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TOEICLSAT托福阅读文章结构

文章基本分类标准总分时间顺序1.标准总分现象解释型结论说明型现象解释型4结构：首段：Phenomenon下文：Explanation/Experiment末段：Summary/ConfirmationTS:theConclusionorcorrectHypothesisaboutaphenomenon结论说明型5结构：首句或首段提出结论下文从不同方面说明结论总结TS:提出结论的句子，通常为首句或首段2.时间顺序6

TheAtlanticcodfisheryP1：OffthenortheasternshoreofNorthAmerica,fromtheislandofNewfoundlandinCanadasouthtoNewEnglandintheUnitedStates,thereisaseriesofshallowareascalledGrandBanks,largeshoalsontheedgeoftheNorthAmericancontinentalshelf,wherethewarmwatersoftheLabradorCurrentmeetthecoldwateroftheGulfStream.Asthecurrentsbrusheachother,theystirupmineralsfromtheoceanfloor,providingnutrientsforplanktonandtinyshrimp-likecreaturescalledkrill,whichfeedontheplankton.Herringandothersmallfishrisetothesurfacetoeatthekrill.Groundfish,suchastheAtlanticcod,liveintheocean’sbottomlayer,congregatingintheshallowwaterswheretheypreyonkrillandsmallfish.ThisrichenvironmenthasproducedcodbythemillionsandoncehadagreaterdensityofcodthananywhereelseonEarth.

P2:Beginningintheeleventhcentury,boatsfromtheportsofnorthwesternEuropearrivedtofishtheGrandBanks.Forthenexteightcenturies,theentireNewfoundlandeconomywasbasedonEuropeansarriving,catchingfishforafewmonthsinthesummer,andthentakingfishbacktoEuropeanmarkets.CodlaidouttodryonWooden“flakes”wasacommonsightinthefishingvillagesdottingthecoast.Settlersintheregionusedtothinktheonlyseacreatureworthtalkingaboutwascod,andinthelocalspeechtheword“fish”becamesynonymouswithcod.Newfoundland’snationaldishwasapuddingwhosemainingredientwascod.

P3:Bythenineteenthcentury,theNewfoundlandfisherywaslargelycontrolledbymerchantsbasedinthecapitalatSt.John’s.Theymarketedthecatchsuppliedbythefishersworkingoutofmorethan600villagesaroundthelongcoastline.Inreturn,themerchantsprovidedfishingequipment,clothing,andallthefoodthatcouldnotbegrownintheisland’sthin,rockysoil.Thissystemkeptthefishersinacontinuousstateofdebtanddependenceonthemerchants.P4:Untilthetwentiethcentury,fishersbelievedinthecod’sabilitytoreplenishitselfandthoughtthatoverfishingwasimpossible.However,Newfoundland’scodfisherybegantoshowsighsoftroubleduringthe1930s,whencodfailedtosupportthefishersandthousandswereunemployed.Theslumplastedforthenextfewdecades.Then,whenanCanadiangovernmentdecidedtobuildupthemodernGrandBanksfleetandmakefishingaviableeconomicbaseforNewfoundlandagain.AllofNewfoundland’sseafoodcompaniesweremergedintooneconglomerate.Bythe1980s,theconglomeratewasprospering,andcodwerecommandingexcellentpricesinthemarket.Consequently,therewasasignificantincreaseinthenumberoffishersandfish-processingplantworkers.

P5:However,whiletheoffshorefisherywasprospering,theinshorefishermenfoundtheircatchesdroppingoff.In1992theCanadiangovernmentrespondedbyclosingtheGrandBankstogroundfishing.Newfoundland’scodfishingandprocessingindustrieswereshutdowninabidtoletthevanishingstocksrecover.Themoratoriumwasextendedin1994,whenalloftheAtlanticcodfisheriesinCanadawereclosed,exceptforoneinNovaScotia,andstrictquotaswereplacedonotherspeciesofgroundfish,Canada’scodfishingindustrycollapsed,andaround40,000fishersandotherindustryworkerswereputoutofwork.P6:Atlanticcodstockshadoncebeensoplentifulthatearlyexplorersjokedaboutwalkingonthebacksoftheteemingfish,.Today,codstocksareathistoricallylowlevelsandshownosignsofimminentrecovery,evenafterdrasticconservationmeasuresandseverelylimitedfishing.Fishermenoftenblamethediminishingstocksonseals,whichpreyoncodandotherspecies,butscientistsbelievethatdecadesofoverfishingaretoblame.StudiesonfishpopulationshaveshownthatcoddisappearedfromNewfoundlandatthesametimethatstocksstartedrebuildinginNorway,raisingthepossibilitythatthecodhadmigrated.Still,noonecanpredictwhetherandwhenthecodwillreturntotheGrandBanks.

TheAtlanticcodfisheryhasshapedNewfoundland’seconomyforcenturies.AtlanticcodstockswereonceplentifulintherichenvironmentaroundtheGrandBanks.TheAtlanticcodisagroundfishthatpreysonherringandsmallfishthateatkrill.Codfishingwassosuccessfulthatfewpeopleconsideredthepossibilityofoverfishinguntilfishstocksfell.TheCana