英语写作基础教程

英语写作基础教程1第一页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日ChapterI

UsingProperWordsI.UsingwordscorrectlyII.Usingwordsaccurately2第二页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日I.Usingwordscorrectly1.overcomeChinglishEg:I’mnotafraidofthehotweather.Idon’tmindthehotweather.Ifoundtheroomrathercold. Ifelttheroomrathercold.

OnSundaysIalwayssleeplate.OnSundaysIalwaysgetuplate.3第三页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Theblanketfeltsofttoher. Shefelttheblanketsoft.

HislevelofEnglishhasbeenproved.HisEnglishhasimproved.Hecameoutthefourthintheexam.Hereceivedthefourthplaceintheexam.

OvercomeChinglish4第四页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日2.Bewareofarchaisms,obsoletewords,

andnewly-coinedwords●Wordsormeaningofwordswhicharenolongerincommonusedbutoccurinspecialtext(e.g.Religiousworks)andpoetryarecalledarchaic.Eg:mayhaps(v.hope;adv.maybe),quoth(vt.say),thy(pron.your),ere(prep.before)●Wordsormeaningwhichhavegoneoutofusealtogetherarecalledobsolete.Eg:admirable[废语]令人惊奇的finen.[废语]惩罚，处罚；为接受惩罚支付的钱●

Newly-coinedwordsEg:junior-high-schooler,tube-steak,water-sensitive-crops,snow-poor-winter,…5第五页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日3.AvoidslangOnhearingthathisfatherhadkickedthebucket,wewrotehimalettertoexpressourdeepsympathies.Thebigbanquetheldinhonorofthedistinguishedstateguestswasreallyneat.[俚语]呱呱叫的；了不起的，极好的Unexceptionable/admirable/excellent6第六页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日II.UsingwordsaccuratelyTheshadeofmeaningEg1:eagleandhawkEagleisabirdthatsoarshighandthusseefar.tohaveaneagleeye(tohaveexcellentvision)Hawkisabirdofpray,symbolizesharshness,thuspeoplecallthehardlinepolitician“thehawk”.Eg2:dumbandmuteHeisadumb/muteman.7第七页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日1.SpecificandconcretewordsSpecificandgeneralAgoodman:kind/honest/just/generous/sympathetic/warm-hearted/selfless/honorableGoodfood:tasty/nourishing/rich/wholesome/high-priced/fresh/substantial8第八页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日General:Inspring,theweatherinBeijingcanbeverybad.

Specific:Inspring,itisoftenwindyanddustyhere.

Morespecificwiththehelpofdetails:

Inspring,thewindblowsalldaylong.Theairisthenfilledwithfinedustwhichsometimesshutsoutthesun.Thereisnoescapefromthefinedust.Itgetsintoyoureyes,yourears,yournostrils,andyourhair.

9第九页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日2.DenotationandConnotationDenotationisthebasic,direct,literalmeaningofaword.Asdefinedbythedictionary.Connotationistheassociationaroundandtheovertoneabouttheword.it’sthefeelingorideasuggestedbytheword.10第十页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日E.g.国家Countryemphasizestheterritory.Nationemphasizesthepeople.Stateemphasizespoliticalorganization.Landisoftenusedtoconnotecertainfeeling.Anislandcountry;neighboringcountrypeace-lovingnation;theawakingnationofAfricaState-ownedenterprisesOurstatesystemisthepeople’sdemocraticdictatorship.Afar-away/foreignland;alandofliberty/opportunity11第十一页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日●Differentconnotationreflectsthedifferentattitudeofthespeaker.ComplimentaryderogatoryneutralPublicservantbureaucratgovernmentemployeeFinancierspeculatorinvestorLawofficercoppolicemanCaptainofindustrytycoonsuccessfulbusinessmanInvestigatorspydetectiveCaptivejailbirdprisoner12第十二页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日3.SynonymsSynonyms:Twoormoreformswithverycloselyrelatedmeaning,whichareoftenbutnotalways,intersubstitutableinasentence.Accordingtoformality:EarlyEnglish:small/littleasktimeriseFrench:petitequestionagemountLatin:diminutiveinterrogateepochascendGenerally,LatinwordsaremorebookishthanearlyEnglishandFrench.13第十三页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Examples:TheconcertconcludedwithaperformanceofBeethoven’s5thsymphony.TheyendedtheconcertwithBeethoven’s5thsymphony.Myfatherpurchasedalarge

automobile.Mydadboughtabig

car.14第十四页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日ChapterII

MakingCorrectandEffectiveSentencesElementsofasentenceII.RequirementsofacorrectsentenceIII.Requirementsofaneffectivesentence15第十五页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日I.Elementsofasentence1.Completenessinstructure;2.Beginwithacapitalletter;3.Endwithafullstop,oraquestionmark,oranexclamationmark;4.Expressasinglecompleteidea.16第十六页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日II.Rperuseofcomparisons10.correctuseofthetense17第十七页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Correctthefollowingsentences:Becausehehadn’tfinishhisassignment,sohecontinuedworkingintheclassroom.

completenessinstructureNotknowinghisname,itwasdifficulttointroducehim.

therightsubjectAnumberofspellingmistakeswasfoundinhiscomposition.agreementbetweenthesubjectandthepredicateverbEverybodyshouldreturnthebooksheborrowedwithinaweek.agreementbetweenpronounandantecedent18第十八页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Shetoldmysisterthatherideawaspracticable.clearpronounreferenceNoonecometotheparty,itwasacompletefailure.endingsentenceswithfullstops/joiningclauseswithconjunctionsBecausehehadnotheardaboutthatimportantdecision.amainclauseinacomplexsentenceTheSperuseofcomparisonsWehaverevisedourworkplanlastnight.correctuseofthetenseCorrectthefollowingsentences:19第十九页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日FragmentandEllipseAfragmentisapartofsentence(suchasaphraseordependant/subordinateclause)whichbeginswithacapitalletterandendsasasentencedoes.E.g.[Fragment]Theresultbeingthathelostthepresidentialelection.[Sentence]Theresultisthathelostthepresidentialelection.20第二十页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日AsexclamationsOh!Nonsense!Welldone!Whataday!Howkindofyou!Susanasinger!?InspokenEnglishA:howaboutthis?B:verygood!A:Yournameandyouraddress,please?B:Allright,here.MoreFragment-likesentences21第二十一页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日AstransitionsAndafinalinstance,…Toreturnfromourdigression,…Now,afewmorewordsaboutthemeetingtoday.Foremphasisandvividness

Thereisapricetopayforsuccess.Thedemandingpriceofselfdenial,thepriceofbloodandsweatandtears.

22第二十二页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日III.Requirementsofaneffectivesentence

一.Unity一致性Unity:

Asentenceshouldexpressasinglecompleteidea,nomore,noless.Ifitcontainstoomuch,thenthesentencebecomesconfusing.Ifitcontainstoolittle,thentheideainitisincomplete.Inotherwords,asentenceviolatestheprincipleofunityifitcontainsideasthatarenotcloselyrelated;what’smore,asentenceisnotunifiedifitdoesnotexpressacompletethought.23第二十三页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日

Eg:Ideasnotcloselyrelated:

BorninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,hegrewuptobeagreatmusician.HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinain1937,andgrewuptobeagreatmusician.Ideaincomplete:

DreamoftheRedMansionisthebest-knownnovel.

DreamoftheRedMansionisoneofthebest-knownclassicalChinesenovel.24第二十四页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日1.Avoidchopped-upsentenceInthefollowingsentence,theideaofoneunifiedsentenceischoppedintoseveralshortsentences.E.g:Mybestfriendinhighschoolwasourliteratureteacher.HernamewasWangLi.Shetaughtusliteratureforthreeyears.Revised:Mybestfriendinhighschoolwasourliteratureteacher,WangLi,whotaughtusforthreeyears.25第二十五页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日2.AvoidFusedsentence:

severalideasarefusedintoonesentence.Fused:Shesuddenlypausedanditseemedwonderfulthatshecouldspeaksoeasilybutshewasusuallybashful.

Improved:Shesuddenlypaused.Itseemedwonderfulthatshecouldspeaksoeasily,butshewasusuallybashful.Fused:TheydidnotwinthegamesofarasIcouldseetheydidnoteventry.Improved:Theydidnotwinthegame.SofarasIcouldsee,theydidnoteventry.26第二十六页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Coherencerequiresthatthepartsofasentencearesoarrangedthattheysticktogether,andthattheideasprogressinalogicalsequence.1.Parallelism

E.g:IforgotthatmyresearchpaperwasdueonTuesdayandmyteacherhadsaidhewouldnotacceptlatepapers.二.Coherence连贯性27第二十七页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Thechildwasprettyandhadbrains.Thechildwasprettyandintelligent.Hesatdownandwasbeginningtowork.Hesatdownandbegantowork.Iwillwaituntilyoucallorshecomes.Iwillwaituntilyoucalloruntilshecomes.IwenttothedancewithagirlfromMemphisandwhohasasouthernaccent.IwenttothedancewithagirlwhoisfromMemphisandwhohasasouthernaccent.Inparallelconstructionitisnecessarytobalancewordforword,phrasewithphrase,clausewithclause,sentencewithsentence.Itissometimesnecessarytorepeattheintroductorywordorphraseorclause.28第二十八页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日2.Consistency(1)keepthesamegrammaticalsubjectunlessthereisgoodreasonforchanging.Eg:Thecastfirstdiscussestheplayandthennightlyrehearsalsbegin.Thecastfirstdiscussestheplayandthenbeginnightlyrehearsals.(2)Keepthepersonofpronounconsistent.Eg:Havingeatenourlunch,theydepartedbyboat.Havingeatentheirlunch,theydepartedbyboat.29第二十九页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日(3)Keepthenumberofnounsandpronounsconsistent

Eg:

Beingastudent,weallwishtolearntowritewell.

Onecanneverwriteeffectively,unlesstheywriteasmuchandasoftenasthey

can.

(4)Keepthemoodandthevoicethatyouhavedecidedupon.

Eg:Firstbuildafireandthenyoushouldmakethecoffee.

Hedrovethecarintothegarageandthemotorwasquicklystopped.

30第三十页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日3.Subordination

Correctsubordination

clarifiestherelationshipsbetweenideas,thusstrengthensthecoherenceofasentence.

Subordinationalsoleadstogreatereconomyinwriting,permittingonetoexpressoneselfinthefewestpossiblewords.

31第三十一页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Itcanbeachievedbyturningtheotherclauseinto:

(1)anadverbialclause(2)anadjectiveclause(3)apresentparticipialphrase(4)apastparticipialphrase(5)anappositive

Eg:

A.Iwasincollege.Ihadaroommate.Hewasstudyingtobealawyer.B.Iranoutofink,thusbeingunabletofinishmytheme.C.Thedeanissuedabulletin,anditsaidthelibrarywouldremainopenonweekends.32第三十二页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日三.Conciseness简洁性1.NowordinessWordinessalsoviolatestheprincipleofunity,theideagetsblurredbyunnecessarywordswhichobscureitlikecloudsandsmoke.Sorry,I’mnotinapositiontoofferassistancetohim.Sorry,Iamunabletohelphim.ThemaidputtheletterthatcamefromPragueonmydesk.ThemaidputtheletterfromPragueonmydesk.Thereareseveraladvantagestobuyingamotorbike.Buyingamotorbikeoffersseveraladvantages.I’dliketotaketheopportunitytosaythankyou.Thankyou.33第三十三页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日2.ClarityClarityrequiresthatasentenceshouldbewrittenwithitsmeaningunmistakablyclear.Misunderstandingisoftencausedbythepositionofmodifiers：Themeaningofasentencecanbechangeddrasticallybychangesinthepositionofmodifiers.Eg：Ireallydon’tmindwaiting.

Idon’treallymindwaiting.Inoneword,themodifiermustbeplacedasneartothemodifiedaspossible.34第三十四页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日四.Emphasis强调性Emphasisisthemeansbywhichyougivedesiredforcetoyourwriting.1.positioningforemphasisThesentenceend---theplaceofstrongestemphasisThesentencebeginning---theplaceofsecondaryemphasisThemiddle---theplaceofleastemphasisE.g.Hewillnothavetheenduranceneededforthelongtrainingrequiredtobeadentist,Ithink.Attention:movethepointtobeemphasized,outoforder,tothefront,thisprocessisoftencalledfrontingorinversion.E.g:ThisIwillneverdo.35第三十五页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日2.useoftheappropriatevoiceforverbsIngeneraltheactivevoiceispreferablebecauseitismoredirectandprecise,butsometimesthepassiveismoreappropriatethantheactive.E.g.Theadvicewhichwasgiventomebyyouwillbefollowedbyme.Televisionwaswatchedbythewholefamilyintheevenings.Passivevoiceispreferable:whenthereceiverofanactionismoreimportantthanthedoer.whenthedoerisvagueorunknown.whenthedoeristobeespeciallyemphasized.36第三十六页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日3.ClimacticorderClimacteorderistheorderthatgoesfromtheleastimportanttothemostimportantorthatgoesfromthegeneraltothespecific.Shewasakind-hearted,good–looking,andwell-manneredlady.Revised:Shewasgood–looking,well-manneredandkind-hearted.Hesaidhehadlostinterestinlife,fame,positionandmoneyafterthattragedy.Revised:Hesaidafterthattragedyhehadlostinterestin……Note:Theoppositeofclimaticorderresultsinanticlimax.itisoftenuseddeliberatelyforhumorouseffects.E.g.Atonefellswoop,helosthiswife,hischild,hishouseholdgoods,andhisdog.37第三十七页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日4.RhetoricalquestionArhetoricalquestiondiffersfromanordinaryquestioninthatitdoesnotneedananswer,itisusedforemphasis.Therhetoricalquestionisoftenreservedforspecialoccasiontoexertitsgreatforce.Apositiverhetoricalquestionislikeastrongnegativestatement,whileanegativerhetoricalquestionislikeastrongpositivestatement.E.g.Ifwintercomes,canspringbefarbehind?Isn’titbeautifulweather?38第三十八页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日5.ThebalancedsentenceThebalancedsentence,bypositioningtogethertwoormoreparallelitems,makesforpoignancyandemphasis.E.g.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.----FrancisBacon:“OfStudies”39第三十九页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日6.PeriodicsentencesAperiodicsentenceisonethatisnotcompleteinstructureormeaninguntilitreachesthelastword,whichisthemostimportantwordofthesentence.Eg:Itisgenerallyacknowledgedthatthesolecriterionoftruthispractice.Hesaidforbuyingahousehehadpreparedeverythingbutmoney.40第四十页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Chapter3DevelopingParagraphsI.GeneralIntroductiontoParagraph:1.Inform:setoffbyindentationorspacing2.Incontent:closely-relatedsentences…41第四十一页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日II.TypicalstructureofparagraphTopicSentence

SupportingDetailsClosingSentence

42第四十二页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日TopicsentenceWhatisthetopicsentence?

Thetopicsentenceisthefirstsentenceinaparagraph.Whatdoesitdo?

Itintroducesthemainideaoftheparagraph.HowdoIwriteone?

Summarizethemainideaofyourparagraph.Indicatetothereaderwhatyourparagraphwillbeabout.43第四十三页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日SupportingsentencesWhataresupportingsentences?

Theycomeafterthetopicsentence,makingupthebodyofaparagraph.Whatdotheydo?

Theygivedetailstodevelopandsupportthemainideaoftheparagraph.HowdoIwritethem?

Youshouldgivesupportingfacts,details,andexamples.44第四十四页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日ClosingsentenceWhatistheclosingsentence?

Theclosingsentenceisthelastsentenceinaparagraph.Whatdoesitdo?

Itrestatesthemainideaofyourparagraph.HowdoIwriteone?

Restatethemainideaoftheparagraphusingdifferentwords.45第四十五页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日ExampleTherearethreereasonswhyCanadaisoneofthebestcountriesintheworld.First,Canadahasanexcellenthealthcaresystem.AllCanadianshaveaccesstomedicalservicesatareasonableprice.Second,Canadahasahighstandardofeducation.Studentsaretaughtbywell-trainedteachersandareencouragedtocontinuestudyingatuniversity.Finally,Canada'scitiesarecleanandefficientlymanaged.Canadiancitieshavemanyparksandlotsofspaceforpeopletolive.Asaresult,Canadaisadesirableplacetolive.46第四十六页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日III.RequirementsforparagraphwritingUnitySinglenessofpurposeFullnessBrevityTopicsentence47第四十七页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Requirementsforparagraphwriting2.Coherence(1)Waysofdevelopingparagraph(2)Transition48第四十八页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日WaysofdevelopingparagraphDefinitionParagraph

ClassificationParagraphDescriptionParagraphCompareandContrastParagraphSequenceParagraphChoiceParagraphExplanationParagraphEvaluationParagraph49第四十九页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Requirementsforparagraphwriting3.Emphasis(1)Proportion(2)Position(3)Climaticorder(4)Repetitionandparallelism50第五十页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Chapter5SummarizingAsummaryisabrief,conciserestatementofthemainfactsorpointsofapassageorabook.Itisdifferentfromacompositioninthatitdoesnotexpressthewriter’sbutsomeoneelse’sideas.51第五十一页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Requirementsforsummarywritinggenerallyasummaryshouldnotbelongerthanathirdofthelengthoftheoriginalpassage.itshouldbefaithfultotheoriginal,withnochangeinfactsorviews,andnoimportantpointsleftout.itshouldbewrittenincontinuousprose,notintheformofanoutline.52第五十二页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Proceduresreadingwritingomittingthedetailsreducingtheexamplessimplifyingthedescriptionseliminatingallrepetitionmakingphrasesdotheworkofclausesorsentencesusinggeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwordsusingtheshortestpossibletransitionsavoidingfigurativelanguagerevision53第五十三页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Chapter6EssayWritingI.BasicOrganizationIntroduction(beginning)Body(middle)Conclusion(end)54第五十四页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日IntroductionParagraphWhatisanintroductionparagraph?Whatdoesitdo?HowdoIwriteone?

E.g.HockeyhasbeenapartoflifeinCanadaforover120years.IthasevolvedintoanextremelypopularsportwatchedandplayedbymillionsofCanadians.ThegamehasgonethroughseveralchangessincehockeywasfirstplayedinCanada.55第五十五页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日SupportingParagraphsWhataresupportingparagraphs?

SupportingparagraphsmakeupthemainbodyofyouressayWhatdotheydo?

Theydevelopthemainideaofyouressay.HowdoIwritethem?

1.Listthepointsthatdevelopthemainideaofyouressay.

2.Placeeachsupportingpointinitsownparagraph.

3.Developeachsupportingpointwithfacts,details,andexamples.56第五十六页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日SummaryParagraphWhatisasummaryparagraph?Whatdoesitdo?HowdoIwriteone?

Example:Overall,thechangesthatoccurredinhockeyhavehelpedtoimprovethegame.Hockeyisfasterandmoreexcitingasaresultofchangesinthepast120years.Forthesereasons,modernhockeyisabettergamethanhockeyinthe1890s.

57第五十七页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日II.StepsEssaywritingPrewritingEssaysWritingEssaysEditingEssaysPublishingEssays58第五十八页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日III.TypesofoutlinesAtopicoutlineuseswordsorphrasesforallentriesandusesnopunctuationafterentries.Advantages:presentsabriefoverviewofworkandisgenerallyeasierandfastertowritethanasentenceoutline.Asentenceoutlineusescompletesentencesforallentriesandusescorrectpunctuation.Advantages:presentsamoredetailedoverviewofworkincludingpossibletopicsentencesandiseasierandfasterforwritingthefinalpaper.59第五十九页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日IV.TypesofWriting

NarrationDescriptionExposition

Argumentation60第六十页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Narration1.Whatisnarration?

Themethodofdevelopmentinwhichthewritertellsastorytosupportapoint.Narrativewritingtellsastory.Inessaysthenarrativewritingcouldalsobeconsideredreflectionoranexplorationoftheauthor'svaluestoldasastory.Theauthormayrememberhisorherpast,oramemorablepersonoreventfromthatpast,orevenobservethepresent.61第六十一页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日2．EssentialFeatures

Context--thewritermakesclearwhathappened,when,where,andtowhom

Pointofview--thewritertakesaconsistentpointofviewinrelationtotheaction,writingeitherasaparticipant(firstperson--using"I")orasaspectator(thirdperson--using"he,""she,""it,""they").

Selectionofdetail--thewriterfocusesonlyontheactionsanddetailsthatfurtherthestoryandpromotethepoint,minimizingoreliminatingothers.

Organization--thewriterorganizestheeventsofthestoryinachronologicalorderusingtimetransitions.Purpose—there'sareasonfortellingthestory.Onewaytofinditistocompletethestatement,"Themoralofthestoryis..."62第六十二页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Chapter7WritingforPracticalPurposes63第六十三页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日NoticesContemporaryBritishTheatreSpeaker:Prof.BernardHollandProfessorofEnglishLiterature,CambridgeUniversityAuthorofTheExperimentalTheatreDate:Monday,6OctoberTime:10a.m.Place:Rm.201AllWelcome64第六十四页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Notesofintroduction2Feb.2006DearMr.Smith,ThisistointroduceMr.MaMing.Heisagraduatestudentinlinguisticsatouruniversity.Mr.Maislookingforateachingassistant’spost.Anyassistancerenderedhimwouldbehighlyappreciated.Jane65第六十五页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Thank-youNotes28July,2005DearPam&Sam,I’mwritingtothankyouforthelovelydinneryesterday.Weenjoyedtheeveninggreatly.Itwasmostkindofyoutointroducesomenewfriendstous.Welovedtomeetthoseinterestingpeople.Pleaseacceptourwarmestthanks.Cathy66第六十六页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Notesofinvitation20March,2005DearHelen,WearegoingtohaveanEnglisheveninginourclassroomthiscomingSaturday.Thetimeis7:00pm.Woulditbepossibleforyoutojoinus?Wewouldbeveryhappyifyoucouldbewithus.Dropmealineifyouareinterested.Yours,Jianhua67第六十七页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日NotesofAppointment15May,20__DearSydney,I’dliketodiscusswithyouaboutournewproject.CouldwemeetforaboutanhourattheCooper’sonMondayafternoonat3o’clock?Ifyouareotherwiseengaged,pleaseringmetomakeanothertime.Thankyou.Paul68第六十八页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日NotesofCongratulationAugust8,20____DearRosemary,ThenewsofyourmusicscholarshiptotheUniversitymademyday.Noonecouldhavebeenmoredeserving.Howexcitingitmustbefortorealizeyourdreamafterallthoseyearsoffaithfulpracticeandproficientperformance.Yourdiligencecombinedwithyourinnatetalentsindicatesadynamicfuture.Iwishyouallthebestinyourcollegeyears.Kate69第六十九页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日NotesofApologies4October,20__DearBetty,I’mterriblysorryIfailedtomeetyouinyourofficeyesterdayafternoon.Oneofmyfriendsgotinjuredinacaraccident,soIhadtosendhimtohospitalandlookedafterhimallnight.Ishouldhavecalledtotellyou,butIwasratherbusythen.Dopleaseforgiveme.Peter

John70第七十页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日Chapter7ManuscriptFormandPunctuationA.L.isthesonofMrs.R.W.andahighschoolgraduate.Whentheburglarwasarrested,hehadseveralMercedes,ayachtand$250,000incashstashedunderhismistress.71第七十一页，共七十六页，2022年，8月28日I.PunctuatingCompoundSentences1.Acommaisus