商务英语阅读-复习资料

商务英语考试复习题、英文缩写一写出英文全称 5*2’=10,缩写全称翻译IMFInternationalmonetaryfund国际货币基金组织OECDOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment经济合作与发展组织AIMAlternativesInvestmentMarket另类投资市场GDPGrossDomesticProduct国内生产总值WTOWorldTradeOrganization世界贸易组织WWFWorldWildlifeFund世界自然基金ADBAsianDevelopmentBank亚洲开发银行NYSENewYorkStockExchange纽约证交所IPOInitialPublicOffering首次公开募股PBOCPeople'sBankofChina中国人民银行EUEuropeanUnion欧盟OPECOrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries石油输出国家组织二、选词填空 20*2,=40,(1-10题单词+11-20题短语)Eveniftheideaisnotunique,youcanmakeadifferenceinthewayyouimplementit.Don,tunderestimatecompetitors,abilitytocatchupanddon,tforgetbricks-and-mortarcompaniesmovingonline.Ifthebusinessreliesonbuildingacriticalmassofcustomers.Emergingmarketsremainvulnerabletofinancial-marketturbulence.Thefirmisbeefingupproductionofsomeofitsgadgetstenfoldthisyeartoquenchdemand.London/sdramaticrenaissanceasperhapstheworld/sleadingfinancialcenterhasbeenawell-documentedphenomenoninrecentyears.Likemany5-year-olds,California/sVyconCorporationisgoingagrowthspurt.AIM,swayofvettingcompaniesishardlytraditional.ManyreasonshavebeenprofferedtoexplainToshiba/sfallfromglory.Butonethingthatcannotbeignoredisacrisisofconsumertrustthathascontributedtothecurrentlacklusterperformance.Thebacklashwashuge.ChinesemanufacturerLenovowasquicktojumponthisbyofferingbetterservices.Theytendtoviewthesegoodsasguaranteeingsuperiorqualityandpremiumservices.Duetoderegulationandwideraccesstothelocalmarketthaninthepast.Intheend,itturnedoutthattheproblemhadnothingtodowithquality.Butsomeforeigncompanieshavebeenslowtoraiseservicelevelsinaccordancewiththeexpansionoftheiroperations.ThisiswhysomeChinesefirmssuchasHaierandLenovoarerapidlyeatingintotheirforeigncounterparts,marketshare.Eventually,theseshoddypracticeswillcatchupwithforeignfirms.USTreasurySecretaryHenryPaulsonhasbeenatpainstoeasefrictionsbetweentheworld'stwolargesttradingpartners.Protectionistpoliciesdonotworkandthecollateraldamagefromthesepoliciesishigh.TheyspelloutpreviouslyunclearproceduresforforeignpurchasesofChinesecompanies.Chinawillhavenochoicebuttousewhatevermethodsithasto“recoupthatlostshareandbuildupastableofcompaniesthatcanbeseriouscompetitorsonaglobalscale.”What,sneededisaworkablewaytoimplantentrepreneurialthinkinginsidethecorporatewallsinsuchawaythatwealthcanbecreatedonanongoingbasis.Duringthe1980s,creatingvaluethroughfinancialtechniques(junkbonds,leveragebuyouts,financialassetrepackaging)wastried.Allofthesefadshadtheirmomentinthesun,butnonehavebeenabletoextendthecorporatelifecycleappreciably.SomeCEOshaveencouragedtheirorganizationstotakelargeshort-termrisksandthencashedouttheiroptionsbeforethelong-termproblemappear.Manycompanieshaveusedtheirowninflatedstocktoacquireothercompanies.ManyCEOshavemorepowerandinfluenceovertheircompensationlevelthantheyshould.Theydotogrowingthebusinessthroughorganicgrowthorstrategicexpansion.Thereisabiastowardspromotingthosewhotoethelinewhichmeansthestatusquobecomesentrencheddeeplyinthebusiness.ParticularlyinlightofthefactCEOscomeandgomorerapidlythesedays.Duetothefactmostoftheworkcarriedoutbymiddlemanagersishandson.Managers,byandlarge,focusonrevenueandassetgrowth.Planninghasthreemaincomponents.Infact,anygivenmanagerislikelytobeengagedineachoftheseactivitiesduringthecourseofanygivenday.TheystartedbyassessingthewaysinwhichpeopleactuallyusetheWeb.Awidearrayofinformationprovidersspecializinginsports”..Begantolosesomeofitslusterinthemid-1980s.Oneofthemajorreasonsforitsslidecouldbetreatedbacktowhathadoncebeenamajorstrength.However,problemshadbecomeapparent,andnoonecouldquitefigureoutwhatwasgoingon.Whenhetookthehelmofthetroubledcarrierin1994...TheIMFputsChina,sshareintheworldeconomyat12.7%,wellinexcessofJapan/s7.1%share.China,svoraciousappetiteforimports......hasaprofoundimpactonChina’sconsumptionofindustrialmaterials.三、问答题2*5'=10,Whatcanbecalledaclearvalueproposition? (Lesson1P3)Whatkindofbusinessareyouin?Whatdoyouprovideandhow?Whoareyourtargetcustomers?Howmanybasictypesofinventoriesarethere?Whatarethey?(Lesson3P11)Thesuppliesthatafirmpurchasesforuseinproductionareitsrawmaterialsinventory.Workin-processinventoryconsistsofgoodsthathavemovedpartwaythroughtheproductionprocess.Finished-goodsinventoryconsistsofitemsreadyforsale.Nowadaysrelativelyexpensiveforeignproductshavebecomeobvioustargetsforcriticism.Whatarethereasons?(Lesson6P22)Localconsumerawarenessismuchhighernow.Thetimeshavechanged,andChineseshoppersnowhavehigherexpectationsforqualityandservice.WhatarethekeychallengesfacingcorporateAmericaatpresent?(Lesson8P29)Findingeffectivewaystorenewthecorporatespiritandstayvibrantandsuccessfuloveranextendedperiodoftime;Developingbetterwayslinkemployeecompensationwiththecreationoflong-termvalue;Overcominginternalresistancetochange;Generatinggenuinegrowthinrevenuesandprofits.What’stheimportanceofcorporateculture?(Lesson8P31)Theculturesetstheoveralltoneforanorganization.Itspecifieswhichsetofvalues,ethicsandexperienceswillbedeemedasdesirablefortheorganization.Thecultureimpactsontheorganization,sefficiencyinanumberofways,formalandinformal.Whatdoesthemanagementprocessinclude?(Lesson9P34)Managementistheprocessofplanning,organizing,directing,andcontrollinganorganization'sfinancial,physical,humanandinformationresourcestoachieveitsgoals.四、句子翻译5*3'=15,SomepeoplethinkthatChina’sbulkofgrowthinrecentyearshasbeendrivenbydomesticdemandratherthanexports.一些人认为近年来中国的大部分经济增长是由国内需求带来的，而不是出口。China’slargestbankshaveannouncedplansinrecentmonthstoraisetensofbillionsofdollarstomeetstricterregulatoryrequirements.近月来中国的各大银行都已经宣布计划，筹集数百亿美元来满足更严格的监管要求。TheproblemsinChina'shousingmarketaremoreservethanthoseintheUSbeforethefinancialcrisisbecausetheycombineapotentialbubblewiththeriskofsocialdissatisfaction,accordingtoanadvisertotheChinesecentralbank.中国央行顾问表示，中国住房市场问题比金融危机前的美国更为严重，因为中国的问题结合了潜在的泡沫以及社会不满的风险。MorethanhalfofChina’smunicipalwastewaterisdischargedwithoutanytreatmentwhatsoever,withabout30billiontonsofrawsewagepumpedintolakes,riversandthesealastyear.中国有一半以上的城市废水在排放时没有经过任何处理，去年约有300亿吨未经处理的废水排放到湖泊、江河和海洋中。Middlemanagersoftenfocusonfindingwaystospreadtheirsphereofinfluence.中层管理者往往费尽心思去寻求扩大他们影响范围的途径。Mostinternationalhotelgroupsrunextensivetrainingprogramsinchinabutstillfaceproblemsfindingandretainingqualifiedpeople.大多数国际酒店集团都在中国实施了大规模培训计划，但是在招聘、挽留合适人才方面仍然困难重重。Thegovernmentiskeentoimproveairqualityinchina’srapidlyexpandingcities,andeagertoreduceoilimports.中国城市快速发展，政府迫切希望改善空气质量和减少是有进口.Themarketleaderisfrequentlyabletoleadotherfirmsintheintroductionofnewproducts,inpricechanges,inthelevelorintensityofpromotions,andsoon.市场领导者再引进新产品、调整价格、促销活动等方面能够领导其他企业。Internationaltradeisarelativelyconservativeapproachthatcanbeusedbyfirmstopenetratemarkets(byexporting)ortoobtainsuppliesatalowcost(byimporting).国际贸易是一种相对保守的方式，公司可用这种方式来渗透市场(通过出口)或以低成本获得供应(通过进口)。Thereisminimalrisktothisapproach,sincethefirmdoesnotplaceanyofitscapitalatrisk.这种方式的风险最低，因为公司不冒任何资本风险。Ifthefirmexperiencesadeclineinitsexportingorimporting,itcannormallyreduceordiscontinuethispartofitsbusinessalowcos^D果公司的出口或进口减少，它通常可以以低成本减少或停止这部分贸易。Aregionisasortofculturalicebergwithtwocomponents:surfaceculture(fads,style,food,etc.)anddeepculture(attitudes,beliefs,values).一个地区是一种文化冰山，有两个组成部分：表层文化(时尚、风格、食物等)和深层文化(态度、信念、价值观)。Lessthan15percentofaregion’scultureisvisible,andstrangerstotheculturemustlookbelowthesurface不至ij15%的区域文化时可见的，因此不熟悉这种文化的人就必须看到表层以下的文化。五、段落翻译 1*15’=15’Lesson6P22ThiskindofcorporateindifferencecouldbeignoredintheearlydayswhenmultinationalswerefirststartingtopourintotheChinesemarket.Butlocalconsumerawarenessismuchhighernow.Thetimeshavechanged,andChineseshoppersnowhavehigherexpectationsforqualityandservice.这类企业的冷漠在早期，也就是跨国公司刚开始进入中国市场时，可能会被忽视。但现在当地的消费者意识很高。时代变了，中国消费者现在对质量和服务有更高的期望。Thisiswhyrelativelyexpensiveforeignproductshavebecomeobvioustargetsforcriticism.Unfortunately,alotofmultinationalshaveyettocometotermswiththisharshreality.ManyforeignfirmshavebeenaggressivelyexpandingtheiroperationsinChinaoverthepastseveralyears,duetoderegulationandwideraccesstothelocalmarketthaninthepast.Despitethesedevelopments,however,generallevelsofservicehaveyettoimproveaccordingly.这就是为什么相对昂贵的外国产品已成为批评的明显目标。不幸的是，许多跨国企业还没有向这个残酷的现实妥协。在过去几年里，许多外国公司一直在积极扩大在中国的业务，这是因为解除管制和与过去相比更广泛地进入当地市场。尽管有这些发展，但是，一般的服务水平还没有相应地提高。Middlemanagersoftenfocusonfindingwaystospreadtheirsphereofinfluence.Therefore,whenanewgrowthinitiativecomesalong,thecriteriabywhichmanymiddlemanagerswilljudgeitiswhetherornotitwillextendtheirsphereofinfluence.Oralternatively,amiddlemanagermayviewanewgrowthventureasadumpinggroundtoallocatecostssoastomaketheirowndepartmentbudgetslookbetter.Eitheroftheseapproachescanplaceahugeburdenonanewbusinessventureandpointtothefactthatoftenthebestapproachtogeneratingnewgrowthistodosothroughindependentbusinessunitsratherthantryingtoovercometheresistanceofferedbymiddlemanagers.中层管理人员费尽心思寻找扩大他们影响力范围的方法。因此，当一个新的增长计划出现时，很多中层管理人员用来评判这个计划的标准是能否扩大他们的势力范围。或者中层人员很可能把新计划看成可以分配成本的场所，以使他们自己部门的预算好看点。这些方法中的任何一个都会给新的商业投资带来巨大的负担，所以促进新增长的最好方法是通过独立的商业机构来扩大势力范围，而不是尝试战胜来自中层管理者的阻力。Thatattackisnowunderway.China’scampaignofpolicyrestraintwasinitiatedlastfall,withanincreaseinreserverequirementsonbankdepositsfrom6%to7%announcedinlateAugustandmadeeffectiveinlateSeptember.Thatmeasureapparentlydi