材料研究方法光学显微分析

（墨经）1590年荷兰的詹森（HansandZachariasJanssen）发明17世纪中叶罗伯特.虎克（RHooke）英王GeorgeChristiaanErnst）相差显微 体视显微200nm功能：形貌观察、晶10×/160/10×/160/d0.61/nUnpolarizednepolarizedOnlythecomponentoflightvibratinginE-Wdirectioncanpassthroughlowerpolarizer–lightintensitydecreasesAcicular针状Irregular无规则bladed叶片状Blocky块状Elongate长条状Fibrous纤维状Prismatic棱片状Rounded圆形Tabular片状Acicular针状Irregular无规则bladed叶片状Blocky块状Elongate长条状Fibrous纤维状Prismatic棱片状Tabular板状MosteasilyobservedinPPL(upperpolarizerout),butvisibleinXNaswellNocleavages:quartz石英olivinegood good ,2cleavagesat~90°2atColorColorisobservedonly nepolarizedNotaninherentproperty-changeswithlightResultsfromselectiveabsorptionofcertainofPleochroismresultswhendifferentareabsorbeddifferentlybydifferentcrystallographicdirections-rotatestagetoobserveg gioclase（斜长岩）isgReliefisameasureoftherelativedifferenceinbetweenamineralgrainanditsReliefisusedtoestimateOlivinehashighg斜长石haslowgolivine:n=1.64-1.88 Epoxy树脂ReliefisameasureoftherelativedifferenceinbetweenamineralgrainanditssurroundingsReliefisusedtoestimatenGarnethashighQuartzhaslowgarnet:n=1.72-1.89quartz:n=1.54-1.55epoxy:n=1.54（使用上、下偏光镜 2sin(R/ westeastLightvibratinginmanynesandwithmanyreacheye!Interferencecolorofbyitsbirefringenceand.. 时，若Ng1∥Ng2、Np1∥Np2，即两晶体切片的椭 正延性负延性色Observethinsection(polarsObserveinterferencecolorofmineralsincross-polars(XP)Thebrightnessofinterferencemayshowbothhighandlowrelief,transparentunderPPLwith2perfectcleavagesat120o.UnderXPLitshowspearlylookslikeastained-glasswindow;brightinterferencecoloursandthickblackfractures ColoursclearunderPPLbutwithperfectcleavageandbrightPPL:lowerviewrotatedtoshowpleochroicwithoneperfectcleavage;strongnaturalcolourmaskspolarisationcoloursmakinglookgreenishunderXPLPresenceandstyleoftwinningcanbeClinopyroxene斜辉石Simpletwinon{100}Polysyntheticalbitetwinson(010)Periclinetwinon(h01)withrepeatedgrainincentreshowingitsdistinctivecross-hatched(3)(3)六角板状结构的A矿（硅酸三钙 Asshownabove,thebright-fieldmicroscopeshowsfarmoreopaqueandindistinguishableelementsthanthedark-field.Inaddition,specksofmaterialareshownonthedark-fieldimagethatarenotevenseeninthe射光线产生或叠加，把具有相位差的光转 （scanningnear-fieldoptical或near-fieldscanningoptical 镜镜新型近场光学显微镜分辨率：0.81100Near-FieldImageofSpermWepresenthigh-resolutionimageswithnear-fieldscanningopticalmicroscopytostudyphaseseparationinpolymerfi .Transmissionandtransmittedfluorescencenear-fieldscanningopticalmicroscopeimagesweretakenfordirectvisualizationoftheintermediatestepsofphaseSimultaneousthree-w