职通商务英语综合教程教师参考书

TimeClassSectionLead-Studentslearnaboutsomeinternationaltradepolicies,TextAAllowstudentsafewminutestogothroughTextAandfinishthecomprehensiontask.ExinsomekeylanguageExtendedExercises1,3andTimeClassSectionLead-AllowstudentsafewminutestohaveaTextAllowstudentsafewminutestogothroughTextBandfinishthecomprehensiontask.ExinsomekeylanguageExtendedExercises6andSectionExinexercisesrelatedtoTextAandTextAskstudentstofinishthetranslationandreadingpracticerelatedtoTextAandTextB.SupplementaryAskstudentstodotheSupplementaryReadingafterExtendedExercises9andTariffs:morebindingsandclosertoThebulkiestresultsofUruguayRoundarethe22500pageslistingindividualcountries’commitmentsonspecificcategoriesofgoodsandservices.Theseincludecommitmentstocutand“bind”theircustomsdutyratesonimportsofgoods.Insomecases,tariffsarebeingcuttozero.Thereisalsoasignificantincreaseinthenumberof“bound”tariffs—dutyratesthatarecommittedintheWTOandaredifficulttorise.StandardsandArticle20oftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)allowsernmentstoactontradeinordertoprotecthuman,animalorntlifeorhealth,providedtheydonotdiscriminateorusethisasdisguisedprotectionism.Inaddition,therearetwospecificWTOagreementsdealingwithfoodsafetyandanimalandnthealthandsafety,andwithproductstandardsingeneral.Bothtrytoidentifyhowtomeettheneedtoapplystandardsandatthesametimeavoidprotectionismindisguise.Theseissuesare ingmoreimportantastariffbarriersfall—somecomparethistoseabedrocksappearingwhenthetidegoesdown.Inbothcases,ifacountryappliesinternationalstandards,itislesslikelytobechallengedlegallyintheWTOthanifitsetsitsownstandards.Services:rulesforgrowthandTheGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS)isthefirstandonlysetmultilalruleserninginternationaltradeinservices.NegotiatedintheUruguayRound,itwasdevelopedinresponsetothehugegrowthoftheserviceseconomyoverthepast30yearsandthegreaterpotentialfortradingservicesbroughtaboutbythecommunications lectualproperty:protectionandenTheWTO’sAgreementonTrade-RelatedAspectsofInlectualPropertyRights(TRIPS),negotiatedinthe1986-94UruguayRound,introducedinlectualpropertyrulesintothemultilaltradingsystemforthefirsttime.TheagreementcoversfivebroadHowbasicprinciplesofthetradingsystemandotherinternationalinlectualpropertyagreementsshouldbeapplied;HowtogiveadequateprotectiontoinlectualpropertyHowcountriesshoulden thoserightsadequayintheirownterritories;HowtosettledisputesoninlectualpropertybetweenmembersoftheWTO;SpecialtransitionalarrangementsduringtheperiodwhenthenewsystemisbeingTheAgricultureAgreement:newrulesandTheobjectiveoftheAgricultureAgreementistoreformtradeinthesectorandtomakepoliciesmoremarket-oriented.Thiswouldimprovepredictabilityandsecurityforimportingandexportingcountriesalike.ThenewrulesandcommitmentsapplyDomesticsupport—subsidiesandotherprograms,includingthosethatraiseguaranteefarmgatepricesand ExportsubsidiesandothermethodsusedtomakeexportsartificiallyTradeandTradeandPrograms(TPP)advancesU.S.tradeobjectivesbyopeningnewexportopportunitiesforAmericanbusinesses,farmers,ranchersandworkersthroughglobal,regionalandbilaltradeinitiatives—includingtradeagreements(FTAs)andtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)DohaDevelopmentAgenda.Inpartnershipwithagenciesacrossthefederalernment,themorethan50TPPprofessionalsandstaffwork izethebenefitsofopenmarketsforglobaleconomicdevelopment,addressandresolvetradedisputes,strengtheninlectualpropertyenment,andimproveaccessforU.S.goodsandservicesInctionbetweenTradeandCompetitionThisisoneoftheso-called“newissues”intheWTO,addressinghowdomesticinternationalcompetitioninstruments,suchasantitrustorcompetitionlaws,inctwithinternationaltrade.InJuly2004theGeneralCounciloftheWTOdecidedthattheinctionbetweentradeandcompetition(inadditiontoinvestment,andtransparencyinernmentprocurement)wouldnolongerformpartoftheWorkProgramsetoutintheDohaMinisterialDeclarationandthereforethatnoworktowardsnegotiationsonanyoftheseissueswilltakecewithintheWTOduringtheDohaRound.JobsandTradeJobs,everywhere,isthekeyfactorintrade.Every ernmentmaintainsdomesticpeacebypromotingandgeneratingjobs,keeitsdomesticpopulationoccupiedandproductive.Jobsdependontrade.Withoutjobs,whetherindevelopedordevelocountries,thereisno eforconsumerstobuyimports,andnotaxrevenueforernmentservicesor ernment-builtinfrastructuretoenableimportstoreachThemoreaproductisentirelymadefromdomesticmaterialsandcomponents,themoreitsproducersandspokesmen(andthepoliticianswhorepresentthem)willwanttoprotecttheirdomesticmarketagainstforeigncompetitors,inordertoprotecttheirjobs,andthemoretheywillwanttherulesoftradetofavordomesticproductionover trade.Itisnearlyimpossible,however,forworkersintheglobaleconomytomakesomethingthatcanbefinishedwithoutinputsfromabroad,justastheirdomesticmarket,andtheirjobs,dependuponforeigngoods.And,theymaymakesomethingthatisinmuch,orevenmore,demand,inforeignmarkets.Theyneedthoseforeignmarketsopentobuytheirgoods,andtheyknowthatitisexceedinglydifficulttoavoidreciprocityinmarketopening—fortheforeignmarkettobeopen,thedomesticmarketmustbeopenaswell.Inallthesecircumstances,thecenterpieceoftradethinkingisjobs,butjobsmaybeprotectedvariouslybytradeprotectionismorby trade.Themoregoodsaremadeforexport,themorethemanufacturersofthemmustfavortrade.LecturingLecturing

’sForeignTradeafterWTOAccessionAskthestudentstoworkinpairstomakeashortspeechonthediagramwhichshowstheITC’s(InternationalTradeCenter)StrategicObjectives.Theymayneedsearchtheinternettoexploremoreinformationaboutthisorganization.InformationAidforTradewaslaunchedattheWorldTradeOrganization’s(WTO)HongKongMinisterialConferenceinDecember2005and eembeddedinITC’swork.ThepillarsoftheprogramlinkdirectlytoITC’sthreestrategicobjectivesof tonationalenvironmentsfriendlierforexportbusiness;strengtheningnationalregionalinstitutionsthatprovideservicestoexporters;and enterprises morecompetitiveintheglobalAidforTradeisanewwayofapproachingdevelopmentassistance.Itisprimarilyavehicleforenablingdevelocountries,particularlyleastdevelopedcountries,integratebetterintothe lrules-basedtradingDevelocountriesmustclearlyprioritizetheirtechnicalassistanceneedsinorderaccessAidforTrade.RespondingdevelopmentpartnersthenprovideAsthelargest lteamdedicatedentirelytotrade-relatedtechnicalITCcontributesthebusiness,promotingprivatesectorvoiceintradedevelopment;andofferingsolutionstosupply-sideconstraintsthatkeepcountriesfromparticipatingmorefullyinworldAskstudentstogothroughTextAandfinishthecomprehensiontask.Circulatesandmakesurestudentsdonotturntoanydictionariesduringtheirreading.SuggestedSuggestedExercise.5.6.Exercise0.2.Hisinterestinthedevelopmentresearchwerenever’strade2.Hisinterestinthedevelopmentresearchwerenever’stradewassodeepandgenuinethatButprivatebuyingisunpredictableandcannotunderpinthemarketinthewaydealer-buyingusedto.TheIMFwilloftenaskthesenationstotakestepstodecreasetheirimportsorperhapsdepreciatetheircurrencies. lawsinconsistentwiththeWTOrulesorourwillbeamendedtoachievee1.Wearefacinginternaldifficultiessuchasthesluggishgrowthofandemploymentburdenofurban formallyjoinedtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)inNovember2001,itseconomyhas growingstronglyandattractingmuchforeigninvestment,whiletheworld’smajoreconomieshavestruggledwithsluggishgrowthorrecession.自2001年11月正式加入世界贸易组织（WTO）Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“SinceNovember2001 succeededjoiningtheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO),itseconomyhas stronglyandattractingmuchforeigninvestment.Atthesametime,however,majoreconomicsintheworldhavesufferedfromslowgrowthorrecession.sluggish:movingorreactingmorelowlythane.g.:TheoldCEOwasverydissatisfiedwiththe ’ssluggishsalesHefeltsluggisheveninthefiercebusinessnegotiationwiththeirnewly-establishedThechangesthathavebeenmadetofulfilltheseWTOobligationsarenotjustperfunctoryadjustments;thechangesarepermanent,reform-deepeningtransformationsof ’straderegime.Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“ThechangeshavebeentakencetocarryouttheseWTOobligations.However,thesechangesarenotonlyregularadjustments,butlong-termandreform-deepeningtransformationsin ’stradesystem.perfunctory:aperfunctoryactionisdonequicklyandcarelessly,andisonlydonebecausepeopleexpectit.e.g.:Afterthetwosidessignedtheagreement,therepresentativesgaveeachotheraperfunctoryembrace.Thedismissedthe withaperfunctoryregime:arulingorprevailinge.g.:Underthenewregimeinthedepartment,allworkersmustfileaweeklyThesecouncilswouldformthenucleusofafuturetrade acceptedtheprincipleofcomparativeadvantageonlyafteradoptingreformandopeningin1978,theinitiationofwhichcompleytransformed ’stradingsystemanditsrelationswiththerestoftheworld.Theclauseof“theinitiationofwhich y ’stradingisanattributiveclause,modifyingtheprincipleofcomparativeinitiation:theactofstartingsomethingforthefirsttime;introducingsomethingnew. TheworkprogramshallbeinitiatedassoonaspossibleaftertheentryintooftheWTOAgreementandwillbecompletedwithinthreeyearsofinitiation.Uponinitiationofaninvestigation,the oftheexportingmemberandthefirmsshouldbeinformedoftheintentiontocarryouton-the-spotWithprotectionismrisingworldwide,especiallynewlycreatedorupgradedseeminglydesignedtotarget exports,thequestioningwhethertheprincipleofcomparativeadvantageshouldstillunderpin ’sexportsispartlymotivatedbythefactthatinternationalmarketshavechangedsinceaccededtotheWTO.因为全球保护主义的抬头，特别那些似乎是针出口的新创建或升级的壁垒，对比较优势法则是否仍然支撑着中国出口的这一质疑，部分是由于中国正式加入WTO“Withprotectionismrisingworldwide,…totargetexports”isaparticipleabsolutestruture,usedasanadverbialofcause.“…thatinternationalmarketshavechangedsince accededtotheWTO.”isanappositiveclause,furtherexiningtheword“fact”.underpin:togivestrengthorsupporttoanidea,beliefe.g.:ThesedevelopmentsareunderpinnedbysolidprogressinheavyTheseprinciplesunderpinalltheworkwedoandarethefoundationofourBusinessPrinciples.Whenendorsingtheideaof astheworld’sfactory, scholarstypically ’samplesupplyoflow-costlabor,itsvastdomesticmarket,thepresenceofpoliticalwill,andreform-orientedpolicies.认可世界工厂的想法的中国学者，通常会提到中国丰富的廉价劳动力，广阔的国内“Whenendorsingtheideaof astheworld’sfactory”isanellipticalclause,meaningwhenthe scholarsendorsetheideaof astheworld’sfactory.endorse:givesupportorapprovalto;signasevidenceoflegaltransfer. SuchareprovidedonlyasaconvenienceanddoesnotmeanthatVolvoCarsendorsesoracceptsanyresponsibilityforthecontentsortheuseofthewebsite.Inaddition,ourdedicatedteamsworkwithindustryOEMstoensurethatourproductsarefullyendorsed. ’spositioninglobalizationisconsideredtobeadvantageousdueto ’smassivedomesticmarket,itswiderangeofindustries,anditscapacitytoprovideahugesupplyoflow-costlaborforforeigndirectinvestment.Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas hasaverybigmarket,ahugeofindustries,andcansupplyforeigndirectinvestmentwithenoughlow-costisinabeneficialpositioninadvantageous:helpfulandlikelytomakeyoue.g.:Itwillbeadvantageousifstepsaretakentoresumeourbusinessrelationshiponthebasisofmutualbenefit.ThetradeagreementsareadvantageoustobothItsmarket-sizeadvantage,itsindustrialproductioncapabilities,anditslowlaborcosts,combinedwithforeigncapital,andmanagement,suggestthatahighlycompetitiveopeneconomycouldbecreated.Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“hassuchadvantagesasbroadmarkets,industrialproductioncapabilities,lowcostoflabor,aswellasforeigninvestment,andmanagementforcreatingacompetitiveopeneconomy.”combinedwith:togethere.g.:Theportfoliosfollowatop-downallocationapproachcombinedwithastructuredbottom-upstockselectionprocess.Commodityproductioncombinedwithcheaplaborisnecessarytosuccessin isalsoyettoopenitscapitalaccount,ortherealbenefitsofregionalcurrencycooperationwouldbedifficulttorealize.Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“ hasnotopeneditcapitalaccount,soitisnoteasytogainrealbenefitsfromregionalcurrencycooperation.”beyettodosomething:somethinghasnotbeendoneyet,butwillbedoneinthefuture.e.g.:Theproductioncapabilitiesareyettobeenlargedsincethe isstillconsideringthemarketfortheSomeelementsarealsoyettobeaddedtothe ’sdomesticdemandwasrelativelyweakthatyear,which ddomesticenterprisestolookforopportunitiesabroad,andtheRenminbiandtheU.S.dollarbothdepreciated,so exportswereparticularlypricecompetitive.那一年中国内需相对薄弱，这迫使国内企业到国外寻求机遇，而和均贬值， ddomesticenterprisestolookopportunitiesabroad”isanon-restrictiveclause,modifyingthewholesentencebeforeit.depreciate:loseine.g.:ThevalueofthehomecurrencyisdepreciatedintermsoftherelativeforeignTheexpressionisusedsomuchbypoliticians,economistsandeditorialwritersthatitisdepreciatingfasterthanthedollar.Therearetwocentralfocusesin ’stradeafterWTOaccession,amendingandadjustinglawsandregulationsthatareinconsistentwithWTOprinciples,anddesigningandestablishinga patibletraderegime.Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“AfteraccedingtotheWTO, hastwomainimportanttaskstodo.OneistoamendandadjustlawsandregulationsthatarenotagreeablewithWTOprinciples.TheotheristodesignandremarkitsowntraderegimecompatiblewithWTOprinciples.beinconsistentwith:thebehaviororstatementthatisinconsistentwithaparticularsetofprinciplesorstandardsisnotrightaccordingtothoseprinciples. swhichappearontheirfacetobeinconsistentwithoneanotherwillbeconsideredasnotappearingontheirfacetobeincompliancewiththetermsandconditionsoftheCredit.TheCommissionmayadoptandamend,asrequired,itsownRulesofProcedure,whichshallnotbeinconsistentwiththispatible:abletoexistandperforminharmoniousoragreeablee.g.:Wemustrectifyandstandardizetheorderofthemarketeconomyandestablishasocialcreditsystemcompatiblewithamodernmarketeconomy.’stradepoliciesshouldbecompatiblewithinternationallyacceptedVersion—TextA自2001年1月正式加入世界贸易组织（WTO）后，中国经济持续强势发展，吸引了大量的，而世界主要经济实却在缓慢增或萎缩挣扎。中国在外政策方面做的改是制度化与放的最显著标志。加入贸后第年中国就履了如下承诺削减税，开放大多数业与国外（平）竞争，改或旧外贸，发遵守世贸组规定原则的新。履行这些WTO义务所进行的改变不仅仅是例行公事的政策调整，而贸易制度永久的深的转变由于同外界互动在围和规模上都有增加，贸易策吸了越来越多的注意。的竞争者和正在力参与设计中国外贸政策。易政策中国在1978年实行开放后接受了较优势，这一法的开始施彻底变了中国贸易体系以及与世界各国的易关系。国现的考虑也是中贸易政策的主机。因为全球保护主义的头，特别那些乎是针口的新创建或升级的垒，对比优势法则是否仍然支撑着中国出口这一质疑，部分是由于中国正式加入WTO后国际市场发生变化的这一事实然而，比较势与出口加仍然是的基本政策。动密集型出口/企业行业和企业的国际竞争力方面存在两大相对立的意见:一是认为中国企业不具备国可世界工厂这法的中国学者，常会提中国丰富的廉价劳动力广阔的国内市场，现的政意愿以及导向政策。争力。所有这些有助于开发技术的能力。中国对于区域合作的立场更为复杂。追求全球化相比追求区域主义来说是加入世贸组织，按我们之前所保证的，中国在2002年及时降低了关税，取消了许多企业到国外求机遇，而均贬值，因此国的出口更价格竞争力。地方采促的策，如出口退税，出口贷以及提供用保险等。中国正式加入WTO后有两个主要重点：一是修改和调整不符合WT原则的；二是设计建立与WTO兼容的贸易政策制度。这两个过程相互补充而不是互相排斥。他们的相互作用指引了中国易政策的方。外贸部出色的表强化了力量，中坚不移努力完了所求的策和政调整。

U.S.ForeignTradeandGlobalEconomicPoliciesAskstudentstolistentotherecordingandfillintheSuggestedExercise.7.9.multinationalTextTextAskstudentstogothroughTextBandfinishthecomprehensiontask.Circulateandmakesurestudentsdonotturntoanydictionariesduringtheirreading.SuggestedSuggested国家更愿意用庇护的贸易惯例来保护它们的地方工业。的全球化时代要依靠健全的贸易政 yzesTextBandexinsthedifficultsentences Intheearlydaysofthenation’s ernmentandbusinessmostlyconcentrateddevelothedomesticeconomyirrespectiveofwhatwentonThissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“IntheearlydaysoftheU.S.history,ernmentandbusinesscedmainemphasisonthedevelopmentofthedomesticeconomy,andignoredwhateverhappenedinothercountries.”e.g.:Bytheopenwemeanopeningtoallothercountries,irrespectiveoftheirsocialSafeguardmeasuresshallbeappliedtoaproductbeingimportedirrespectiveofitsTheUnitedStatesalsofrequentlyurgesforeigncountriestoderegulatetheirindustriesandtotakestepstoensurethatremainingregulationsaretransparent,donotdiscriminateagainstforeigncompanies,andareconsistentwithinternationalpractices.也频频促Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“TheU.S.alsofrequentlymakesforeigncountriestotakeloosecontroloftheirindustries,andtotakemeasurestomakesurethatotherregulationsaretransparent,donothaveaprejudiceagainstforeigncompanies,andareagreeablewithinternationalpractices.”deregulate:toremoveernmentrulesandcontrolsfromsometypesofbusinessactivity.e.g.:Inordertoincreasecompetitiveness,individualnationswillfurtherderegulateandglobalizetheflowofmanpower,resources,andButJapan,itseems,isstillnotreadyandentirelyconvincedoftheneedtorestructureandderegulateitseconomy.transparent:thatyoucanseee.g.:The ernmentwillworkhardtoprovideforeigninvestorswithastableandtransparentenvironment.InthepasttwoyearsafteritsWTOaccession,isearnestlyimplementingitsWTOcommitment,dedicatingtoamoreopen,fairerandmoretransparentinvestmentenvironmentinordertoattractmoreFDI(ForeignDirectInvestment).discriminate:treatunequallyonthebasisoforracee.g.:Abiddermaynotcolludewithotherbiddersinsubmittingtheirbidpricequotationsordiscriminatefaircompetitionbyotherbidderstoprejudicethelegitimaterightsandinterestsofthetendererorotherbidders.Toensureeffectivemarketaccess,opportunitieswerecreatedforimportedproducts,butsomemembersstillrequestedassurancesfrom agriculturalandtradepolicieswouldnotdiscriminateinaWTO-inconsistentmanneragainstimportedproducts.Americaninterestinderegulationarisesinpartoutofconcernthatsomecountriesmayuseregulationsasanindirecttooltokeepexportsfromenteringtheirmarkets.之所以关注放宽规管，部分是考虑到有些国家可能会把规则作为出口商品进入它Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“Americansareconcernedaboutderegulationpartlybecausetheyfearthatsomecountriesmaycreatetraderegulationswhichwillindirectlypreventgoodsenteringtheirmarkets.”e.g.:Tradeislikeasport,inwhichallparticipantsybytherulesoutofconcernfortheirowninterests.TheyhavedonethatoutofconcernforbothDespiteitscommitmenttomultilalism,theUnitedStatesinrecentyearsalsohaspursuedregionalandbilaltradeagreements,partlybecausenarrowerpactsareeasiertonegotiateandoftencanlaythegroundworkforlargeraccords.尽管承诺多边主义，近几年也有实行区域和双边贸易协议，在一定程度上是因为Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“ThoughtheU.S.admitsmultilalism,itstillhasinrecentyearssoughtregionalandbilaltradeagreements.Thisisinpartbecausesmalleragreementsareeasiertoachieve,whicharethebasesofbiggerlaythegroundworkfor:bethebase TheinitialtalksaregoingtolaygroundworkformorespecificToachievethisgoal,the ernmentmustnotbedirectlyinvolvedineconomicactivities,butrather,laythegroundworkforamoralandfairmarket.accord:agreementbetweentwopartiesorcountriese.g.:Hiswordsareinaccordwithhisideas.Theydidnotreceivetheiraccordwages.AmericansinrecentyearshavegrownincreasinglyconcernedaboutpiracyandcounterfeitingofU.S.productsrangingfromcomputersoftwareandmotionpicturestopharmaceuticalandchemicalproducts.人最近几年已越来越关心产品的盗版和，从计算机软件、到制药和化Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“Inrecentyears,AmericansaremoreandmoreinterestedinillegalcopyingandfakingU.S.products,includingcomputersoftware,movies,medicineandchemicalproducts.”counterfeit:notgenuinebutmadetolookexactlylikethegenuinee.g.:MostbrandsthatarebeingcounterfeitedarewellknownandManufacturingandsellingcounterfeitproductsisadangerousAmericanagriculturalexportersareincreasinglyfrustrated,forinstance,byEuropeanrulesagainstuseofgeneticallyalteredorganisms,whicharegrowingincreasinglyprevalentintheUnitedStates.例如，的农产品出口商不断受挫，因为欧洲使用在越来越盛行的转Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“Forexample,Americanagriculturalexportersaregettingmoreandmoreupset,becauseEuropemakesrulestoprohibitusingorganismswithchangedgenes,andthesegeneticallyalteredorganismsaremoreandmoreacceptableintheU.S.”prevalent:widespread;ofwideextentoroccurrence;ingeneraluseore.g.:Asthecomputer esmoreprevalent,sodoestheamountofinformationanddatapeopletransmit.Ifthesamedecision-makingpatternisprevalentoutsidetheUnitedStates,salespromotionshouldprovetobejustasindispensable.Attheendofthe20thcentury,agrowingtradedeficitcontributedtoAmericanambivalenceabouttradeliberalization.Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“Attheendof20thcentury,thetradedeficitisgrowing,anditmakesAmericanshavesomeambivalentfeelingsabout Economictheorydictatesthatatradedeficitisnotnecessarilyabadsituationbecauseitoftencorrectsitselfovertime.However,adeficithasbeenreportedandgrowingintheUnitedStatesforthepastfewdecades,whichworriedsomeeconomists.ThismeansthatlargeamountsoftheU.S.currencyarebeingheldbyforeignnations,whichmaydecidetosellthematanytime.Alargeincreaseindollarsalescandrivethevalueofthecurrencydown,makingitmorecostlytopurchaseimports.e.g.:TheSouthKoreaernmenthadinstitutedacrackdownagainst“luxury”itemsinanefforttonarrowKorea’stradedeficitwiththeUnitedStatesandotherThecurrenttradedeficitindicatesaseriousimbalancebetweenourimportandexporttrade.ambivalence:notsurewhetheryouwantorlikesomethingornot.e.g.:ButtheEuropeaneffortwasbesetbyambivalenceatitscore.Therewasanambivalencebetweentakingpositionscompatiblewithcomplicatedchief’sdesignsandfearofthedomesticAmericanworkersalsochargedthatforeigncountrieswereunfairlyheltheirexporterswinmarketsinthirdcountriesbysubsidizingselectindustriessuchassteelandbydesigningtradepoliciesthatundulypromotedexportsoverimports.工人还指责外国地通过补贴钢铁等这样精选的工业和制定过分促超过进Thissentencecanbeparaphrasedas“Americanworkersalsoblamedthatforeigncountrieswereheltheirexportersgainmarketsinthedevelocountriesinanunfairwaybygivingfinancialsupporttosuchindustriesassteelandbymakingtradepoliciesthatmadeexportsexceedimportstoomuch.”charge:(formal)tosaypubliclythatyouthinksomeonehasdonesomethingwrong.e.g.:Therepresentativeofthe chargedthedelayofthedelivery.TheCEOchargedthatthesalesmanageractedsubsidize:topaypartofthecostofsomethingsothatthebuyercanpaylessfor Animportedproductissubsidizedinanyformdirectlyorindirectlybythecountryofexport.Thecentralfinancesubsidized13billionyuanforthis.unduly:(formal)extremelyortoo Thepurposeofthisagreement,asyouknow,wastopreventactsthatmightappeartobeundulyprovocativetoonesideortheother.PerhapsIhavebeenundulysevereinmyjudgmentoftheVersion—Text建国两个多世纪以来，的外贸和全球经济政策发生了巨大的转向。在历史早期，和公司主要集中发展国内经济，不顾国外的状况。但自从二十世纪三十年代大和二战以来，广泛地减少贸易壁垒，与世界经济体制保持协调。这种对自由贸易的承诺既有经济根源也有政治根源。逐渐把开放的贸易作为提高它经济利益的一种，还把它当作与各并非自由贸易的力拥护者。其历史上某些，对经济保护主有过冲动（经济保护义即为了保地方工业，用关税来限制外国的进口）。二次界大战后，许多 认为国内稳定和盟友继续的忠诚将对他们的经济复苏起到重要作用。的对复很重，然这些家也出市场—尤其巨大的市场来恢复经济独立实现经济增。支持易自由，并在创建关税贸易总协定总协定）的过程中起了重要作用。总协定是1947年由23个国家签署的一个关税和贸易规则的国际则。外国公司，并符合国际惯例。之所以关注放宽规管，部分是考虑到有些国家可能会把规则尽管承诺多边主义，近几年也有实行区域和双边贸易协议，在一定程度上是因为围的盟约很容易协商，而且通常会为更大的协议奠定基础。地域相邻激励了与和墨之间积极地贸易。人最近几年已越来越关心产品的盗版和，从计算机软件、尽管获得一些成功，开放世界贸易仍然遭遇巨大的。贸易壁垒仍然很高，尤其在起新的贸易问题。例如，的农产品出口商不断受挫，因为欧洲使用在越来越盛行二十世纪末，越来越多的贸易逆差导致了对贸易自由化的心理。二战后的大部分时间，也经历了贸易顺差。同时，开始觉得国际竞争力有所转变。当其他国家贸易更加成功，出口业的工人担心其他国家的商品涌入，而他们自己的市场对外封闭。工人还指责外国地通过补贴钢铁等这样精选的工业和制定过分促超过进口的贸易 Askstudentstoreadthesupplementarymaterialtogetmoreinformationrelatedtotheunittopic.

用。要保持外贸政策基本稳定。稳定出口退税政策，扩大贸易融资和信用，改进、质检、外汇等方面的和服务，帮助企业克服订单不足、成本升高、摩擦增多等多重和压力。要加快转变外贸发展方式。深入实施科技兴贸、以质取胜和市场多元化，支持企业培育自主品牌、网络和研发中心，引导加工贸易向高端延伸、向中西部转移。巩固美平衡的指导意见，完善进口政策，搭建的进口促进平台，推动平衡发展。提高利用质量。坚持积极有效利用的方针，更加注重优化结构和提高质量。实施新修订的外商投资产业指导，引导 ResourceResourceRulesofInSeptember2004,nearlythreeyearsafter accededtotheWTO,theStateCouncilfinallyissuedtheregulationsintendedtobring ’srulesoforiginintoconformitywithWTOrulesfortheimportandexportpurposes.TheseregulationstookeffectonJanuary1,2005.Importershavenotreportedproblemsstemmingfrominappropriateapplicationofrulesoforigin.Border’sbordertradecontinuestogenerateMostFavouredNationandotherconcerns. addressedsomeoftheseconcernsin2003wheneliminatedpreferentialtreatmentforboricacidand19otherproducts.Nonetheless,itappearsthatlargeoperatorsarestillabletotakeadvantageofbordertradepoliciestoimportbordershipmentsacross’slandbordersintoitsinterioratpreferentialrates.Antidum,CountervailingDutyandSafeguardSinceaccessingtotheWTO,hasemergedasasignificantuserofantidummeasures,withatotalof91antidummeasuresinceaffectingimportsfromothercountries,and17antiduminvestigationsinprogress,bytheendof2006.toactivelyapplyitsantidumlawin2006,initiatingseveralnewinvestigations.Todate, hasnotinitiatedacountervailingdutyinvestigation. ’sonlysafeguardmeasurewasremovedattheendof2003afterbeinginceforlessthantwoyears.Non-tariff’sWTOaccessionagreementobligated toaddressmanyofthenon-tariffbarriersithadhistoricallyusedtorestricttrade.Forexample, isobligatedtophaseoutitsimportquotasystem,applyinternationalnormstoitstestingandstandardsadministration,removelocalcontentrequirements,andmakeitslicensingandregistrationregimestransparent.Atthenationallevel, madeprogressfollowingitsWTOaccessioninreformingitstestingsystem,revisingregulationsrequiringlocalcontentandimprovingoverallregulatorytransparency,includinginthelicensingarea.Despitethisprogress,however,as ’stradeliberalizationeffortsmovedforward,somenon-tariffbarriersremainedinceandotherswereadded.ImportInthepast, oftendidnotannounceimportquotaamountsortheprocessforallocatingimportquotas. setsimportquotasthroughnegotiationsbetweencentralandlocalernmentofficialsattheendofeachyear.Importquotasonmostproductswereeliminatedorscheduledforphase-ou