美国文学-名词解释

.1.殖民地时期及独立革命战争时期的美国文学PhilipFreneau（菲利普﹒弗瑞诺）(1)HewasconsideredasthePoetoftheAmericanrevolution”asthemostoutstandingpoetinAmericaofthe18thcentury.(2)Hewasasatirist,abitterpolemicist.(3)HewrotemanypoemsencouragingrevolutionandencouragingtheglorythatwouldbewonbyovercomingtheBritish.TheHoney《野金银花》TheIndianBuryingGround《印第安人的殡葬地》TheBritishShip《英国囚船》TheRisingof《美洲光辉的兴起》(1)TheWildHoneySuckleisFreneausbestlyric(2)Itanticipatedthe19th—centuryuseofsimplenatureimagery.TheIndianBuryingGroundanticipatedromanticprimitivismandthecelebrationoftheNobleSavage.ThomasJefferson（托马斯﹒杰弗逊）TheofIndependence《独立宣言》(1)TheDeclarationofIndependencewasadoptedJuly4,1776.(2)Itnotonlyannouncedthebirthofanewnation,butalsoexpoundedaphilosophyofhumanfreedom.(3)Itlists13crueltiescommittedbytheKingofBritain.(4)Thefamouslinesare:“Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident,thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights,thatamongtheseareLife,LibertyandthepursuitofHappiness.(5)ThomasJeffersonsthoughtwasinspiredWord文档.bythethoughtsofJohnLocke.2.浪漫主义时期的美国文学Calvinism（加尔文主义）(1)CalvinismreferstothereligiousteachingsofJohnCalvinandhisfollowers.(2)Calvintaughtthatonlycertainpersons,theelect,werechosenbyGodtobesaved,andthesecouldbesavedonlybyGodsgrace.(3)CalvinismformsthebasisforthedoctrinesandpracticesoftheHuguenots,Puritans,Presbyterians,andtheReformedchurches.AmericanRomanticism（美国浪漫主义）(1)AmericanRomanticismisoneofthemostimportantperiodsinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.(2)Itwasarebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Forromantics,thefeelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantthanreasonandcommonsense.Theyemphasizedindividualism,placingtheindividualagainstthegroup.Theyaffirmedtheinnerlifeoftheself,andcherishedstronginterestinthepast,thewild,theremote,themysteriousandthestrange.TheystressedtheelementAmericanness”intheirworks.(3)ItstartedwiththepublicationofWashingtonIrvingsTheSketchBookandendedwithWaltWhitmansLeavesofGrass.(4)BeingaperiodofthegreatfloweringofAmericanliterature,itisalsocalledtheAmericanRenaissance.”(5)AmericanRomanticistsincludesuchliteraryfiguresasWashingtonIrving,RalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,WilliamCullenBryant,HenryWordsworthLongfellow,NathanielHawthorne,EdgarAllanPoe,HermanMelville,WaltWhitmanandsomeothers.Word文档.Transcendentalism（超验主义）(1)TranscendentalismreferstothereligiousandphilosophicaldoctrinesofRalphWaldoEmersonandothersinNewEnglandinthemiddle1800s,whichemphasizedtheimportanceofindividualinspirationandintuition,theOver—soul,andNature.OtherconceptsthataccompaniedTranscendentalismincludetheideathatnatureisennoblingandtheideathattheindividualisdivineand,therefore,self—reliant.(2)NewEnglandTranscendentalismistheproductofacombinationofnativeAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism.Freeverse（自由体诗歌）(1)Freeversemeanstherhymedorunrhymedpoetrycomposedwithoutpayingattentiontoconventionalrulesofmeter.(2)FreeversewasoriginatedbyagroupofFrenchpoetsofthelate19thcentury.(3)Theirpurposewastofreethemselvesfromtherestrictionsofformalmetricalpatternsandtorecreateinsteadthefreerhythmsofnaturalspeech.(4)WaltWhitmansLeavesofGrassis,perhaps,themostnotableexample.Symbol（象征）(1)Symbolmeansanact,aperson,athing,oraspectaclethatstandsforsomethingelse,usuallysomethinglesspalpablethanthenamedsymbol.(2)Therelationshipbetweenthesymbolanditsreferentisnotoftenoneofsimpleequivalence.Allegoricalsymbolsusuallyexpressaneaterequivalencewithwhattheystandforthanthesymbolsfoundinmodernrealisticfiction.Theme（主题）(1)Thememeanstheunifyingpointorgeneralideaofaliterarywork.(2)ItprovidesanWord文档.answertosuchquestionsasWhatistheworkabout?(3)Eachliteraryworkcarriesitsownthemeorthemes.Forexample,KingLearhasmanythemes,amongwhichareblindnessandmadness.3.现实主义与自然主义时期的美国文学AmericanNaturalism(美国自然主义)(1)TheAmericanNaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwinsevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccountforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.(2)AmericanNaturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthorstoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.(3)Dreiserisaleadingfigureofhisschool.Darwinism(达尔文主义)(1)DarwinismisatermthatcomesfromCharlesDarwinsevolutionarytheory.(2)Darwinistthinkthatthosewhosurviveintheworldarethefittestandthosewhofailtoadaptthemselvestotheenvironmentwillperish.Theybelievethatmanhasevolvedfromlowerformsoflife.HumansarespecialnotbecauseGodcreatedtheminHisimage,butbecausetheyhavesuccessfullyadaptedtochangingenvironmentalconditionsandhavepassedontheirsurvival-makingcharacteristicsgenetically.(3)Influencedbythistheory,someAmericannaturalistwritersapplyDarwinismasanexplanationofhumannatureandsocialreality.Word文档.LocalColorists(乡土作家)(1)Generallyspeaking,thewritingoflocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,well-definedregionorprovince.Thecharacteristicsettingistheisolatedsmalltown.(2)Localcoloristswereconsciouslynostalgichistorianofavanishingwayoflife,recordersofapresentthatfadedbeforetheireyes.Yetforalltheirsentimentality,theydedicatedthemselvestominutelyaccuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheirregions.Theyworkedfrompersonalexperiencetorecordthefactsofalocalenvironmentandsuggestedthatthenativelifewasshapedbythecuriousconditionsofthelocale.(3)MajorlocalcoloristsincludeHamlinGarland,MarkTwain,KateChopin,etc.TheodoreDreiser(西奥多·德莱塞)HeisgenerallyacknowledgedasoneofAmericasliterarynaturalists.SisterCarrieWorks《嘉莉妹妹》(1)SisterCarrietellsaboutapoorcountrygirl(CarrieMeeber)whogoestoChicagotopursuetheAmericanDream.(2)ThenovelshowsDreisersnaturalisticviewaboutlifebyillustratingthepurposelessnessoflife.(3)Thedominantsymbolofthenovelistherockingchairthatistherockingchairthatisindicativeoftheuncertaintyoflife.JennieGerhardt《珍妮姑娘》TrilogyofDesire《欲望》三部曲Word文档.TheFinancierTheTitanTheStoicc.《斯多葛》a.《金融家》b.《巨人》TheGeniusAmerican《美国的悲剧》An《天才》(1)isDreiser’sgreatestworkandthetitleoftheBookimpliesDreiserintentiontotellusthatitisthesocialpressurethatmakesClydesdownfallinevitable.(2)ClydestragedyisatragedythatdependsupontheAmericansocialsystemwhichencouragedpeopletopursuethe“dreamofsuccess”atallcosts.SherwoodAnderson(舍伍德·安德森)(1)HehasbeencalledthefirstofAmericaspsychologicalwriters”becausehefirstexploredthemotivationsandfrustrationsofhisfictionalcharactersintermsofSigmundFreudstheoriesofpsychology.(2)HetremendouslyinfluencedsuchwritersasHemingwayandFaulkner.WorksWinesburg,Ohio《小镇畸人》Ohioisacollectionof23interrelatedstoriesof(1)samll-townlife.Thesestoriessoundmorbidandgrotesque,butUnderneaththemrunsastrongdesiretocommunicate,andloveandbeloved.(2)ItwontheauthoraforemostpositionincontemporaryAmericanliterary.Word文档.4.现代时期的美国文学TheLostGeneration(迷惘的一代)(1)TheLostGenerationisatermfirstusedbyGertrudeSteintodescribethepost-WorldWarIgenerationofAmericanwriters:menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.(2)Fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.(3)Thethreebest-knowrepresentativesofLostGenerationareF.ScottFitzgerald,ErnestHemingwayandJohnDosPassos.(4)OthersusuallyincludedamongthelistareSherwoodAnderson,KayBoyle,HartCrane,FordMaddoxFordandZeldaFitzgerald.Imagism(意象派诗歌)（1）ImagismcameintobeinginBritainansU.S.around1910asareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetrytoexpressthesenseoffragmentationanddislocation.（2）Theimagists,withEzraPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.（3）Imagismischaracterizedbythefollowingthreepoeticprinciples:i)directtreatmentofsubjectmatter;ii)economyofexpression;iii)asregardsrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notintheWord文档.sequenceofmetronome.InaStationofthe（4）EzraPoundsisawell-knownimagistpoem.TheBeatGeneration(垮掉的一代)（1）ThemembersoftheBeatGenerationwerenewbohemianlibertines,whoengagedinaspontaneous,sometimesmessy,creativity.（2）Thebeatwritersproducedabodyofwrittenworkcontroversialbothforitsadvocacyofnon-conformityandforitsnon-conformingstyle.（3）ThemajorbeatwritingsareJackKerouacs.theRoadandAllenGinsbergsbecamethemanifestooftheBeatGeneration.AmericanDream(美国梦)（1）AmericanDreamreferstothedreamofmaterialsuccess,inwhichone,regardlessofsocialstatus,acquireswealthandgainssuccessbyworkinghardandgoodluck.The（2）Inliterature,thethemeofAmericanDreamrecurs.In,Gatsbycomesfromthewesttotheeastwiththedreamofmaterialsuccess.Bybootleggingandotherillegalmeanshefulfilledhisdreambutendedupbeingkilled.ThenoveltellstheshatteringofAmericanDreamratherthanitssuccess.Expressionism(表现主义)（1）ExpressionismreferstoamovementinGermanyearlyinthe20thcentury,inwhichanumberofpainterssoughttoavoidtherepresentationofexternalrealityand,instead,toprojectahighlypersonalorsubjectivevisionoftheworld.Word文档.（2）Expressionismisareactionagainstrealismornaturalism,aimingatpresentingapost-warworldviolentlydistorted.TheJones（3）Worksnotedforexpressionisminclude:EugeneNeills,JamessUlyssesandFinnegansThe,etc..,andT.S.Eliots（4）Inafurthersense,thetermissometimesappliedtothebeliefthatliteraryworksareessentiallyexpressionsoftheirownauthors’moodsandthoughts;thishasbeenthedominantassumptionaboutliteraturesincetheriseofRomanticism.Feminism(女权主义)(1)Feminismincorporatesbothadoctrineofequalrightsforwomenandanideologyofsocialtransformationaimingtocreateaworldforwomenbeyondsimplesocialequality.(2)Ingeneral,feminismistheideologyofwomensliberationbasedonthebeliefthatwomensufferinjusticebecauseoftheirsex.Underthisbroadumbrellavariousfeministsofferdifferinganalysesofthecauses,oragents,offemaleoppression.(3)Definitionsoffeminismbyfeministstendtobeshapedbytheirtraining,ideologyorrace.So,forexample,MarxistandSocialistfeministsstresstheinteractionwithinfeminismofclasswithgenderandfocusonsocialdistinctionsbetweenmenandwomen.Blackfeministsarguemuchmoreforanintegratedanalysiswhichcanunlockthemultiplesystemsofoppression.HemingwayCodeHero(海明威式英雄)（1）HemingwayHero,alsocalledcodehero,isonewho,woundedbutstrong,moresensitive,enjoysthepleasuresoflife(sex,alcohol,sport)infaceofruinanddeath,andmaintains,Word文档.throughsomenotionofacode,anidealofhimself.inTheSunAlsoRisesATheOld（2）Barnes,HenryinandSantiagointheSeaaretypicalofHemingwayHero.HarlemRenaissance(哈莱姆文艺复兴)（1）HarlemRenaissancereferstoaperiodofoutstandingliteraryvigorandcreativitythatoccurredintheUnitedStatesduringthe1920s.（2）TheHarlemRenaissancechangedtheimagesofliteraturecreatedbymanyblackandwhiteAmericanwriters.Newblackimageswerenolongerobedientanddocile,insteadtheyshowedanewconfidenceandracialpride.(3)TheleadingfiguresareLangstonHughs,JamesWeldonJohnson,WallaceThurman,etc..Impressionism(印象主义)（1）Impressionismisastyleofpaintingthatgivestheimpressionmadebythesubjectontheartistwithoutmu