商务英语复习资料

UnitOneI.I.英译汉：tradingblocimportshareproductionanddistributionsharingglobalreorientationconductinternationalbusinessinsurancecompanyprovideforefficienttransportationforgeanetworkofgloballinkagesinternationalinvestmentuseandacceptanceofthecommon贸易集团进口额度合作生产和分配共享全球性的重新定位从事国际商务保险公司提供便利交通形成全球网络(联网)国际投资coinage采用和接纳同一货币制度II.汉译英II.汉译英.贸易惯例.石油危机.市场份额.完成交易.以市场为基础的商业交易.跨国公司.国际贸易量.主要经济大国.提高生活水平.股票市场.年销售额.国内生产总值世界贸易格局大件货物或易腐烂商品自然资源的主要消费者businesspracticeoilshockmarketsharecarryouttransactionmarketbasedbusinesstransactionmultinationalcorporationvolumeofinternationaltrademajoreconomicpowersimprovethestandardsoflivingstockmarketannualsalesgrossdomesticproductUnitTwoI.英译汉.patternsofworldtrade.bulkyorperishablegoods.aheavyconsumerofnaturalresources.anelitegroupofmerchantsandentrepreneurs商业和企业家的精英群体.outlawstripminingofcoal 立法禁止采矿.resistforeigninvestmentinone'sindustry 抵制外国在某国工业方面的投资.undertakestepstolimitoilconsumption采取措施限制石油消费8.imposetariffsandquotasonimporteditems采取对进口商品征收关税和实行配额9.InternationalBauxiteAssociation(IBA) 国际铝矿协会10.OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC)石油输出国组织II.汉译英.初级产品 primarycommodities.价格下跌 pricedrop

.劳动成本..劳动成本.生产国和消费国.粮食主要出口商.国际收支.第二方.批量生产.比较成本理论.金属含量.期货交割.商品期货交易.采取保护主义措施.消费国.运输费用.减缓对石油的依赖.炸糖加工设备.外汇m.短文翻译producingandconsumingnationsdominantexportersofgrainsbalanceofpaymentsathirdpartymass-producetheoryofcomparativeadvantagemetalcontentfuturesdeliverycommodityfuturestradingtakeprotectionistmeasuresconsumingcountriestransportationexpenseslessenone,sdependenceonoilsugarprocessingfacilitiesforeignexchangeThetheoryofinternationaltradehaschangeddrasticallyfromthatfirstputforwardbyAdamSmith.TheclassicaltheoriesofAdamSmithandDavidRicardofocusedontheabilitiesofcountriestoproducegoodsmorecheaplythanothercountries.Theearliestproductionandtradetheoriessawlaborasthemajorfactorexpensethatwentintoanyproduct.Ifacountrycouldpaythatlaborless,andifthatlaborcouldproducemorephysicallythanlaborinothercountries,thecountrymightobtainanabsoluteorcomparativeadvantageintrade.国际贸易理论自从亚当史密斯第一次提出后就发生了很大的变化。亚当和大卫的传统理论强调了国家所具有的比其他国家便宜生产商品的能力，最早的生产贸易理论把劳动力视为获得产品的主要支出因素。如果某个国家可以支付较少的劳动力费用。同时在体力劳动中比其他国家生产的多的话，这个国家就可能在贸易当中获得绝对和相对的优势。Subsequenttheoreticaldevelopmentledtoamoredetailedunderstandingofproductionanditscosts.Factorsofproductionarenowbelievedtoincludelabor(skilledandunskilled),capital,naturalresources,andotherpotentiallysignificantcommoditiesthataredifficulttoreproduceorreplace,suchasenergy.Technology,onceassumedtobethesameacrossallcountries,isnowseenasoneofthepremierdrivingforcesindeterminingwhoholdsthecompetitiveedgeoradvantage.Internationaltradeisnowseenasacomplexcombinationofthousandsofproducts,technologies,andfirmsthatareconstantlyinnovatingtokeepupwithorgetaheadofthecompetition.Moderntradetheoryhaslookedbeyondproductioncosttoanalyzehowthedemandsofthemarketplacealterwhotradeswithwhomandwhichfirmssurvivedomesticallyandinternationally.Theabilitiesoffirmstoadapttoforeignmarkets,bothinthedemandsandthecompetitorsthatformtheforeignmarkets,haverequiredmuchofinternationaltradeandinvestmenttheorytosearchoutnewandinnovativeapproachestowhatdeterminessuccessandfailure.

Finally,asworldeconomiesgrewandthemagnitudeofworldtradeincreased,thesimplisticidealsthatguidedinternationaltradeandinvestmenttheoryhavehadtogrowwiththem.Thechoicesthatmanyfirmsfacetodayrequirethemtodirectlymovetheircapital,technology,andknow-howtocountriesthatpossessotheruniquefactorsormarketadvantagesthatwillhelpthefirmkeeppacewithmarketdemands.UnitThreeI.英译汉.corporationbond.closecolumn.crossdeal.enterintoacontract.foreignexchangecommunity.twosetsofquotations.postsavingscertificatenawrittenlegalform.anunwrittencodeofconduct.handlesth.inaninformalmanner.thebanknominatedbythepurchaser.applytheindirectquotationsystem.makepaymentupondelivery14.InternationalMonetaryMarket(IMM)II.汉译英公司债券收盘汇率栏套汇交易公司债券收盘汇率栏套汇交易签订合同外汇界两组标价邮政储蓄凭证用书面的法律形式为成文行为准则用非正规方式处理某事买方指定的银行采用间接标价法交货付款国际货币市场.短期国库券.外汇交易日.外汇汇率4货币主管当局.签定合同.套汇汇率.政府债券.起息日.电汇汇率.立即交货.直接标价法.期货市场.波动汇率.外国证券m.短文翻译foreignexchangedealersforeignexchangeratemonetaryauthoritiesmakeacontractcrossrategovernmentalbondvaluedatetelegraphictransferrateimmediatedeliverydirectquotationsystemfuturesmarketfluctuateexchangerateforeignsecurityTheexchangeofcurrencyisnecessaryforinternationaltradeandcommerce.Thepurposeofexchangeratesystemsistoprovideafreeandliquidmarketfortheworld's

currencieswhileprovidingsomedegreeofstabilityandpredictabilitytocurrencyvalues.Themodernhistoryoftheinternationalmonetarysystemhasseenperiodsofsuccessandfailureintheaccomplishmentsofthispurpose.Thegoldstandard,whichwasinwideuseduringtheearlyyearsofthetwentiethcentury,wasahighlyrestrictivesystem.Theabilitytoconvertcurrencytogoldimposedrestrictionsontheabilityofcountriestoruninflationarymonetarypoliciesorconductimbalancedtradeforsubstantialperiodsoftime.Butthegoldstandardwasalsoinflexible,andmanyhavearguedthatitslowedeconomicgrowthundulybylimitingtheamountofmoneythatcouldbeputintogrowingeconomies.TheBrettonWoodsAgreementsignedin1944,inanticipationofthereconstructionoftheworldeconomyafterWorldWar,wasaninternationalmonetarysysteminwhichtheU.S.dollarswasthecenterpieceandliterally"googasgold".Althoughitworkedwellfor25years,itsawitsnaturaldeclineastheworldeconomychangedandworldcurrencymarketsneededtochangewithit.Theresult,thefloatingexchangeratesysteminusetoday,reflectsthedominanceofmarketeconomies,marketforces,andthegrowthininternationalcommerce.Twoofthemostinfluentialmultilateralinstitutionsinoperationtoday,theInternationalMonetaryFundandtheWorldBank,arosefromtheBrettonWoodsAgreement.国际贸易需要货币兑换。汇率体制目的是在为世界的各种货币提供自由流动的市场。同时在某种程度上使货币值具有稳定性和可预测性。从国际货币体制的近代史中可以看到实现此目的所经历了很多的成功和失败。在20世纪早期，广泛的使用黄金的标准是一种具有很多限制的体系，能否把货币转换为黄金，它制约了国家长期实行限制通货膨胀的货币政策和处理失衡的贸易能力，但黄金标准也缺乏灵活性。许多人认为它减慢了经济发展投资的金额，以致于极大地延缓了经济的增长。布雷顿森林协议是在1944年签署的。它的目的是在第二次世界大战后重建经济，此协议是一种国际货币体系，在这个体系当中，它重点强调了美元和黄金一样坚挺的作用.虽然布雷顿森林个协议在过去的25年中发挥了很好的作用。但它的作用在下滑，因为世界经济发生变化，世界经济市场也要随之改变。结果浮动汇率的体系今天已被采用，它反映了市场经济的市场力和国际贸易增长的主导地位。当今具有影响力的两个国际多边机构，国际货币基金组织和世界银行，它们都是从布雷顿森林协议中提出的。UnitFour加速折旧科研津贴外国有价证券投资战略性目标不同地区的销售部加速折旧科研津贴外国有价证券投资战略性目标不同地区的销售部分担资本支出和专有技术与经销商续签合同因卖出产品而获得佣金打入外国市场accelerateddepreciationResearchsubsidyForeignportfolioonloansStrategicobjectiveVariousregionalsalesofficessharecapitaloutlayand"know-how"RenewthecontractwiththedistributorsReceiveacommissiononproductssoldForeignmarketentry

Achievethehighestpossibleefficiency 达到可能的最高的生产效益Obtainthemaximumreturnoninvestment 最大限度或得投资收益Beauthorizedtomanufacturetheproductunderlicense授权凭许可证生产产品Makeanacquisitionofanexistingmanufacturingplant收购现存的力口工厂Acquirepartoralloftheequityofanexistingforeigncompany购买外国现有公司的全部或部分的股份InternationalTelephoneandTelegraph国际电话电报公司.汉译英.经济一体化.劳动权利法.经济一体化.劳动权利法.资本流通性.投资鼓励措施.采取战略性方针.投资预期收益.投标一亿九千万美元.得到专利使用费.授予国外经销权.现金流量预测.培训津贴.收益率.许可证贸易的缺点.集中各种资源.不同合作者m.短文翻译drawbackoflicensingpoolallone,sresourcesrespectivepartnerAjointventurecanbedefinedastheparticipationoftwoormorecompaniesinanenterpriseinwhicheachpartycontributesassets,ownstheentitytosomedegreeandsharesrisk.(Theventureisalsoconsideredlongterm.)Thereasonforestablishingajointventurecanbedividedintothreegroups:(1)governmentsuasionorlegislation,(2)onepartner'sneedsofotherpartners'skills,and(3)onepartner'sneedsforotherpartners'attributesorassets.Equalityofthepartnershasthemajorityofventures;eachpartner,scontributions--typicallyconsistingoffunds,technology,plant,orlabor--alsovary.Thekeytoajointventureisthesharingofacommonbusinessobjective,whichmakesthearrangementmorethanacustomer-vendorrelationshipbutlessthananoutrightacquisition.Thepartnersrationalesforenteringintothearrangementmayvary.AnexampleisnewUnitedMotorManufacturingInc.(NUMMI),thejointventurebetweenToyotaandGM.ToyotaneededdirectaccesstotheU.S.market.WhileGMbenefitedfromthetechnologyandmanagementapproachesprovidedbyitsJapanesepartner.Jointventuresmaybetheonlywayinwhichafirmcanprofitablyparticipateinaparticularmarket.Forexample,Indiarestrictsequityparticipationinlocaloperationsbyforeignersto40percent.Otherentrymodesmaylimitthescaleofoperation

substantially;forexample,exportsmayberestrictedbecauseoftariffbarriers.ManyWesternfirmsareusingjointventurestogainaccesstoeasternandcentralEuropeanmarkets.Jointventuresarevaluablewhenthepoolingofresourcesresultsinabetteroutcomeforeachpartnerthatifeachweretoconductitsactivitiesindividually.Thisisparticularlythecasewheneachpartnerhasaspecializedadvantageinareasthatbenefittheventure.Forexample,afirmmayhavenewtechnologyyetlacksufficientcapitaltocarryoutforeigndirectinvestmentonitsown.Throughajointventurethetechnologycanbeusedmorequicklyandmarketpenetrationachievedmoreeasily.Similarly,oneofthepartnersmayhaveadistributionsystemalreadyestablishedorhavebetteraccesstolocalsuppliers,eitherofwhichpermitsagreatervolumeofsalesinashorterperiodoftime.合资企业是由两个或多个公司组成的企业。各方都对此企业提供资金，部分的拥有该企业的实体并分担企业的风险（合资企业也被视为一种长期的合作项目），建立合资企业的原因有3种：（1）政府鼓励或者立法（2）一方需要合伙人的技术（3）一方需要合伙人的地位或资产。合伙人在合作之前无需地位平等，在某些合资企业中，每位合伙人持有相同的股份，合伙人所做的贡献也不同，主要体现在所提供的资金、技术、工厂和劳动力等方面。合资企业的关键是有一个共同的商业目标，它使得合伙者的关系远远不同于顾客和小贩，但是却还没有达到全部收购的地步。合伙人参与合资的原因可能不同，例如，新联合汽车制造公司NUMMI），是由日本丰田和美国通用组建的合资企业。（Toyota）丰田需要直接的途径打入美国市场，而通用受益于日本合作伙伴提供的技术和管理方法。合资企业可能是公司进入特定市场，并从中获利的唯一途径。例如，印度把外国人以合股的形式进入地方商业运作的股份限制到40%，其他的运作方式也许会极大地限制其运作规模。例如，出口可能会受到关税的限制，很多西方公司正在利用合资企业去打开东方和欧洲市场的大门进入中欧市场。UnitFive.英译汉discretionaryincomeoperatingsuppliersrepairitem.英译汉discretionaryincomeoperatingsuppliersrepairitemhandleprocurementpersonalsellingproductionfacilitiesnewlineofmerchandiselatestbest-sellingnovelsproduct'sfinalspecificationsidentifythebuyer'sneedssettleonafairpriceconsumer'sattitudeandbehavior可自由支配的收入营业用品维修用品经营采购个人推销生产设施新系列商品最新畅销小说产品最终规格确定买方需要确立公平价格消费者的态度和行为II.汉译英1.营销组合marketingmix2.保养用品maintenancegoods3.购买动机motivationtopurchase4.辅助设备accessoryequipment5.销售手册salesmanual6.形式效用formutility7.目标市场targetmarket8.产品的生命周期product,slifecycle9.符合消费者期望meettheexpectationsofbuyer's10.制定商品的初步设计workupapreliminarydesignofthemerchandise11.国民生产总值GrossNationalProduct(GNP)12.特色商品specialtygoods13.采购部purchasingdepartment14.自动售货机Vendingmachine15.分销渠道channelofdistribution16.营销手段marketingapproach17成品finishproduct18.销售人员管理salesforcemanagement19.品味变化changesintastesm.短文翻译About$20billionindomesticandexportsalesareestimatedtobelostbyU.S.companiesannuallybecauseofproductcounterfeitingandtrademarkpatentinfringementofconsumerandindustrialproducts.Counterfeitgoodsareanygoodsbearinganunauthorizedrepresentationofatrademark,patentedinvention,orcopyrightedworkthatislegallyprotectedinthecountrywhereitmarketed.Thepracticeofproductcounterfeitinghasspreadtohightechnologyandservicesfromthetraditionallycounterfeitedproducts:high-visibility,strongbrandnameconsumergoods.Inaddition,anewdimensionhasemergedtocomplicatethesituation.Previously,theonlyconcernwaswhetherafirm'sproductwasbeingcounterfeited;now,managementhastoworryaboutwhetherrawmaterialsandcomponentspurchased