NSF：2022年美国科学与工程报告

ScienceandEngineeringIndicators2022ScienceandEngineeringIndicators2022NationalScienceBoardEllenOchoa,NSBChairDirector(retired)LyndonB.JohnsonSpaceCenterVictorR.McCrary,NSBViceChairVicePresidentforResearchandGraduateProgramsandProfessorofChemistryUniversityoftheDistrictofColumbiaSudarsanamSureshBabuDirectorofBredesenCenterforInterdisciplinaryResearchandGraduateEducation;Governor'sChairofAdvancedManufacturingandProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringandMaterialsScienceOakRidgeNationalLaboratory/UniversityofTennessee,KnoxvilleRogerN.BeachyProfessorEmeritusofBiologyWashingtonUniversity,St.LouisArthurBienenstockProfessorEmeritusofPhotonScienceStanfordUniversityMaureenL.CondicAssociateProfessorofNeurobiologyandAnatomyUniversityofUtah,SchoolofMedicineAaronDominguezProvostCatholicUniversityofAmericaW.KentFuchsPresidentUniversityofFloridaSureshV.GarimellaPresidentUniversityofVermontDarioGilSeniorVicePresidentandDirectorofResearchRMMelvynHuffLecturerUniversityofMassachusetts-DartmouthW.CarlLinebergerFellowofJILAandE.U.CondonDistinguishedProfessorofChemistryUniversityofColoradoMatthewMalkanDistinguishedProfessorofPhysicsandAstronomyUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngelesEmilioF.MoranJohnA.HannahDistinguishedProfessorofGlobalChangeScienceMichiganStateUniversityJuliaM.PhillipsExecutiveEmeritusSandiaNationalLaboratoriesDanReedSeniorVicePresidentforAcademicAffairs(Provost)UniversityofUtahAnneilaI.SargentIraS.BowenProfessorEmeritaofAstronomyCaliforniaInstituteofTechnologyScottStanleyVicePresidentofTechnologyTechnoPlanetS.AlanSternAssociateVicePresidentandSpecialAssistanttothePresidentSouthwestResearchInstituteStephenH.WillardBiotechnologyExecutiveandLawyerHeatherWilsonPresidentUniversityofTexas,ElPasoSethuramanPanchanathan,MemberexofficioDirectorNationalScienceFoundationJohnJ.Veysey,II,ExecutiveOfficerBoardOfficeDirectorNationalScienceBoardStevenLeathPresident(retired)IowaStateUniversityandAuburnUniversityNationalScienceBoardScience&EngineeringIndicators2022TheStateofU.S.ScienceandEngineering2022January2022|NSB-2022-1PrefaceTheNationalScienceBoard(Board)isrequiredundertheNationalScienceFoundation(NSF)Act,42U.S.C.§1863(j)(1)toprepareandtransmitthebiennialScienceandEngineeringIndicators(Indicators)reporttothePresidentandCongresseveryeven-numberedyear.ThereportispreparedbytheNationalCenterforScienceandEngineeringStatistics(NCSES)withinNSFundertheguidanceoftheBoard.IndicatorsprovidesinformationonthestateoftheU.S.scienceandengineering(S&E)enterpriseovertimeandwithinaglobalcontext.Thereportisapolicy-relevant,policyneutralsourceofhigh-qualityU.S.andinternationaldata.Theindicatorspresentedinthereportarequantitativerepresentationsrelevanttothescope,quality,andvitalityoftheS&Eenterprise.Thisreportsummarizeskeyfindingsfromtheninethematicreportsprovidingin-depthdataandinformationonscience,technology,engineering,andmathematics(STEM)educationatalllevels;theSTEMworkforce;U.S.andinternationalresearchanddevelopmentperformance;U.S.competitivenessinhigh-technologyindustries;invention,knowledgetransfer,andinnovation;andpublicperceptionsandawarenessofscienceandtechnology.Indicatorsalsoincludesaninteractive,onlinetoolthatenablesstatecomparisonsonavarietyofS&Eindicators.Thisreport,theninethematicreports,andtheonlineStateIndicatorsdatatooltogethercomprisethefullIndicatorssuiteofproducts./indicators|/indicators|#|ScienceandEngineeringIndicators2022ReferencesBureauofEconomicAnalysis(BEA).2021.GrossDomesticProductbyState,2019.Availableat/itable/iTable.cfm?ReqID=70&step=1.Accessed27May2021.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity,ImmigrationandCustomsEnforcement(DHS,ICE).2021.SpecialtabulationsofStudentandExchangeVisitorInformationSystem(SEVIS)Database.deRassenfosseG,DernisH,GuellecD,PicciL,delaPotterieBVP.2013.TheWorldwideCountofPriorityPatents:ANewIndicatorofInventiveActivity.ResearchPolicy42⑶:720-37.Eurostat.2019.EducationandTrainingDatabase.Availableathttps://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/education-and-training/data/database.Accessed22June2021.IHSMarkit.2021.SpecialtabulationsoftheComparativeIndustryServiceDatabase.JacomyM,VenturiniT,HeymannS,BastianM.2014.ForceAtlas2JaContinuousGraphLayoutAlgorithmforHandyNetworkVisualizationDesignedfortheGephiSoftware.PLOSONE.Availableat/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0098679.Accessed3June2021.MinistryofEducation,Culture,Sports,ScienceandTechnology(MEXT),Japan,SurveyofEducation(variousyears).MinistryofEducation,ThePeople'sRepublicofChina.Availableat/.AccessedFebruary2021.MinistryofHumanResourceDevelopment,GovernmentofIndia.Variousyears.AllIndiaSurveyonHigherEducation(AISHE).Availableat.in/en/statistics-new?shs_term_node_tid_depth=384.Accessed1February2021.NationalBureauofStatistics(NBS),China,ChinaStatisticalYearbook(variousyears).NationalCenterforEducationStatistics(NCES).2021.IntegratedPostsecondaryDataSystem(IPEDS)CompletionsSurvey,2019.NationalCenterforScienceandEngineeringStatistics(NCSES).2019.SpecialtabulationsbySRIInternationalandScience-MetrixofPatentStatisticalDatabaseoftheEuropeanPatentOffice(PATSTAT).Alexandria,VA:NationalScienceFoundation.NationalCenterforScienceandEngineeringStatistics(NCSES).2020.DoctorateRecipientsfromU.S.Universities:2019(SED2019).NSF21-308.Alexandria,VA:NationalScienceFoundation.Availableathttps:///pubs/nsf21308/.NationalCenterforScienceandEngineeringStatistics(NCSES).2020.Specialtabulationsof2009,2011,2013,2015,2017,and2019NationalAssessmentofEducationalProgress(NAEP)mathematicsassessments,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics(NCES),DepartmentofEducation(ED).Alexandria,VA:NationalScienceFoundation.NationalCenterforScienceandEngineeringStatistics(NCSES).2020.Specialtabulationsof2017-18NationalTeacherandPrincipalSurvey,NationalCenterforEducationStatistics(NCES),DepartmentofEducation(ED).Alexandria,VA:NationalScienceFoundation.NationalCenterforScienceandEngineeringStatistics(NCSES).2021.AnnualBusinessSurvey(ABS),2017.Alexandria,VA:NationalScienceFoundation.Availableat/pubs/nsf21303.NationalCenterforScienceandEngineeringStatistics(NCSES).2021.NationalPatternsofR&DResources(annualseries).Alexandria,VA:NationalScienceFoundation.Availableat/statistics/natlpatterns/#tabs-1.NationalCenterforScienceandEngineeringStatistics(NCSES).2021.NationalSurveyofCollegeGraduates(NSCG),2019.Alexandria,VA:NationalScienceFoundation.Availableat/statistics/srvygrads/.NationalCenterforScienceandEngineeringStatistics(NCSES).2021.SpecialtabulationsbySRIInternationalandScience-MetrixofElsevier'sScopusabstractandcitationdatabase.Alexandria,VA:NationalScienceFoundation.NationalCenterforScienceandEngineeringStatistics(NCSES).2021.SurveyofGraduateStudentsandPostdoctoratesinScienceandEngineering(GSS),2019.Alexandria,VA:NationalScienceFoundation.Availableat/statistics/srvygradpostdoc/#tabs-2.OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD).2015.FrascatiManual2015:GuidelinesforCollectingandReportingDataonResearchandExperimentalDevelopment,TheMeasurementofScientific,TechnologicalandInnovationActivities.Paris:OECDPublishing.OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD).2017.OECDCompendiumofProductivityIndicators.Paris:OECDPublishing.Availableathttps:///economics/oecd-compendium-of-productivity-indicators-2017_pdtvy-2017-en.Accessed22June2021.OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD).2019.ProgramforInternationalStudentAssessment(PISA),2018.Availableathttps:///pisa/data/.Accessed6June2021.OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD).2020.MainScienceandTechnologyIndicators(MSTI).Availableat/web/20201226194535//sti/msti.htm.Accessed26December2020.OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD).2021.MainScienceandTechnologyIndicators(MSTI)March2021release.Availableathttps:///science/msti.htm.Accessed6June2021.OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment/Eurostat(OECD/Eurostat).2018.OsloManual2018:GuidelinesforCollecting,ReportingandUsingDataonInnovation.4thed.TheMeasurementofScientific,TechnologicalandInnovationActivities.Paris:OECDPublishing/Luxembourg:Eurostat.OrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD).OECD.Stat.Availableat/.AccessedJanuary2021.PewResearchCenter,AmericanTrendsPanel,2020.Wave79;conducted18-29November2020.DataprovidedtoNCSESpriortopublicrelease.SoriaKM,RobertsBJ,HorgosB.,HallahanK.2020.Undergraduates1ExperiencesDuringtheCOVID-19Pandemic:DisparitiesbyRaceandEthnicity.SERUCovidSurveyReports.Availableat/uc/item/1rf4p547.Accessed30July2021.UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,andCulturalOrganization(UNESCO)InstituteforStatistics(UIS).2020.ResearchandExperimentalDevelopmentDataset.Availableat/#.Accessed11June2021.U.S.CensusBureau.2019.AmericanCommunitySurvey(ACS)PublicUseMicrodata.Availableathttps:///programs-surveys/acs/microdata.html.Accessed25October2020.U.S.CensusBureau.2020.AnnualEstimatesoftheResidentPopulationbySex,Age,Race,andHispanicOriginfortheUnitedStates:April1,2010toJuly1,2019(NC-EST2019-ASR6H).Availableat/newsroom/press-kits/2020/population-estimates-detailed.html.Accessed5October2021.WorldBank.2020.PurchasingPowerParitiesandtheSizeofWorldEconomies:Resultsfromthe2017InternationalComparisonProgram.Washington,DC:WorldBank.Availableat/bitstream/handle/10986/33623/9781464815300.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y.Accessed7July2021.WorldBank2021a.WorldBankCountryandLendingGroups.Availableat/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups.Accessed30July2021.WorldBank.2021b.InternationalComparisonProgram.Availableat/en/programs/icp.Accessed6June2021.WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO).2020.StatisticsDatabase2019.Availableathttps://.Accessed3June2021.WorldIntellectualPropertyOrganization(WIPO).2021.WIPO:PatentCooperationTreatywebsite.Availableat/pct/en/.Accessed30August2021.NotesThesection“\o"CurrentDocument"ElementaryandSecondary(K-12)\o"CurrentDocument"MathematicsandScience"drawsondataandsourcesintheIndicators2022report,“[2022]ElementaryandSecondarySTEMEducation."DetailednotesandfulllistofOECDcountriesforFigure1areavailableinFigureK12-5intheIndicators2022report,“[2022]ElementaryandSecondarySTEMEducation."DetailednotesforFigure2areavailableinFigureK12-2intheIndicators2022report,“[2022]ElementaryandSecondarySTEMEducation."ForFigure3,minorityenrollmentincludesstudentswhoareBlack,Hispanic,Asian,NativeHawaiianorPacificIslander,AmericanIndianorAlaskaNative,andmorethanonerace.Hispanicmaybeanyrace;racecategoriesexcludeHispanicorigin.Thesection“\o"CurrentDocument"S&EHigherEducationintheUnitedStates"drawsondataandsourcesintheforthcomingIndicators2022report,“[2022]HigherEducationinScienceandEngineering."TheHigherEducationreportalsoprovidesfurtherbreakoutbysexandraceorethnicity.ForFigure4,theU.S.populationdatareflectthepercentageofpeopleineachracialandethnicgroupintheU.S.populationfromages20to34on1July2019.Hispanicmaybeanyrace;racecategoriesexcludeHispanicorigin.Degreetotalsmaydifferfromthoseelsewhereinthereport;degreesawardedtopeopleofunknownorotherracewereexcluded,asweredegreeearnersontemporaryvisas.Thesection“\o"CurrentDocument"InternationalS&EHigherEducationand\o"CurrentDocument"StudentMobility"drawsondataandsourcesintheforthcomingIndicators2022report,“[2022]HigherEducationinScienceandEngineering."ForFigure5,tofacilitateinternationalcomparison,datafortheUnitedStatesarethosereportedtoOECD,whichvariesslightlyfromtheNCSESclassificationoffieldspresentedinothersectionsofthereport.ForFigure6,thedatareflectfallenrollmentinagivenyearandincludestudentswith"active"statusasof15Novemberofthatyear.DataincludeactiveforeignnationalstudentsonF-1visasandexcludethoseonoptionalpracticaltraining.Undergraduatelevelincludesassociate'sandbachelor'sdegrees;graduatelevelincludesmaster'sanddoctoraldegrees.Thesection“\o"CurrentDocument"Americans,PerceptionsaboutScience"drawsondataandsourcesintheforthcomingIndicators2022report,"[2022]ScienceandTechnology:PublicPerceptions,Awareness,andInformationSources."ForFigure7,responsesaretothefollowing:Howmuchconfidence,ifany,doyouhavein[scientists]toactinthebestinterestsofthepublic?DetailednotesforFigure8areavailableinFigureLBR-2intheIndicators2022report,“[2022]TheSTEMLaborForceofToday:Scientists,Engineers,andSkilledTechnicalWorkers."Thesection“\o"CurrentDocument"TheSTEMLaborMarketandthe\o"CurrentDocument"Economy"drawsondataandsourcesintheIndicators2022report,“[2022]TheSTEMLaborForceofToday:Scientists,Engineers,andSkilledTechnicalWorkers."Theobservedrankingsofstateestimatesprovideusefulcontext.However,astatehavingahighestorlowestratedoesnotimplythatthestate'srateissignificantlyhigherorlowerthantherateofthenexthighestorloweststate.Forafulllistofstateestimates,seeFigureLBR-DandFigureLBR-EintheIndicators2022report,"[2022]TheSTEMLaborForceofToday:Scientists,Engineers,andSkilledTechnicalWorkers."Unlessotherwisenoted,thesection“\o"CurrentDocument"Demographic\o"CurrentDocument"CompositionoftheSTEMWorkforce"drawsondataandsourcesintheIndicators2022report,“[2022]TheSTEMLaborForceofToday:Scientists,Engineers,andSkilledTechnicalWorkers."TheLaborForcereportalsoprovidesfurtherbreakoutbysexandraceorethnicity.DetailednotesforFigure10areavailableinFigureLBR-24intheIndicators2022report,“[2022]TheSTEMLaborForceofToday:Scientists,Engineers,andSkilledTechnicalWorkers."SeedataandsourcesintheforthcomingIndicators2022report,“[2022]ProductionandTradeofKnowledge-andTechnology-IntensiveIndustries."Fordataonthe5-and10-yearstayrates,seetheIndicators2020report“[2020]TheStateofU.S.ScienceandEngineering2020"andthereport“[2020]ScienceandEngineeringLaborForce."DatafortheUnitedStatesinFigures12-Figures15reflectinternationalstandardsforcalculatinggrossexpendituresonR&D,whichvaryslightlyfromtheNCSES'sprotocolfortallyingU.S.totalR&D.Thesection“\o"CurrentDocument"GlobalR&D"drawondataandsourcesintheforthcomingIndicators2022report,“[2022]ResearchandDevelopment:U.S.TrendsandInternationalCompa「isons,"-「efe「tothisreportandthesectiononResearchandDevelopmentattheNCSESwebsiteforthelatestdataasestimatesinthissectionmaybesubjecttorevision.Unlessotherwisenoted,thesection"\o"CurrentDocument"U.S.Performance\o"CurrentDocument"andFundingTrends"drawsondataandsourcesintheforthcomingIndicators2022report,“[2022]ResearchandDevelopment:U.S.TrendsandInternationalComparisons"-refertothisreportandthesectiononResearchandDevelopmentattheNCSESwebsiteforthelatestdataasestimatesinthissectionmaybesubjecttorevision.DatafortheUnitedStatesinFigure16andFigures17reflectNCSES'sprotocolfortallyingU.S.totalR&D,whichvariesslightlyfromtheinternationalstandardsforcalculatinggrossexpendituresonR&D.U.S.businessR&DistheR&DperformedbycompaniesdomiciledintheUnitedStates.ItincludestheR&Dperformedbythecompanyandpaidforbythecompanyitself(fromcompany-owned,U.S.-locatedunitsorfromsubsidiariesoverseas).ItalsoincludestheR&Dperformedbythecompanyandpaidforbyothers,suchasothercompanies(domesticorforeign,includingparentcompaniesofforeign-ownedsubsidiarieslocatedintheUnitedStates),theU.S.federalgovernment,nonfederalgovernment(stateandlocalorforeign),andnonprofitorotherorganizations(domesticorforeign).SeedataandsourcesintheIndicators2022report,“[2022]AcademicResearchandDevelopment."Becausegraduatestudentsreceivefundingfromavarietyofsources,adeclineinthepercentageofS&Egraduatestudentswhoreceivefederalfundingdoesnotequatetoadeclineinoverallfinancialsupportforgraduatestudents.DetailednotesforFigure21areavailableinFigureURD-24intheIndicators2022report,“[2022]AcademicResearchandDevelopment."Unlessotherwisenoted,thesection“\o"CurrentDocument"Research\o"CurrentDocument"Publications"drawsondataandsourcesintheIndicators2022report"[2022]PublicationsOutput:U.S.TrendsandInternationalComparisons."DetailednotesforFigure22areavailableinFigurePBS-2intheIndicators2022report"[2022]PublicationsOutput:U.S.TrendsandInternationalComparisons."DetailednotesforFigure23areavailableinFigurePBS-7intheIndicators2022report"[2022]PublicationsOutput:U.S.TrendsandInternationalComparisons."DetailednotesforFigure24areavailableinFigurePBS-4intheIndicators2022report"[2022]PublicationsOutput:U.S.TrendsandInternationalComparisons."Thesection“\o"CurrentDocument"InventionandInnovation"drawsondataandsourcesinforthcomingtheIndicators2022report,“[2022]Invention,KnowledgeTransfer,andInnovation."ForFigure25,dataarecountedaccordingtotheyearofthefirstgrantedpatentinthepatentfamily.PatentfamiliesareallocatedaccordingtopatentinventorshipinformationfoundontheprioritypatentoftheINPADOCfamilies.ToaccountformissingownershipinformationinPATSTATforsomeoffices,amethoddesignedbydeRassenfosseetal.(2013)isusedtofillmissinginformationonprioritypatentsusinginformationinsuccessivefilingswithinthefamilies.Patentfamiliesarefractionallyallocatedamongregions,countries,oreconomiesbasedontheproportionofresidencesofallnamedinventors.ForFigure26,WIPOusedasex-namedictionarybasedoninformationfrom13differentpublicsourcestoassignsextoinventors'namesrecordedinPatentCooperationTreatyapplications.Sexisattributedtoagivennameonacountry-by-countrybasisbecausecertainnamescanbeconsideredmaleinonecountrybutfemaleinanother.ForFigure27,industryclassificationisfromthe2017NorthAmericanIndustryClassificationSystemcodesandbasedonthedominantestablishmentpayroll.Industriesshownarethoseforwhichmorethanhalfofthecompaniesreportedaninnovationfrom2015to2017.Thesection“\o"CurrentDocument"Knowledge-andTechnology-Intensive\o"CurrentDocument"IndustryOutput"drawsondataandsourcesintheforthcomingIndicators2022report,“[2022]ProductionandTradeofKnowledge-andTechnology-IntensiveIndustries."ForFigure28,outputismeasuredonavalue-addedbasis.ThesetwoindustrieswerechosentoillustratethespecializationinKTIoutputacrossstates.AcknowledgmentsandCitationAcknowledgmentsTheNationalScienceBoardextendsitsappreciationtothestaffoftheNationalCenterofScienceandEngineeringStatistics(NCSES)withintheNationalScienceFoundationandtothemanyothers,toonumeroustolistindividually,whocontributedtothepreparationandreviewofthisreport.ThisreportwasproducedundertheleadershipofAmyBurke,ProgramDirector,ScienceandEngineeringIndicatorsProgram,NCSES;VipinArora,DeputyDirector,NCSES;andEmildaB.Rivers,Director,NCSES.ThereportbenefitedfromextensivecontributionsfromNCSESstaffandcontractors.AllpersonsacknowledgedarefromNCSES,unlessotherwisespecified.ThecontentwasdevelopedbyAmyBurke,AbigailOkrent,KatherineHale(ProSouce360),andNancyGough(BETAHAssociates).MarkBoroush,LediaGuci,CarolRobbins,JoshTrapani,KarenWhite,SusanRotermund(RTIInternational),andBrianSouthwell(RTIInternational)providedsubjectmatterexpertise.JockBlack,Wan-YingChang,DariusSingpurwalla,andMatthewWilliamsprovidedadviceonstatisticalissues.MayAydin,CatherineCorlies,RajinderRaut,andAshleyVocoordinatedthereport'spublicationprocessandmanagedthedevelopmentofitsdigitalplatform.ChristineHamelandTanyaGoreconductededitorialandcompositionreview.SRIInternational,CenterforInnovationStr