专四语法第5节

第五节形容词、副词及比较结构一、形容词概述描述事物的词，涉及事物的外貌，颜色，大小等属性。形容词有不同的种类，在句中可以有不同的功能，有的形容词有级的变化。主要包括：形容词按意义可以分为：属性形容词；类别形容词；兼类形容词；颜色形容词；强调形容词；按在句中担任的成分可以分为：定语形容词；表语形容词；兼定语和表语的形容词；按构词方式可以分为：普通形容词；分词形容词；复合形容词。常见考点形容词在句中的位置概述：形容词作定语修饰名词时，一般放在被修饰的名词前。但下列情况，形容词通常位于被修饰的名词之后，作后置定语。1•形容词作定语TOC\o"1-5"\h\zi•形容词修饰以-thing,-one,-body等结尾的复合代词如something,anything,someone,somebody等时； i•由前缀a-构成的形容词作定语时要求后置，这些形容词包括：afraid,alone,alike,ashamed,asleep,afloat,|awake等； ]I•由两个或两个以上的词构成的形容词词组修饰名词时。 I多个形容词修饰同一名词名词中心词带多个形容词作前置修饰语时，形容词大体按一下顺序排列限定词（冠词/物主代词/指示代词）+描述性形容词（charming/beautiful）+表示大小，长短，高低的形容词+表示形状的形容词+表示年龄、新旧的形容词+颜色+表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词+表示物质材料的形容词+表示用途类别的形容词+名词中西次。manybeautifuloldEuropeancathedralcitiesalargeantiquebrownandwhiteGermanbeermugacharmingsmallroundoldbrownFrenchoakwritingdesk二、副词概述副词（Adverb）是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词和句子等，以说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。1.副词的构成本身就是副词here,there,often,always,very形容词尾直接加lycareful-carefully,slow-slowly,real-really以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词要变y为i，再加lyhappy-happily,easy-easily,busy-busily以辅音+le结尾的词去e加ysimply-simply,comfortable-comfortably2.副词的种类种类用法举例时间副词表示时间now,today,yesterday,then地点副词表示地点或位置关系here,there,home,out,anywhere方式副词一般回答怎样的这类问题的well,fast,slowly,happily程度副词表示程度very,too,quite,alittle,enough频率副词表示做事情的频率always,often,never,sometimes疑问副词用于引导一个特殊疑问句when,how,where,why常见考点判断副词在句中所修饰的成分，副词在句子中作状语、表语、定语、介词宾语和宾语补足语等。如：That'saveryfunnyfilm.那是一部很有意思的电影。(作状语，修饰形容词)Heleftshortlyafterthemeeting.会后他马上离开了。(作状语，修饰介词)判断一些特殊副词的辨析及使用，如already,yet,barely,hardly,quite,enough等；副词enough作副词修饰形容词、副词或动词时，一般位于它们的后面；当它作形容词修饰名词时，位于名词之前。E1：Whathehaswrittenisgoodenough.他写的东西非常好。(修饰形容词)E2：Thereisenoughfoodinthefridge.冰箱里有足够的食物。(修饰名词)三、比较结构概述英语中形容词与副词有三个比较等级,即原级,比较级和最高级。一般来说,表示等于时用原级。E1：I'mjustasbusytodayasIwasyesterday.表示二者的比较时用比较级。E2：I'mmuchbusiertodaythanIwasyesterday.表示“最”时用最高级E3.Thatwasthebusiestdayofmylife.1.形容词的原级比较1.1原级肯定比较1・1・1基本形式“as+原级+as"结构1.1.2变体as+much/many+名词+asas+形原级+a+名词+asas+形+不可数名词+as名词复数+as+形+asthesame+表示度量的名次(height,depth)as/besimilartoE1：Weneedasmanyrecordsas(itis)possible.1.2原级比较的否定表示“A不及B……”的句型Example:Theydidn'tenjoytheplayas/somuchaswedid.1・3原级比较带修饰语带“as...as..."的词组可以在其前加倍数词和下列词语修饰：“twice,threetime,half,aquarter,(not)nearly,almost,just,nothinglike,everybit,exactly.”

Example:It'snotnearlyascoldaysesterday.1.4比较级常见表达较高程度比较“A比B……”形容词（副词）比较级+than—形容词比较级+（名词）+thanthe+形容词比较级+of+名词2.形容词比较等级的构成构成原级比较级最咼级单音节词尾加er,estgreatgreatergreatest单音节词尾e,加r,stfinefinerfinest闭音节单音节词尾只有一个辅音字母，双与辅音字母加er,estbigbiggerbiggest少数以y,er,ow,ble结尾双音节词尾加er,est（y前为辅音字母去y加ier,iest）happyhappierhappiestclevercleverercleverest其它双音节词和多音节词，前加more,mostdifficultmoredifficultmostdifficult3.副词比较等级的构成副词比较等级的构成大致与形容词比较等级的构成相同，但以后缀ly结尾的副词用more和most。规则变化hardhardesthardestearlyearlierearliestquicklymorequicklymostquickly不规则变化原级比较级最咼级原级比较级最咼级littlelessleastoldolder(elder)oldest(eldest)farfarther(further)farthest(furthest)good/wellbetterbestill/badworseworst比较级常见考点常见比较结构的辨析，如notmore...than...,nomore...than...;notlessthan...,noless...than...,notanymore...than...等；1） morethan…是…而不是，与其说是…不如说是eg.Sheismorekeenthanwise.2） notsomuch...as与其说是…不如说是eg.Itwasn'tsomuchthatIdislikedherasthatIjustwasn'tinterested.the+比较级,the+比较级此句型表示后者随着前者的变化而变化，意为“越……就越……”，前者相当于一个条件句，因此，要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。Eg：ThebetterIknewhim，themoreIlikedhim.我越了解他就越喜欢他。比较级+and+比较级此句型表示“越来越…”，单音节形容词或副词用“-er+and+-er”；Eg：Thingsaregettingbetterandbettereveryday.情况一天天好起来。4・“moreof+a+名词+than+.・.”=“A比B更…”Sheismoreofamusicianthanherbrother.=Sheismoreamusicianthanherbrother.她比她弟弟更像有音乐天赋。nomorethan与notmorethan两者均可表示数量，前者表示“仅仅”、“只不过”，强调少；而后者表示“不多于”、“至多”。Eg：Thistesttakesnomorethanthirtyminutes.这个测验只需30分钟。nomore*^than与noless…than前者意为“与…一样不”，否定两者；而后者则表示“和…一样”，肯定两者。Eg：She'snomoreagreatsingerthanIam.他不是优秀歌手，我也不是。nolessthan与notlessthan表示均可表示数量，前者意为“多达”、“有…之多”，强调多；后者表示“不下于”、“至少”。Eg：Hepaidnolessthan$10,000forit.他为此付了10000多美元。四、最高级概述基本结构：(the+)形容词/副词的最高级+比较级范围。最高级的含义也可通过more...than,as...as,否定词+比较级等结构表达。Eg：Thisisthebestpictureinthehall.最高级比较范围：用介词in,over,of,among。in,(all)over用于在某一范围内的比较，如：inChina,allovertheworld.of,among用于在同一群体内同类事物的比较，如：amongtheteachers,ofthefourdresses.最高级意义的其他表达1.)形容词/副词比较级+than+anyother+单数名词形容词/副词比较级+than+anyoftheother+复数名词Eg.Hecheckedthecarenginemorecarefullythananyoftheothermechanics.)否定词+(名词)+ +as+形容词/副词原级+as)否定词+形容词比较级)never+so/such+原级+名词as+原级+asever)more+形容词+than+the+同一形容词构成的名词三、历年考题和模拟题Overpopulationposesaterriblethreattothehumanrace.Yetitisprobably athreattothehumanracethanenvironmentaldestruction.(2007)nomore B.notmore C.evenmoreD.muchmore-Heisnotallerthanhistwinbrother.(1998)-Johnis hardworkingthanhissister,buthefailedintheexam.noless B.nomore C.notless D.nosoAnewlaptopcostsabout ofasecond-handone.(2009)thepriceofthreetimesB.threetimesthepriceC.asmuchasthethreetimespriceD.threetimesmorethanthepriceAmericanseat astheyactuallyneedeveryday.(1998.6)

A.twiceasmuchproteinC.twiceproteinasmuchA.twiceasmuchproteinC.twiceproteinasmuch5.ThesquareitselfisA./ B.thatofthesizeofSt.Peter'sinRome.D.proteinastwicemuchthesizeofSt.Peter'sinRome.fivehundredyardswide,fivetimesinwhichisD.ofin6.Theseproposalssoughttoplacegreaterrestrictionsontheuseandcopyingofdigitalinformationthantraditionalmedia.existB.existsC.existingD.toexist7.TheindividualTVviewerinvariablysensesthatheorsheis__ananonymous,statisticallyinsignificantpartofahugeanddiverseaudience.(2001年考研题)everythingexceptB.anythingbutC.nolessthan D.nothingmorethanFatcannotchangeintomuscle___musclechangesintofat.(1999)A.anymorethanB.nolessthanC.nomorethanD.muchmorethanTheheartis intelligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.A.notsoB.notmuchC.muchmoreD.nomoreLanguagebelongstoeachmemberofthesociety,tothecleaner totheprofessor.(1998)A.asfaras B.thesameas C.asmuchas D.aslongasIssuesofprice,place,promotionandproductare conventionalconcernsinplanningmarketingstrategies.(2004)A.theseofthemostB.mostofthosenecessaryforanypracticalpurpose.C.amongthemost D.amongthemanyofnecessaryforanypracticalpurpose.D.wereShegavemetheimpressionofhavingmoreteeththanD.wereA.wasB.is C.didB.fantasticnewBritishD.BritishnewfantasticIsawa___film.B.fantasticnewBritishD.BritishnewfantasticA.newfantasticBritishC.newBritishfantastic HowwasyourrecentvisittoQingdao? Itwasgreat.Wevisitedsomefriends，andspentthe___daysattheseaside.A.fewlastsunny B.lastfewsunnyC.lastsunnyfew D.fewsunnylastOnedaytheycrossedthe bridgebehindthepalace.A.oldChinesestone B.ChineseoldstoneC.oldstoneChinese D.ChinesestoneoldWhichofthefollowingwordscanNOTbeusedtocomplete"We'veseenthefilm___"?A.beforeB.recentlyC.latelyD.yetWhichofthefollowingadverbscanNOTbeusedtocomplete" everybodycame"?A.NearlyB.QuiteC.PracticallyD.AlmostWhatdoes"Hewiselyrefusedtospendhismoney"mean?A.Itwaswiseofhimtorefusetospendhismoney.Herefusedtospendhismoneyinawisemanner.Hewasshortofmoneyanddidn'twanttobuyanything.Herefused,inawisemanner,tospendhismoney.Susanisveryhard-working,butherpayisnot___forherwork.A.enoughgoodB.goodenoughC.asgoodenoughD.goodasenoughIfeltthatIwasnotyet totravelabroad.A.toostrongB.strongenoughC.sostrongD.enoughstrongShemanagedtosave_ shecouldoutofherwagestohelpherbrother.A.howlittlemoneyB.solittlemoneyC.suchlittlemoneyD.whatlittlemoney22.Thepatient'sprogresswasveryencouragingashecould getoutofbedwithouthelp.A.nearlyB.hardlyC.merelyD.barelyTherearefewelectronicapplications toraisefearsregardingfutureemploymentopportunitiesthanrobots.A.likelyB.morelikelyC.mostlikelyD.muchlikelyDoyouknowTim'sbrother?Heis thanTim.A.muchmoresportsmanB.moreofasportsmanC.moreofsportsman D.moreasportsmanThattrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasn'tbotheredbyhisloudness byhislackoftalent.A.asmuchasB.ratherthanC.asD.thanItwas wehadhoped.A.moreasuccessthanB.asuccessmorethanC.asmuchofasuccessasD.asuccessasmuchasIftapwaterwereasdangerousassomepeoplethink, wouldbegettingsick.(1998.1)A.alotofmoreusB.morealotofusC.alotofusmoreD.alotmoreofusThelittlemanwas morethanonemeterfiftytall.(1995.1)A.nearlyB.quiteC.hardlyD.almostItisnotunusualforworkersinthatregion .(1995.1)A.tobepaidmorethanamonthlateB.tobepaidlaterthanmoreamonthC.topaylaterthanamonthmore D.topaylatemorethanamonthItisreportedthat adoptedchildrenwenttoknowwhotheirnaturalparentsare.(1997.1)A.themostB.mostofC.mostD.themostofWhichofthefollowingsentencesisINCORRECT?HeisaChinesetallintelligentyoungofficer.Thereareafewnewmajorurbanhighways.Sheiswearingaprettypinkwoolensweater.Hestandsonabeautifullittlewhitestonebridge.—Howslimyoursister'sfigureis!—It's minewhenIwasatherage.A.notslimmerasB.noslimmerthanC.notslimmorethanD.nomoreslimmeras“Sheismolessoptimisticthanhereldersister”ThesentencemeansthatSheisnotasoptimisticashereldersister.Sheismoreoptimisticthanhereldersister.Sheisasoptimisticashereldersister.Sheisnomoreoptimisticthanhereldersister.WhichofthefollowingwordscanNOTbeusedtocomplete“ theteacherscame?"A.Often B.Nearly C.Eventually D.AlmostWhichofthefollowingwordscanNOTbeusedtocomplete“I'vedonethis "?A.before B.yet C.recently D.againKateis diligentthanherbrother,butshedidn'tpasstheexam.A.noless B.nomore C.notless D.nosoHebrakedhardand avoidedaparkedvan.A.only B.quite C.narrowly D.seldomYouare carefulthanyoursister.Youtwocaftdotheworkthatneedscareandskill.A.notmoreB.nomore C.notless D.nolessIndoingexperiments,youmustbe theprecisioninstruments.A.morethancarefulwith B.morecarefulthanwithC.carefulmorethanwith D.withmorecarefulthanItisgenerallybelievedthatteachingis itisascience.A.asanartmuchas B.asmuchanartas C. anartmuchas D.muchasan artasTheyaresuchabigfamilythatthisnewhouseisnot forthemtolivein.A.enoughlarge B.toolarge C. largeenough D.solargeTheygained fatasheexpected,anditwasallintheirbellyarea.A.twiceasmuch B.muchtwice C.twichsomuch D.asmuchtwiceIbelievewatchingTV