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CHAPTER1GeneralViewofInternationalBusiness

1.1GATTandWTOBackgroundKnowledgeTheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade,knownastheGATT,isonethirdoftheBrettonWoodssystemthatwascreatedafterWorldWarIItoensureastabletradeandeconomicworldenvironment.TheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)andWorldBankaretheothertwobodiesoftheBrettonWoodssystem.

Whileoftenreferredtoasaninternationalorganization,theGATThada"defacto"roleasaninternationalorganizationbeforethecreationoftheWorldTradeOrganization(WTO).

TheWTOwasestablishedonJanuary1,1995bytheFinalActoftheUruguayRoundofnegotiations.

1.1GATTandWTOHistoryRoleAgreementsGATTWTOMajorContentsHistoryGATTAgreementsTheUruguayRoundGATSTRIMSTRIPSDisputeSettlementProceduresWordsandExpressionsWatchdogn.A.看门狗，看家狗;Whatuseisawatchdogthatdoesnotbark?但是看门狗如果不叫那还有什么用？Whathappenswhennobodyhearsthewatchdogbark?要是没人听到看门狗的吠叫，会发生什么事呢？Thepresshasbeencalledthewatchdogofgoodgovernment.新闻界一直被称为好政府的看门狗。B.监督部门，监察人(员);舆论监督,监视者，监视器，安全装置；...ananti-crimewatchdoggroupfundedbyNewYorkbusinesses.由纽约商界资助的反犯罪监察团体Manywatchdogtimershaveamaximumperiodofaroundtwoseconds.很多看门狗定时器有一个大约2秒钟的最大周期。Awatchdogtimercangetasystemoutofalotofdangeroussituations.一个看门狗定时器能让系统免于很多危险境地的困扰。inceptionn.开始，开端，初期;获得学位1.N-UNCOUNT开始;开端;初期Theinceptionofaninstitutionoractivityisthestartofit.Sinceitsinceptionthecompanyhasproduced53differentaircraftdesigns.该公司自成立以来已经完成了53种不同样式飞行器的设计。Thefirmhasraised$34minfundingsinceitsinceptionin2005.自2005年成立以来，该公司已筹集资金达3400万。Yesterday'sdataillustratesomekeyfeaturesoftherecoveryatitsinception.昨日的数据展现了本轮复苏正处在初始阶段的一些关键特征。Fromitsinception,thevastschemehassufferedbothdelaysandcriticism.从一开始，这项巨大的工程就不断被延期并且饱受诟病。Justificationn.辩解;无过失;正当的理由;公正

Tometheonlyjustificationforazooiseducational...对我来说，动物园存在的唯一正当理由是其教育作用。IknewfromthebeginningthattherewasnojustificationforwhatIwasdoing.我从一开始就知道我的所作所为毫无道理。Theyusethisasjustificationnevertochangetheirfirstanswersinthefuture.他们用这来辩护，以后再也不要改变最初的答案。AndIran'srepeatedbreachofnuclearsafeguardsissurelyjustificationforendingnucleartradewithitsregime.伊朗接二连三的破坏核安全规定，这无疑为终止核贸易提供了一个正当的理由。Itsofficialsmayprovetooslowtousethem,particularlyifunemploymentremainshigh.Butthepossibilityofmistakestomorrowisapoorjustificationforinactiontoday.虽然由于失业率居高不下，央行官员们在运用这些方法上会有些迟缓，但明天可能会出问题不应该成为今天不采取措施的借口。offsetvt.抵消;补偿Theincreaseinpaycostswasmorethanoffsetbyhigherproductivity...提高的生产率抵消了增加的工资成本后仍有结余。ThemoveisdesignedtohelpoffsettheshortfallinworldoilsuppliescausedbytheUNembargo.此举旨在缓解联合国禁运所造成的世界石油供应短缺的局面。Buttheoffsetwouldn'tbecomplete.但是，这种补偿是不完全的。Onlineadvertisinghasnotoffsetthedeclineofprintadsinnewspapers.印刷广告丢失的利润并不能从在线广告中弥补。TwothingsoffsetthisinLatinAmerica.两件事情在拉丁美洲抵销了这个恐惧。Offsetcompaniesaremakingrealmoney.补偿公司正在大赚其钱。sentencesAlegalwranglebetweenEuropeanUnioncountriescenteredonwhethertheEU'sfoundingtreatygivestheEuropeanCommissionthesolerighttonegotiateforitsmembersinallareascoveredbytheWTO.欧盟国家之间存在的一项争议是欧盟的建盟条约是否给予欧洲委员会独家权力，以便在世贸组织的所有领域内为其成员国进行谈判。句中从whether到句尾是whether引导的宾语从句；句中thesoleright的意思是“独家的”，亦即“排他的”，如soleagency(独家代理）sentencesWhencompaniesarefoundtobedumping,thecountryplacesanextrataxontheproducttooffsettheadvantageofthelowerprice.Ifthegovernmenthassubsidizedthecompanythatisfoundguiltyofdumping,anadditionalcountervailingdutyiscollectedtooffsetthesubsidy.当发现有（外国）公司在（本国）进行倾销时，该国就对倾销的产品增收额外的税收以抵消其低价的优势。如果发现对方政府对倾销的公司给予补贴时，那么再收取反补贴税。理解本句的关键是要弄清几个行为主体的指代关系,句中companies指外国本国出口的公司，thecountry指进口国；thegovernment指出口国政府；thecompany指外国对本国的出口公司。1.2Globalization

BackgroundKnowledgeGlobalizationistheprocessofinternationalintegrationarisingfromtheinterchangeofworldviews,products,ideasandotheraspectsofculture.Advancesintransportationandmunicationsinfrastructure,includingtheriseofthetelegraphanditsposteritytheInternet,aremajorfactorsinglobalization,generatingfurtherinterdependenceofeconomicandculturalactivities.Thoughscholarsplacetheoriginsofglobalizationinmoderntimes,otherstraceitshistorylongbeforetheEuropeanageofdiscoveryandvoyagestotheNewWorldorevenearlier.Inthelate19thcenturyandearly20thcentury,theconnectednessoftheworld'seconomiesandculturesgrewveryquickly.Thetermglobalizationhasbeenincreasinglyusedsincethemid-1980sandespeciallysincethemid-1990s.In2000,theInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)identifiedfourbasicaspectsofglobalization:tradeandtransactions,capitalandinvestmentmovements,migrationandmovementofpeople,andthedisseminationofknowledge.Further,environmentalchallengessuchasclimatechange,cross-boundarywaterandairpollution,andover-fishingoftheoceanarelinkedwithglobalization.Globalizingprocessesaffectandareaffectedbybusinessandworkorganization,economics,socio-culturalresources,andthenaturalenvironment.

DefinitionTheshifttowardamoreintegratedandinterdependentworldeconomy.ContentsGlobalizationMarketGlobalizationThemergingofhistoricallydistinctandseparatenationalmarketsintoonehugeglobalmarketplace.ProductionGlobalizationThetendencyamongfirmstosourcegoodsandservicesfromdifferentlocationsaroundtheglobeWordsandexpressionsprevalence流行;盛行;普遍存在;（疾病等的）流行,患病率;ThegrowingprevalenceofAlzheimer'shasalsoheightenedanxietyaboutmentalacuteness.老年痴呆症的流行也增加了人们对于大脑敏锐程度的担心。Nonetheless,thewidespreadprevalenceofnon-suicidalself-injurydoesrepresentapublichealthconcern.然而，非自杀式自虐行为的普遍流行确实代表一个公众健康问题。Morerecentresearchshowsaconsiderablyhigherprevalence.最近更多的研究表明这种行为相当普遍。TheprevalenceofEnglishspeakershelpstosellservicesinAmerica.普遍的英语应用使得在美销售服务成为可能。Hypothesesincludegenetics,theprevalenceofcloseworkandoutdooractivities.相关假说包括遗传原因、近距离工作盛行以及热衷室外活动。tendencyA.倾向，趋势;Thearmyhaseincreasinglyrestlessoverthemountingseparatisttendenciesofthenorthernrepublics.军方对于北方几个共和国不断加剧的分裂倾向感到越来越不安。...thegovernment'stendencytowardssecrecyinrecentyears.近年来政府的保密倾向B.意向;性情,癖好,倾向,偏好Heisspoiled,arrogantandhasatendencytowardssnobbery...他被宠坏了，傲慢无礼，而且经常自命不凡。Helenhadbeenstrugglingagainstsuicidaltendencies.海伦一直在压制心里的自杀念头。AmItheonlyonewhoseestheridiculousnessofthistendency?难道只有我看到了这种趋势的荒谬性吗？Weshouldn'ttrytofightthenaturaltendencytowardcoordinationandcontrol.我们对合作以及控制有自然而然的倾向性，对此我们不应试图予以抗拒。Thefanaticaltendencyrisesandfalls.狂热潮流有涨有落。rationaln.基本理论；理论基础；合理性的根据However,therationaleforsuchinitiativesisnot,ofcourse,solelyeconomic...然而，这种提议的根据当然并不仅仅是经济方面的。Therationaleofreprocessingspentnuclearfuelisinevitablybeingquestioned.对核废料进行再加工的理由不可避免地受到了质疑。Outsourcevt.外购（指从外国供应商等处获得货物或服务）；外包（工程）,将…外包Ifacompanyoutsourcesworkorthings,itpaysworkersfromoutsidethecompanytodotheworkorsupplythethings.Increasingly,corporateclientsareseekingtooutsourcethemanagementoftheirfacilities.越来越多的公司客户寻求将设施的管理外包出去。Thedifficultiesofoutsourcinghavebeencompoundedbytheincreasingresistanceoftradeunions.工会愈发强烈的抵制使得外包更难进行。Whyarecompaniesflockingtooutsourcetheircashmanagement?为什么公司踊跃地将其现金管理外包？Theyoutsourcealloftheircreativity.他们几乎将创意完全外包。Perhapstheywouldoutsourcethefunctiontoserviceproviders.也许他们会把该项职能外包给服务提供商。sentencesVerysignificantdifferencesstillexistamongnationalmarketsalongmanyrelevantdimensions,includingconsumertastesandpreferences,distributionchannels,culturallyembeddedvaluesystems,andthelike.不同的国家市场之间在很多方面存在很大差异，包括消费者喜爱和偏好、分销渠道、富含文化内涵的价值观念体系。句中alongmanydimensions是指“在很多方面”，culturallyembedded是合成副词，意思是“富含文化内涵的”。Animportantfeatureofmanyglobalmarkets----whethertheybeinconsumergoods,industrialmaterials,orfinancialservices----isthatthesamefirmsfrequentlyconfronteachotherascompetitorsinnationafternation.

很多全球性市场（无论是消费品市场、工业原材料市场或金融服务市场）的一个重要特征是，同样是那几家公司作为竞争者在一个又一个国家相互角逐。句中whethertheybeinconsumergoods,industrialmaterials,orfinancialservices是让步状语从句，相当于nomatterwhethertheyareinconsumergoods,industrialmaterials,orfinancialservices.KeytoExercisesText1.1I.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse:1—5:FFFTT6—10:FTFFTII.TranslatethefollowingChineseintoEnglish:1.Toserveasawatchdogoverworldtrade2.Toprovideaplatformfortradenegotiationsandrelatedissuesamongcountries3.Themostcomprehensiveandfar-reachingroundoftalksundertakenbyGATTuptonow4.Suchissuesasmarketaccess,tradeinservices,agriculture,textiles,intellect