初中英语语法情态动词和被动语态

课题：情态动词、被动语态、感叹句教学目标：通过对情态动词、被动语态、感叹句的讲解和练习，掌握这三块知识。教学重点：情态动词can,may,must;一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态；感叹句教学难点：现在完成时，感叹句一、情态动词考点突破：.情态动词的类型①只作情态动词的有:must；can(could)；may(might)；②可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有:need；③可作情态动词也可作助动词的有:will(would)；shall(should)；④具有情态动词的某些特征的有:haveto；oughtto。.情态动词的特征①有一定的词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和行为动词或系动词连用，构成谓语。②无人称和数的变化(haveto例外:用于第三人称单数时用hasto)。如：Wemuststayhere.我们必须呆在这儿。Wehavetowalkhome.我们不得不步行回家。Hehastowalkhome.他不得不步行回家。③后接动词原形，即不带to的不定式。如：Shemayloseherway.她可能迷路了。④具有助动词的作用，可用来构成否定句、疑问句及用于简明答语。如：—CanyousinganEnglishsong?你会唱英语歌吗？一Yes,Ican.是的，我会。.几个重要情态动词的用法(1)can和could的用法及区别情态动词can和could的三个基本用法：A.都可表示能力，意思是“能，会”，can的否定形式是can,t(cannot)，意思是“不能，不会”。在过去时态中则对应用could和couldn't。如：Mybrothercan'tflyakite.我弟弟不会放风筝。Couldyouswimattheageofsix?你6岁时会游泳吗？B.都可表示推测，意思是“可能”，一般用于否定句和疑问句中，can的否定式can't意思是“不可能”。这种用法中could本身可以作为一个情态动词使用，而不是can的过去式；could用于表示过去的推测时则是can用于过去时中。如：Whatcanyoursisterbedoingnow?你妹妹现在可能在干什么呢？Youcouldberight，butIdon'tthinkso.C.can和could都可以用来表示请求许可，意思是“能，可以"。此时can一般用于平辈、熟人之间；could语气较为委婉客气，一般用于向老师、父母和长辈请求许可。注意:这种用法中，答句都用can的适当形式。如：—CouldIwatchTVnow，dad?爸爸，我现在可以看电视吗？—No，youcan't.Youmustfinishyourhomeworkfirst.不，不可以。你必须先完成你的作业。(2)can与beableto的用法及区别两者都表示能够；可能。beableto可以用于各种时态，can没有将来时和完成时。如：Theywillbeabletotellyouthenewssoon.can和它的过去式could还可表示请求和猜测。如:一CouldIhavethetelevisionon?我可以打开电视吗？（表示请求）—Yes,youcan./No,youcan’t./No,you,dbetternot.Hecouldn,tbeabadman.他大可能是坏人。（表示推测或怀疑）may与might的用法及区别二者都可以表示“请求，许可"，might的语气较为委婉。如:Youmaygohomeifyoufinishyourhomework.…就可以回家了。MayIuseyourpen?对may开头的问句进行回答时，肯定回答用Yes,please.或Certainly/OK/Sure等；否定回答用Pleasedon,t或No,youmustn't./No,youcan,t.may和can的用法区别may和can都可以表示推测，can用于否定句和疑问句，may用于肯定句和否定句。两者都可用于否定句，但含义不同:can't是“不可能"，maynot意思是“可能不”。如：Itcan,tbetrue.这不可能是真的。Itmaynotbetrue.这可能不是真的。haveto与must的用法及区别二者都是“必须”的意思，haveto表示客观的需要，must表示说话人主观上的看法，即主观上的必要。如：Mybrotherwasveryill,soIhadtocallthedoctorinthemiddleofthenight.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。（客观上需要做这件事）Hesaidthattheymustworkhard. （主观上要做这件事）注意：以must开头的疑问句，否定回答用needn't或don'thaveto—MustIgotherewithyou?—No,youneedn,t./don,thaveto.不，你不必。/不一定。在否定结构中:nothaveto表示“不必”，mustn't表示“禁止”。如：Youdon,thavetotellhimaboutit.你不一定要把此事告诉他。Youmustn,ttellhimaboutit.你不可以把这件事告诉他。should表示“应该”shall与第一人称连用表示征求别人意见，或提出建议。 （7）need既是情态动词又是实义动词。作为情态动词，主要用于否定句和疑问句中表示“必须，必要”（后接动词原形）。如：—Sheneedn,tgothererightnow.她不需要现在去那儿。—NeedIcome?那需要我过去吗？ 一Yes,youmust./No,youneedn’t.作实义动词:表示需要，要求，常用结构:need+n./todosth.Sheneedssomefoodanddrink.Weneedtorepairtheroadintwoweeks.母题训练和中考预测：( )1.(2014广东)一一youcomewithmetoLangLang,spianoconcertthisevening?—I'dloveto,butIhavetostudyformymathtest.A.ShouldB.MayC.MustD.Can( )5.—MayIplaycomputergamesnow,Mom?—No.You finishyourhomeworkfirst.A.mustB.can C.couldD.may( )2.(2013广东)一Someoneisknockingatthedoor.IsitAnn?—It beher.Sheisgivingaperformanceatthetheaternow.A.mayB.mustC.can,tD.mustn't( )6.MyunclecomebackfromHongKongtoseemethisweekend,buthehasn'tdecidedyet.A.mayB.can C.wouldD.must( )3.(2012广东)一Iswimhere?—I'msorry.Childrenswimalonehere.A.Must；can,tB.May；mustC.Can；mustn,t D.Can’t；can( )7.—Ifinishmyhomeworknow?—No,you.Yourworkisovertoday.A.Can't;must B.Must;don'thavetoC.May;couldn,tD.Couldn't;could( )4.(2010广东)一IsawKevininthesupermarketthismorning.him.HemovedtoCanadalastweek.—No,it him.HemovedtoCanadalastweek.A.canbe B.mustbeC.can/tbeD.mustn,tbe( )8.—Lookattheboyplayingbasketballontheground.IsitGeorge?—Itbehim.Hetoldmehewouldplaybasketballafterclass,buthe’snotsure.A.mustn’tB.mustC.can’t D.may课堂小测：( )5.(2014北京)一MustIhandinmyhomeworknow,Mr.Smith?—No,you.A.can’tB.shouldn’tC.wouldn’tD.needn’t( )6.(2014扬州)一Excuseme,mayIkeepthebookalittlelonger?—Sorry.You returnittoday.A.mustB.mustn’tC.canD.can’t( )7.(2014黔西南州)一IsthemanoverthereMr.Brown?—Ithim.HehasgonetoBraziltowatchthe2014FIFAWorldCup.A.maynotB.can’tbeC.shouldn/tD.mustn't( )8.(2014东营)Afteryoureadthearticle“Whyfastfoodisslowlykillingyou”，youstopeatingfastfood.A.canB.mayC.havetoD.should( )9.(2014铜仁)一MustIwatertheflowersnow,mum?—No,you.Youdoitlater.A.mustn't;mustB.mustn't;mayC.needn't;mayD.needn't;must( )10.(2014连云港)一Iknowbywhattimeyouwanttheprojecttobedone?—Bythedayaftertomorrow.youfinishitontime?A.May;CanB.Must;NeedC.Could;MustD.Need;Would中考模拟演练：( )5.Peoplewaituntilthetrafficlightsbecomegreen.That’sthetrafficrule.A.MustB.canC.needD.may( )6.—Isthelong-hairedmanBruce?—No,itbehim.He’sinNewYorknow.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.maynot( )7.—Look,someoneleftabook.—Oh,yeah!ThisbookbeKitty’s.Onlyshelikestoreadthiskindofbooks.A.CanB.mustC.mayD.might( )8.—Mustwetakeouttherubbishnow?—.Youcandoitafterclass.A.Yes,youmustB.No,youcan’t C.Yes,youmayD.No,youneedn’t（ ）14.—Amy,Ihearyou’vegotmanyforeigncoins.Ihavealook?—Ofcourse,I’llfetchthemforyou.A.MayB.MustC.ShouldD.Need（ ）15.—Mr.Wang,canIfinishmyhomeworktomorrow?—Sorry,you.A.can'tB.don'tC.needn'tD.won't二、被动语态考点突破：考点1：有关被动语态的基本知识.被动语态概述语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。如：Heopenedthedoor. （主动语态）Thedoorwasopened.（被动语态）.被动语态的构成被动语态由“（助动词）be+及物动词的过去分词〃构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。.被动语态的用法在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况：（1）不知道动作的执行者是谁。如：ThiswatchismadeinChina.⑵没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。如：Moretreesmustbeplantedeveryyear.⑶强调或突出动作的承受者时。如：Chineseisspokenbymoreandmorepeopleintheworld.（强调汉语的使用广泛）⑷句子的主语是动作的承受者。如：Manyhouseswerepulleddownbytheearthquake.拓展知识点：.不及物动词及连系动词不能用于被动语态。常见词有：happen,takeplace,look,sound,feel,smell,taste,become等如:Thestoryhappenedonacoldnight.Thefoodtasteddelicious..在主动语态中省“to”的动词不定式，在被动语态中要加“to”。常见的有感官动词feel,Ustento,hear,watch,see,notice"00kat,observe等，及使役动词let,make,have。如：Hemadethegirlstayathome.（变为被动语态）-Thegirlwasmadetostayathome.考点2：一般现在时的被动语（am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词）Russianisalsotaughtintheirschool.（肯定句）Thewindowsofourhousearecleanedonceaweek.（肯定句）-Thewindowsofourhousearen,tcleanedonceaweek.（否定句，在is,am,are后力口not）-Arethewindowsofourhousecleanedonceaweek?（一般疑问句，把is,am,are提句首）母题训练和中考预测：（ ）1.（2012广东）Hotwaterinthestudents,flatsfrom5p.m.to7p.m.now.A.suppliesB.issuppliedC.suppliedD.wassupplied（ ）2.—Claudia,areyougoingtoJeff,sbirthdaypartyonSaturday?—UnlessI.A.willbeinvitedB.aminvitedC.wasinvitingD.invited考点3：一般过去时的被动语态（was/were+及物动词的过去分词）BeijingwasliberatedinJanuary,1949.（肯定句）ThesephotosweretakenontheGreatWall.肯定句）玲Thesephotosweren,ttakenontheGreatWall.（否定句，在was,were后力口not）->WerethesephotostakenontheGreatWall?一般疑问句，把was,were提句首）母题训练和中考预测：（ ）1.（2013广东）Itlastweekthatthehaze（雾霾）inBeijingcausedmanyproblems.A.reportsB.reportedC.isreportedD.wasreported（ ）3.Ilittletimetogetreadyforthetest,soIwasn/tconfidentatthattime.A.gave B.didn,tgiveC.wasgivenD.wasn,tgiven（ ）2.（2009广东）Thenewlibrarybuildinglastweek.A.wascompleted B.iscompletedC.completed D.hascompleted（ ）4.—Hey,Molly.You onthephonejustnow.Butyouweren/thereandthemanleftaphonenumber.—Oh!Iwasinthelibrary.A.wantedB.arewantedC.werewantedD.havewanted考点4:一般将来时的被动语态（will/shall/begoingto+be+及物动词的过去分词）Anewschoollibrarywillbebuiltnextyear.肯定句）-Anewschoollibrarywon,tbebuiltnextyear.否定句，在will后力口not）-Willanewschoollibrarybebuiltnextyear?（一般疑问句，把will提句首）Anewschoollibraryisgoingtobebuiltnextyear.-Anewschoollibraryisn'tgoingtobebuiltnextyear.否定句，在is/am/are后力口not）-Isanewschoollibrarygoingtobebuiltnextyear?（一般疑问句，把is/am/are提句首）母题训练（ ）1.（2014广东）AlthoughFlightMH370hasbeenmissingformonths,Idobelieveitsomedayinthefuture.A.willfind B.won,tfindC.willbefoundD.won,tbefound（）3.（2008广东）Morethantwoschools inthecitynextyear.A.arebuiltB.werebuiltC.havebuiltD.willbebuilt中考预测（ ）5.Don/tworryabouttheclothes.Theybyyoursistersoon.A.willwashB.washedC.werewashedD.willbewashed（ ）6.EachtimetouriststraveltoBeijing,they theForbiddenCity.A.willbeshownup B.willbeshownaroundC.willshowaround D.willshowto考点5：一般现在时带情态动词的被动语态（情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词）（1）肯定句式（主语+情态动词+be原形+过去分词）Thecomputermustberepairednow.电脑必须立刻修。Manytreesshouldbeplantedonthemountains.应该在山上种许多树。⑵否定句式（主语+情态动词+not+be原形+过去分词）ItcannotbedonebyPeter.这件事不可能是彼得干的。Wastepapershouldnotbethrownontheroad.废纸不应该扔在路上。⑶一般疑问句式（情态动词+主语+be原形+过去分词）Mustthetreesbewaterednow?这些树必须现在浇水吗？⑷特殊疑问句式①特殊疑问词（不作主语）+情态动词+主语+be原形+过去分词Whencanmycomputerberepaired?我的电脑什么时候能修好？②特殊疑问词（作主语）+情态动词+be原形+过去分词Whatmustbedonenext?下一步该做什么？（ ）1.（2011广东）Peoplewhodrinkwine todriveafterMayDay.A.don’tallow B.isn’tallowedC.mustn’tallow D.mustn’tbeallowed课堂小测：（ ）1.（2014河北）Thepetdogiswarmandloving,Itasadaughterofmyfamily.A.treatsB.treatedC.istreatedD.wastreated（ ）2.（2014陕西）Everyday,toomuchwaterinourschool.Weshouldsaveit.A.iswastedB.wastesC.waswastedD.wasted（ ）3.（2014重庆市）Keepquiet,please!Talkingduringthemeeting.A.isnotallowedB.isallowedC.doesn’tallowD.allows（ ）4.（2014南昌）Manystudentschancestoshowthemselvesinclassbecausetheclasssizeistoobig.A.don’tgiveB.aren’tgivenC.haven’tgivenD.won’tgive（ ）5.（2014广州）Heisverysurprisedthatallthehousesinthevillagewhite.A.paintB.paintedC.arepaintingD.arepainted（ ）6.（2014泰安）Hurryup!Oncetheconcertstarts，nobodytoentertheconcerthall.AallowsB.allowedC.isallowedD.isallowing（ ）7.（2014河南）WhenTimwhyhewaslateforschool,hejustkeptsilent.A.wasaskedB.askedC.wasaskingD.isasking（ ）8.（2014鄂州）一ThemeetingbecauseofthesmoginNorthernChinalastweek.—Oh,it’stoobad!Weshouldtakeactiontoimprovetheairquality.A.putoutB.wasputoutC.putoffD.wasputoff( )9.(2014杭州)Tomygreatsurprise,thefamousathlete,sstorydifferentlyinthenewspapers.A.wasreportedB.reportedC.wasreportingD.reports( )10.(2014宜宾)Theterrorists(恐怖分子)inXinjianglastmonth.A.arecaughtB.wascaughtC.werecaughtD.iscaught( )11.(2014宁波)IheardthatLineIofNingboSubwaylastmonth.A.wastestedB.istestedC.testsD.tested( )12.(2014湖北咸宁)一Foodsafetyisveryimportant.—Sosomerulestostoppeoplefrompollutingfood.A.mustmakeB.mustbemadeC.mustmadeD.bemade( )13.(2014珠海紫荆一模)Tomakeourcitymorebeautiful,rubbishintotheriver.A.needn,tbethrownB.can/tthrownC.mustn,tbethrownD.maynotthrown( )14.(2014广东二模)It,saruleinmyclassthatourclassroombefore6:00p.m.everyday.A.beabletocleanB.shouldbecleaningC.mustcleanD.mustbecleaned( )15.(2014珠海紫荆二模)—Mustwecleantheclassroomnow?—No,you.Itafterschool.A.needn't;mustbecleanedB.mustn't;needn'tbecleanedC.needn't;canbecleanedD.don/thaveto;mayclean( )16.Manyinterestingexperimentsbythestudentsinthenewlab.A.willbecarriedB.willbecarriedoutC.carryoutD.willcarryout( )17.(2014南京)We,resurethattheenvironmentinourcitygreatlythroughourworkinthenearfuture.A.improvedB.wasimprovedC.hasimprovedD.willbeimproved( )18.(2014北京)Anewhospitalinmytownnextyear.A.buildsB.builtC.isbuiltD.willbebuilt( )19.(2014广东一模)Moretreesinandaroundourvillage.A.willbeplantedB.willplantC.isplanted D.wasplanted( )20.(2012河源)—Yourjob openforyourreturn.—Thanks.A.willbekeptB.willkeepC.hadkept D.hadbeenkept中考模拟：( )1.—Look,whathavetheydone?—Sorry.IthinkifIanotherchance,I’lldoitbetter.A.GiveB.willbegiven C.willgive D.amgiven( )2.—Drunkendriveisdangerous,isn,tit?—Yeah.Thatwhydrunkendriverstoprisonevenwithoutcausingaccidents.A.sentB.aresentC.sendD.aresending( )3.Itwillbetwodaysbeforethedecision .A.hasmadeB.willbemadeC.wasmadeD.ismade( )4.—DidyougotoJim,sbirthdayparty？—No,I.A.haven,tinvitedB.didn,tinviteC.amnotinvitedD.wasn,tinvited( )5.Lastyear,Shenzhou-10intothespace.Itmadeusproud.A.issentB.wassentC.sendsD.sent( )6.—Ourclassroomeveryday.—Soitis.It,sourdutytokeepitcleanandtidy.A.cleansB.iscleaningC.iscleanedD.willbecleaned( )7.Inordertomakeourhometownmorebeautiful,treesaroundthecityeveryyear.A.plantB.areplantedC.willplantD.willbeplanted( )8.It,sreportedthatthebadmanthedayaftertomorrow.A.iskilledB.willkillC.isgoingtobekilledD.isgoingtokill( )9.thetreesintheparknextSaturday?A.Will,beplantedB.Willbe,plantedC.Are,plantedD.Will,plant( )10.It,sdifficultforthevillagechildrentocrosstherivertogettoschoolWethinkabridgeovertheriver．A.wasbuiltB.shouldbebuiltC.hasbeenbuiltD.isbeingbuilt三、感叹句考点1：感叹句表示说话人的喜悦、气愤、惊讶等强烈的情绪。感叹句一般是由what或how开头。what用来强调名词，how则强调形容词、副词或动词。1.感叹句的基本句型What(+a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语！Whatacleverboyheis!他是个多聪明的男孩！Whatcoldweatheritis!多冷的天气啊！Whatbeautifulflowerstheyare!(它们是)多么漂亮的花啊！Whatgoodnewsitis!多么好的消息啊！在感叹句中，whata/an常用来修饰单数可数名词，若该名词前面的形容词为元音音素开头，则用whatan。what是用来修饰复数可数名词或不可数名词。但有些不可数名词(rain,surprise,breakfast,lunch等)前面有形容词修饰，从而使抽象名词具体化时，则要用whata/an。How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语！Howkindyouare!你心肠真好！Howbluetheskyis!天空是多么蓝啊！Howfasttheyareworking!他们干得真快啊！Howheloveshispet!他是多么喜欢他的宠物！how还可以修饰动词构成感叹句，但动词不提前。如：Howwellshedances!她跳的多好呀！(how修饰动词)2.选用What和How的高效方法判断感叹句的引导词是What还是How。先把主谓+其他部分去掉，看最后一个词是名词用what,是形容词或副词用how。若没有主谓则看句末一词而定。句末一词是名词用what,是形容词或副词用how。Whatasmartmanheis!（主谓是heis，把它们去掉，最后一词是man,名词，故用What）Howexcellentheis!（主谓是heis,把它们去掉，最后一词是excellent,形容词，故用How）Whatexcitingnews!（本句没有主谓，最后一词是news,名词，故用What）（ ）1.（2014广东）一DoyouknowWangFeng?Hecanremember100groupsofnumbersinfiveminutes.—Yes.manheis!A.Whatasmart B.HowsmartC.Whatastupid D.Howstupid（ ）2.（2013广东）MoYanwontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturelastyear.excellentheis!A.How B.What C.WhataD.Whatan（ ）3.（2009广东）terribleweatherwehadlastSunday!A.What B.Whata C.Such D.How考点:2：