenciesrequiredforcomputation.CChapterChapter2QuantumComputerInthefuture,IBMwillfocusontwohardware-centeredlargeprojects.Oneinvolvesvarioustypesofcommunicationbetweenquantumprocessors:real-timeclassical,chip-to-chipquantumgates(quantumentanglement),andquantumcommunicationbetweenmultiplequantumprocessors.Thesecondprojectinvolvesthedevelopmentofquantumsoftware,includingquantumalgorithms,quantumerrorcorrection,quantumcompilers,andquantum-enhancedoptimizationalgorithms."In2019,Googleachievedquantumsuperiorityforthefirsttimeusingits"Sycamore"quantumprocessor,whichconsistedof53quantumbits.By2022,thishadbeenexpandedto72quantumbits.UnlikeIBM,althoughGooglehasfewerquantumbits,theyaremorefocusedonthequalityofthequantumbits,andhavemadecontinualprogressintheareaofquantumerrorcorrection.Google'simplementationoferrorcorrectionusesfive-qubitsurfacecodesonits"Sycamore"device,whichfeatures72transmonquantumbitsand121tunablecouplers.Importantly,previouserrorcorrectionresearchhasshownthattheerrorrateincreasesasthenumberofbitsincreases,withtheadage"themoreyoucorrect,themoreyouerr".Thistime,however,Googleachieved"themoreyoucorrect,themoreyouarecorrect",breakingthroughthepointofbalancebetweenthebenefitsanddrawbacksofquantumerrorcorrection.Thisrepresentsacrucialturningpointinthelongjourneyofquantumcomputingandpointstowardsanewpathforachievingthelowlogicalerrorratesrequiredforuniversalcomputing.IBM'scurrentheavyhexagonaltwo-dimensionalquantumbitarrayconnectseachquantumbittoothernearbyquantumbitsonthesurfaceofthechipinsomerepeatedpattern.IBMhasalsobegunresearchingwaystoestablishconnectionsbetweenquantumbitslocatedfarapartonthechipandtocrosstheseconnections,whichcouldlaythegroundworkformoreefficienterror-tolerantmachinesinthefuture.litysignalubitsItcanbeexpectedthattheutureCChapterChapter2QuantumComputersOneofthemajoradvantagesofiontrapsisthenaturalhomogeneityofions,resultinginlongcoherencetimesandhighgatefidelity.Inthiscontext,oneofthekeyaccomplishmentsoftheiontrapquantumcomputingtechnologyin2022wastofurtherimprovethestatepreparationandmeasurement(SPAM)fidelity.ThiswasachievedbyQuantumandIonQ,twoquantumcomputingcompanies.BothcompaniesraisedtheSPAMfidelityto99.9904%,leadingtheindustry,thankstotheiontrap'snaturaladvantageintermsoffidelitycomparedtoothertechnologylines.Ofevengreatersignificance,QuantumComputingCompany,asubsidiaryofHoneywell,demonstratedtheentanglinggatebetweentwologicalquantumbitsthroughexperiments,andcompletedreal-timeerrorcorrectioninafullyfault-tolerantmanner.Thisdemonstratedalogicalcircuitwithhigherfidelitythanthecorrespondingphysicalcircuit,markingamilestoneachievementthattheperformanceoflogicalquantumbitssurpassesthatofphysicalquantumbits-acrucialsteptowardsfault-tolerantquantumcomputing.Enhancingiontrapinterconnectivityandexpandingthenumberofsystembitsarecommongoalsforiontrapcompanies.Atthebeginningof2022,IonQannouncedthatitwouldusebariumionsinitsnewsysteminsteadofpreviouslyusedytterbiumions,asbariumionsaremoresuitableforphoton-ionentanglement.InMarch,thecompanyreleaseditslatestgenerationofquantumsystemIonQForte,whichincludes32quantumbitsandhastheabilitytohandleupto40individualionquantumbitswithitsAODsystem.Theiontrapsystemitselfhasaproblemwithscalability,butwithIonQ'sintroductionofamulti-corearchitecture,theiontrapquantumcomputerisexpectedtosurpass100quantumbitsinthenext1-2years.InJanuary2023,theEntangledNetworksteamjoinedIonQ,mainlyengagedinresearchanddevelopmentofion-basedquantumcomputingtechnologyandquantumnetworksolutions.Inadditiontoquantumbit(qubit)count,otherparameterssuchascoherencetime,computationspeed,circuitdepth,errorrate,andconnectivitycanalsoeffectivelyrepresenttheperformanceofaquantumcomputer.Thesuperiorityofiontraptechnologycanbereflectedinitsquantumvolume(QV)index,whichiscurrentlythelargestamongallquantumcomputertechnologieswithamaximumQVof8192.Thefullconnectivitybetweenqubitsanditslongde-coherencetimeareitstwomajoradvantagesthatcompensateforthecurrentlimitationinqubitcount.CChapterChapter2QuantumComputerIonQcurrentlyusestrappedionqubits,wherethetechnologyinvolvesthestimulationofionsbylaserlighttoemitphotons,entanglementofphotonsandions,andthetransferofentangledphotonstotheothersidetoentanglethetwoiontraps.Quantum,ontheotherhand,usestheQCCDarchitecturewhichutilizessegmentediontraps,whereinternalionscanshuttlebackandforthandinteractwithlasersindifferentregions.IntheIonQapproach,"ionsdon'tmove,lightmoves,"meaningthattheacousticopticalmodulatoraddressesdifferentionsoutsidetheiontrap.TheadvantageoftheIonQapproachisthationscaneasilyinteractwitheachother,whiletoachievethesameeffectinQuantum'stechnology,thecorrespondingionsneedtobe"pickedout"tothecorrespondingregionandtheninteractwiththelaser.Quantumfocusesonsolvingtheproblemofaccommodatingmoreionswithinasingleiontrap.InadditiontoIonQandQuantum,theAustriancompanyAQThasalsogivenanewarchitecture.AQT's19-inchrackconsistsofanopticalrackanda"trap"rack,includinganopticalsystem,communicationandreadoutsystem,amplifierandelectronicequipment,fiberroutingandswitch,andothercoremodules.Theopticalrackmainlyincludesopticalgenerat