新的题目考博真题汇总

PartⅡVocabulary&StructureDirections:Thereare40pletesentencesinthispart.Foreachofthesentence,therearefourchoices.ChoosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentenceandcoverthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwith●.Thedesignofthegymnasiumshowsagreatdealof Wehaveneverseenabuildingofsuchatypebefore. B.C. D.Thepsychiatristsaythata withinferiorityfeelingscanbe B.C. D.TheSecretaryofState tobeingastonishedatthisunexpected B.C. D.Whenthedoctorproposedtohimlongwalksinthefreshair,Mr.Park foralongwalkforyears.nothaving B.notC.being D.havingnotAgriculturewasastepinhumanprogress subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparableuntilourownmachineage.to B.withC.from D.inThechangeinthetreatmentofhischaractersisasignificanttoShakespeare’sgrowthasadramatist. B.C. D.ChaucerhasbeencalledtheFatherPoetry B.C. D. onamerry-go-round,shestartedtofeeldizzyandhadtoliedown.tohave B.C. D.toExperienceleadsmetothinkthatitisnotalwaysgoodtogetwithstrangers. B.C. D. ntandanimalbenatural farmoreseedseggsandseedlingsandyoung,thanisnecessaryto istoproduce... B.produces...C.produces... D.produce...Someonewhogivesanexpensivegiftoftenfeelsthatheshouldreceivemorepraisethanifhe alessexpensivegift.A. B. C.had D.hasThedoctorsaidthatitwouldtakeamonthforherfracturedwrist A. B. C. D.Althoughshedidnotlookbackshecouldlthathewasstillfollowing. astreetcar,shethought,andreallytherewasone.there B.thereC.there D.therehasDuringthefamineof1943,millionsofpeasants tothecitiesbecausetheycouldnotsurviveintheruralareas. B.C. D.Thewaltzandthetangoseemtobeoutoffashiontoday.Thingslikethetwistandjerkseemtobe youngpeoplearereallyinterestedin.allthat B.aboutthatC.aboutall D.allaboutInhisculture, itwas,thisexchangeofmanesonpiecesofpaperwasprobablyaformalpoliteness,likesaying“thankyou”.A.all B. C. D.Thesurvival ofsomewildanimalsisnotveryhighastheyareruthlesslyhuntedfortheirskins.A. B. C. D.Theleadersofthetwocountriesfeelitdesirableto fundsfromarmamentstohealthandeducation.A. B. C. D.TheHomeSecretaryhasbeenaskedto becausetheunionleadersandtheiremployerscannotagreeonacourseofaction.A. B. C. D.Theneighborsdonotconsideredhimquite asmosteveningsheawakensthemwithhisdrunkensinging.A. B. C. D.Thesunisverylargeincomparisonwithitsnine netswhich,inturn,arecircledbyatotalofthirty—threesalite.A. B. C. D.WhenIemergedfromtheephonebox,Icomefacetofacewithalittleman,whowaslookingas asastraydog.A. B. C. D.Ifoundseatedatthetableoppositetomineanotherguest.Hewasadecentlyunsociableman,anxiousto A. B.be C.be D.haveThehousetheyhaveboughtisinverybadrepair.Theoldboilerinkitchen.A.toB.tobeC.D.seeingAstothelostworldofEgypt,weknownearly toA.there B.it C.which D.whatMarkEvens,whohadfailedthephysicstest,wassittingonabenchinthecorner overhisdisappointment.A.com B. C. D.Someresearchershaveundertakensomepsychologicalstudieswhichprovethatmanychildrendevelopfearsof A.imagination B.imaginary C.imaginable Themotherseparatedthequarrelingchildren,andgaveeachofthema A. B. C. D.Socceristhemosttrulyinternationalteamsport,butthereisstillsomequestion whetheritshouldbecalledagameoropenwarfare.A.as B.due C.inaddition D.owingbutIstilllikeSelfishthoughhe B.SelfishasheC.Whetherheisselfishor D.SelfishhemayItwassoincredibletoherthatIshouldhavemadethehighestscoreintheclass shewastryingtotestmeagain, A. B. C. D.Ithinkitwasallfixedupbylawyers arrangesA. B. C. D.Withaweatherwornface,Tedis averyoldmanbutinfactheisonlyfifty.A. B. C. D.Theydon’twanttobeinvolvedinthedispute,sotheyexhibit suchmatters.A. B. C. D.I’djustdoassoonas theresearchA. B.will C.would D.Idon’t itwasthatansweredthephonethisA. B. C. D.Ifanylawand notmaintained,neitherthecitizenhispropertyisA.beB.areC.wereD.InNewYorkCity hashighlyrestrictiveguidelinesformayusetheirguns,thenumberofpeopleshotbylocalcopssoaredinthepastthreeyearsfrom68to108.A.there,whereB.there,whenC.it,whereD.Thousandsofchildrennowadayspreferngtheirtoaofpopmusicitinaquiteratherthan B.toC.ratherthanto D.toFivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican, symbolicshadowwestand,signedtheEmancipationProclamation.A.withhisB.inwhoseC.byhimD.ofwhomPartⅢReadingComprehension(35%)Directions:Therearesevenpassagesinthispart.Eachisfollowedbyfivequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ChoosetheoneoutofthechoicesmarkedbyA,B,C,andD.andmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheetwith●.PassageResearchersdisagreewhetherthe“useitorloseit”philosophyholdsforcognitiveaging,butthereisoneevidencethatkeementallyactivecanslowage—relateddeclines.AtPennsylvaniaStateUniversity,SherryWillisandherhusband,K.WarnerSchaie,havestudied5,000people,somesince1956.Peopleluckyenoughtoavoidchronicdiseasesmayalsofarebetterininlectualfunction,theyfind,perhapsbecausechronicdiseasescanrestrictlifestyleandreducementalstimulation.Similarly,thoseluckyenoughtoberelativelyaffluentalsofarebetter,perhapsbecausemoneycanbuyinlectuallystimulatingthingsliketravel.Educationhelps,too,researcherssaybecauseininstillstheconvictionthatyoucanalwayslearnsomethingnew.TheSchaie-Willisteamalsohassomeotherobservations.Beinginastablemarriagewithastimulatingspouse,theysay,helpsmaintaininlectualvigor.Flexibilitycountstoo.Peoplewhostaymentallyvibrantareoftenthosewhodonotinsistthat“theymustdothingstodayastheydidbefore”Schaiesays.Inneuropsychologicalterms,theabilitytoseeproblemsinnewwaysoftenyieldshigherscoresontestsofmentalfunction.Andpeoplesatisfiedwithlifealsostaymorementallyfit,hesays.Ifyoufindyourmentalskillssagging,considerworkingonspecificdeficits.WhenWillisgave5-hourtutorialsoninductivereasoningorspatialskillstoabout200peoplewhoseskillshaddeclinedintheprevious14years,40percentregainedlostabilities.ThatadvantageheldupsevenyearslatewhentheyOtherwaystostaysharp,Schaiesays,arengjigsawpuzzlestohonevisual-spatialskills,workingcrosswordpuzzlesforverbalskills,yingbridgeformemoryandsimplymatchingwitsathomewithyersonTVgameshows.Finally,rememberthis.Eventhoughyoumaylosesomementalskillswithnormalaging,youalsogaininonekeyarea:wisdom.Thegrowthofwisdomcontinuesthroughoutthe40s,50sandeven60s.Questions61to65arebasedontheInthepassage,theauthormainly therolementalstimulationinpreventingmentalgraduallossofmentalskillswithnormaltherelationshipbetweenmentalfunctionandspatialeffectivewaystokeepinlectualTheword“it”inthesaying“useitorloseit”(paragraph1)refer brain B.cognitiveC.mental D.inlectualAccordingtotheresearchers,whichofthefollowingfactorsaffectscognitiveaging? B.ChronicC.Standardof D.AlloftheFromthispassagewemaysafelyinferthat mighthelppreventmentaldeclines.physical B.socialC.rigiddaily D.ahealthyAccordingtotheauthor,allofthefollowingcantrulybesaidaboutwisdomEXCEPTthat wisdommaybethoughtofasaspecialformofabilitiesandknowledgecompleydevelopedwithlifeexperiencewisdommaystillgrowevenwhentheprocessofmentalagingwisdomissuperiorinimportancetomentalskillssuchasinductivereasoningandspatialskillswisdommakesupanimportantpartofbrainpowerPassage2Generationgapsarenothingnew.ImperfectcommunicationbetweenagegroupsdtheancientGreeksandcurrentworksalike.Manyanolderworkerchafesatanunder—30colleaguewhosurfstheInternet,listenstohisSonyWalkmanandchatsonthephoneorwithhisdeskmate—allwhileworkingonaprojectdueinanhour.Sometimes,ofcourse,heisn’tcorking,andthat’sawholedifferentissue.Butsometimesheisgettinglotsofgreatstuffdone.Intheme,differentworkstylescreateacaseof“Wouldyoupleaseshutup”vs.“Lightenup.Getalife.”MarcPrensky,viceofBankersTrustandfounderofitsinctivelearningsubsidiary,CorporateGameware,wasonpointinAcrosstheBoard,apublicationoftheconferenceboard.ThebusinessresearchorganizationtitledPrensky’sarticle“TwitchSpeed”,areferencetothefastpaceofgameTodayunder-30workerslikelygrewupinamultimedia,technology—rich,twitchspeedenvironment.Prenskysaystheysimultaneouslydid,watchedTVandlistenedtomusic；thisexposurechangedthewaystheyreceiveandprocessBabyboomersandolderworkersmayormaynothavedonebyTV,butmuchelsehaschanged.Sociologistssaytheover-30saremorelikelytowantroomdoorsclose,TVoff.Onethinghappeningatatime.Quiet,please!Whenthetwoheritagesclashintheworkce,itpitscomfortwithspeed“multitasking”againstcomfortwithdeliberationandfocusedSoundfamiliar?Ifthegaphaseachasminyourworkce,it’stimetotalk.Bothworkstylescanbeproductive,butbothsidesneedtomodationssotheother’sproductivityisn’timpaired.Questions66to70arebasedonthepassage.Thispassageismainlytalking generationworkstylesofdifferentagelackofmutualunderstandingbetweentheoldandtheimperfectcommunicationbetweenoldandyoungFromthecontextwemayfigureoutthattheword“d”(paragraph1)means A. B. C. D.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTOlderworkersoftenfeelannoyedabouttheiryoungcolleagues’attitudestowardswork.Youngerworkersalwaysdoagoodjoboftheirworkthoughtheyprefertolistentomusicorchatwithotherswhileworking.ThedifferentworkstylesmaysometimesleadtoanunnecessaryOlderworkersareusedtoworkinginacomfortableandquietenvironmentsothattheycanfullyconcentrateonwhattheyareng.TheauthoragreeswithMarcPrenskyonthepointthatyoungerworkersprefera“multitasking”stylebecause theyaresmartandtheyhavethespecialabilitytoperformseveraltasksatthesamebroughtupinaspecialculturalbackground,theyhavedevelopedbehavioralpatterndifferentformthatoftheiroldertheyhavebeentrainedtoreceiveandprocessinformationinaspecialTheauthormaintainsthatbothsidesshould ifthetwopatternworkstylesclashheadlong.berealizethatbothworkstylesaremakeeffortstoavoidngdamagetotheother’smakecompromisetobridgethegulfbetweenthemPassage3Achildwhohasoncebeenpleasedwithatalelikes,asarule,tohaveitretoldinidenticallythesamewords,butthisshouldnotleadparentstotreatprintedfairystoriesassacredtexts.Itisalwaysmuchbettertolastorythanreaditoutofabook,andifaparentcanproducewhat,intheactualcircumstancesofthetimeandtheindividualchild,isanimprovementontheprintedtest,somuchthebetter.Achargemadeagainstfairytalesisthattheyharmthechildbyfrighteninghimorarousinghissadisticimpulses.Toprovethelatter,onewouldhavetoshowinacontrolledexperimentthatchildrenwhohavereadfairystoriesweremoreoftenguiltyofcrueltythanthosewhohadnot.Aggressive,destructive,sadisticimpulseseverychildhasand,onthewhole,theirsymbolicverbaldischargeseemstoberatherasafetyvalvethananincitementtoovertaction.Astofears,thereareIthink,well-authenticatedcasesofchildrenbeingdangerouslyterrifiedbysomefairystory.Often,however,thisarisesfromthechildhavingheardthestoryonce.familiaritywiththestorybyrepetitionturnsthepainoffearintootherpleasureofthefearfacedandmastered.Therearealsopeoplewhoobjectfairystoriesonthegroundsthattheyarenotobjectivelytrue,thatfaints.Witches,two-headeddragons,magiccarpets,etc,donotexist;andthat,insteadofindulginghisfantasiesinfairytales.Thechildshouldbetaughthowtoadapttorealitybystudyinghistoryandmechanics.Ifindsuchpeople,Imustconfess,sounsympatheticandpeculiarthatIdonotknowhowtoarguewiththem.Iftheircaseweresound,thewordshouldbefullofmadmenattemptingtoflyfromNewYorktoPhiladelphiaonabroomstickorcoveringaephonewithkissedinthebeliefthatitwastheirenchantedNofairystoryeverclaimedtobeadescriptionoftheexternalworkandasanechildhadeverbelievedthatitwas.Questions71to75arebasedonthe repeatedwithouttreatedwithadaptedbythesetintheSomepeopledislikefairystoriestheyfeelthat temptpeopletobecrueltoshowtheprimitivecrueltyinlendthemselvestoundesirableexperimentswithincreaseatendencybywhichchildren’simpulsesmayFairystoriesareameansbywhichchildren’simpulsesmay beneficiallygivenadestructiveheldbackuntileffectivelyTheadvantageclaimedforrepeatingfairystoriestoyoungchildrenisthatit makesthemcometotermswiththeirdevelopstheirpowerofconvincesthemthereisnothingtobeafraidencouragesthemnottohaveridiculousTheauthor’smentionofbroomsticksandephonesismeanttosuggest fairystoriesarestillbeingmadethereisconfusionaboutdifferentkindsofpeopletrytomodernizeoldfairythereismoreconcernforchildren’sfearsnowadaysPassage4Noothercountryspendswhatwedopercapitaformedicalcare.Thecareavailableisamongthebesttechnically,evenifusedtoolavishlyandthusdangerously,butnoneofthecountriesthatstandaboveusunhealthstatushavesuchahighproportionofmedicallydisenfranchiseds.Giventheevidencethatmedicalcareisnotthatvaluableandaccesstocarenotthatbad,itseemsmostunlikelythatourbadshowingiscausedbythesignificantproportionwhoarepoorlyserved.Otherhypotheseshavegreaterexnatorypower:excessivepoverty,bothactualandrelative,andexcessiveaffluence.ExcessivepovertyisprobablymoreprevalentintheU.S.thaninanyofthecountriesthathaveabetterinfantmortalityrateandfemalelifeexpectancyatbirth.Thisisprobablytruealsoforallbutfourorfiveofthecountrieswithalongermalelifeexpectancy.Inthenotablypoorcountriesthatexceedusinmalesurvival,difficultlivingconditionsareamoreacceptedwayoflifeandinseveralofthem,agoodbasicdiet,basicmedicalcareandbasiceducation,andlifelongemploymentoportunitiesareaneverydayfactoflife.IntheU.S.amotionalunemploymentlevelof10percentmaybe40percentintheghettowhilelessthan4percentelsewhere.Thecountriesthathavesurpassedusinhealthnothavesuchsevereorentrenchedproblems.Noraresuchahighproportionoftheirpeopleinvolveinthem.Excessiveaffluenceisnotsoobviousacauseofillhealth,but,atleastuntilrecently,fewothernationscouldaffordsuchunhealthfulwaysofliving.Excessiveintakeofanimalproteinandfats,dangerousintakeofalcoholanduseoftobaccoanddrugs(prescribedandproscribed),anddangerousrecreationaldesires,opportunities,andourmachism,combinedwiththerelativelylowcostofbadfoodsandspeedyvehicles,makeusparticularlyvulnerabletoouraffluence.Andthosewhoarenotaffluenttryharder.Ourunacceptablehealthstatus,then,willnotbeimprovedappreciablybyexpandedmedicalresourcesnorbytheirredistributionsomuchasbyageneralattempttoimprovethequalityoflifeforall.Questions76to80arebasedontheAllofthefollowingarementionedinthepassageasfactorsaffectingthehealthofthepopulationEXCEPT theavailabilityofmedicalcarethegeneticendowmentofthenation’srelativepositioninhealthanindividual’sownTheauthorisprimarilyconcerned condemningtheU.S.foritsfailuretoprovidebettermedicalcaretoevaluatingtherelativesignificanceoffactorscontributingtothehealthstatusintheU.comparingthegeneralhealthoftheU.S.populationwithworldadvocatingspecificmeasuresdesignedtoimprovethehealthofU.S.Thepassagebestsupportswhichofthefollowingconclusionsabouttherelationshipbetweenpercapitaexpenditureofthehealthofapopulation?Thepercapitaexpenditureformedicalcarehasrelativelylittleeffectonthetotalamountofmedicalcareavailabletoapopulation.Thegeneticmakeupofapopulationisamorepowerfuldeterminantofthehealthofapopulationthanthepercapitaexpenditureformedicalcare.ApopulationmayhaveveryhighpercapitaexpendituresformedicalcareandyethavealowerhealthstatusthanotherpopulationswithlowerpercapitaThehigherthepercapitaexpenditureonmedicalcare,themoreadvancedisthemedicaltechnology；andthemoreadvancedthetechnology,thebetteristhehealthofthepopulation.Theauthorreferstotheexcessiveintakeofalcoholandtobaccoanduseinorder showthatsomeheathproblemscannotbeattackedbybettermedicaldemonstratethatuseoftobaccoandintoxicantsisdetrimentaltociteexamplesofindividualbehaviorthathaveadverseconsequencesforhealthstatusillustratewaysinwhichaffluencemaycontributetopoorhealthThepassageprovidesinformationtoanswerwhichofthefollowingWhichisthemostpowerfulinfluenceonthehealthstatusofaWhichnationintheworldleadsinhealthIsthelifeexpectancyofmalesintheU.S.longerthanofWhatarethemostimportantgeneticfactorsinfluencingthehealthofanPassageInthe1960s,medicalresearchersThomasHolmesandRichardRahedevelopedachecklistofstressfulevents.Theyappreciatedthetrickypointthatanymajorchangecanbestressful.Negativeeventslike“seriousillnessofafamilymember”werehighonthelistbutsoweresomepositivelife-changingeventslikemarriage.WhenyoutaketheHolmes-Rahetestyoumustrememberthatthescoredoesnotreflecthowyoudealwithstress—itonlyshowshowmuchyouhavechancesofstayinghealthy.Bytheearly1970s,hundredsofsimilarstudieshadfollowedHolmesandRahe.AndmillionsofAmericanswhoworkandliveunderstressworriedoverthereports.Somehowtheresearchgotboileddowntoamemorablemessage,women’smagazinesranheadlineslike“Stresscausesillness.”“Ifyouwanttostayphysicallyandmentallyhealthy,”thearticlessaid,“avoidstressfulevents.”Butsuchsimplisticadviceisimpossibletofollow.Evenifstressfuleventsaredangerous,many—likethedeathofalovedone—areimpossibletoavoid.Moreover,anywarningtoavoidallstressfuleventsisaprescriptionforstayingawayfromopportunitiesaswellastrouble.Sinceanychangecanbestressful,a whowantedtobecompley ofstresswouldnevermarry,haveachild,takeanewjobormove.Thenotionthatallstressmakesyousickalsoignoresalotofwhatweknowaboutpeople.Itassumeswe’reallvulnerableandpassiveinthefaceofadversity.Butwhatabouthumaninitiativeandcreativity?Manycomethroughperiodsofstresswithmorephysicalandmentalvigorthantheyhadbefore.Wealsoknowthatalongtimewithoutchangeorchallengecanleadtoboredomandmentalstrain.Questions81to85arebasedontheTheresultofHolmes-Rahe’smedicalresearchl thewayyouhandlemajoreventsmaycausewhatshouldbedonetoavoidwhatkindofeventwouldcausehowtocopewithsuddenchangesinThestudiesonstressintheearly1970’sled widespreadconcernoveritsharmfulgreatpanicoverthementaldisorderitcouldintensiveresearchintostress-relatedpopularavoidanceofstressfulThescoreoftheHolmes-Rahetest howmuchpressureyouarehowpositiveeventscanchangeyouhowstressfulamajoreventcanhowyoucandealwithlife-changingWhyis“suchsimplisticadvice”(Line10.Para.1)impossibletoNoonecanstayonthesamejobforNoprescriptioniseffectiveinrelievingPeoplehavetogetmarriedYoucouldbemissingopportunitiesasAccordingtothepassagepeoplewhohaveexperiencedupsanddownsmay nervouswhenfacedwithphysicallyandmentallymorecapableofcowithindifferenttowardwhathappenstothemPassage6“Mostepisodesofabsent-mindedness-forgettingwhereyouliftsomethingorwonderingwhyyoujustenteredaroom—arecausedbyasimplelackofattention,”saysSchacter.“Youaresupposedtoremembersomethingbutyouhaven’tencodeddeeply.”Encoding,Schacterexins,isaspecialwayofpayingattentiontoaneventthathasamajorimpactonrecallingitlater.Failuretoencodeproperlycancreateannoyingsituations.Ifyouputyourphoneinapocket,forexample,anddon’tpayattentiontowhatyoudidbecauseyouareinvolvedinaconversation,you’llprobablyforgetthatthephoneisinthejacketnowhanginginyourwardrobe.“Yourmemoryitselfisn’tfailingyou,”saysSchacter,“ratheryoudidn’tgiveyourmemorysystemtheinformationitneedeD.”Lackofinterestcanalsoleadtoabsent-mindedness.“Amanwhocanrecitesportsstatisticsfrom30yearsago,”saysZelinski,“maynotremembertodropaletterinthemailbox.”Womenhaveslightlybettermemoriesthanmenpossiblybecausetheypaymoreattentiontotheirenvironmentandmemoryreliesonjustthat.“Visualcuescanhelppreventabsent-mindedness.”saysSchacter.“Butbesurethecueisclearandavailable,”hecautions.Ifyouwanttoremembertotakeamedicationwithlunch,putthepillbottleonthekitchentable-don’tleaveitinthemedicinechestandwriteyourselfanotethatyoukeepinaAnothercommonepisodeofabsent-mindednesslikewalkingintoaroomandwonderingwhyyou’rethereismostlikelybecauseyouwerethinkingaboutsomethingelse.“Everyonedoesthisfromtimetotime,”saysZelinski.ThebestthingtodoistoreturntowhereyouwerebeforeenteringtheroomandyouwilllikelyQuestions86to90arebasedontheWhydoestheauthorthinkthatencodingproperlyisveryIthelpsusunderstandourmemorysystemItenablesustorecallsomethingfromourItexpandsourmemorycapacityItslowsdowntheprocessoflosingour theyhaveawiderrangeoftheyaremorereliantonthetheyhaveanunusualpoweroffocusingtheirtheyaremoreinterestedinwhat’shappeningaroundAnoteinthepocketcanhardlyserveasareminder itwilleasilygetit’snotclearenoughforyoutoit’soutofyouritmightgetmixedupwithotherWhatdowelearnfromthelastIfwefocusourattentionononething,wemightforgetMemorydependstoacertainextentontheRepetitionhelpsimproveourIfwekeepforgettingthings,we’dbetterreturntowhereweWhatisthepassagemainlyTheprocessofgradualmemoryThecausesofabsent-TheimpactoftheenvironmentonAwayofencodingandrecalling.Passage7Itishardtotrackthebluewhale,theocean’slargestcreature,whichhasalmostbeenkilledoffbycommercialwhalingandisnowlistedasanendangeredspecies.Attachingradiodevicestoitisdifficultandvisualsightingsaretoounreliabletogiverealinsightintoitsbehavior.SobiologistsweredelightedearlythisyearwhenwiththehelpoftheNavytheywereabletotrackaparticularbluewhalefor43daysmonitoringitssounds.ThiswaspossiblebecauseoftheNavy’sformerlytop-secretsystemofunderwaterlisteningdevicesspanningtheoceans.TrackingwhalesisbutoneexampleofaexcitingnewworldjustopeningtocivilianscientistsafterthecoldwarastheNavystartstoshareandpartlyuncoveritsglobalnetworkofunderwatersystembuiltoverthedecadestotracktheshipsofpotentialEarthscientistsannouncedatanewsconferencerecentlythattheyhadusedthesystemforcloselymonitoringadeep-seavolcaniceruptionforthefirsttimeandthattheynsimilarstudies.Otherscientistshaveproposedtousethenetworkfortrackingoceancurrentsandmeasuringchangesinoceanandglobaltemperatures.Thespeedofsoundinwaterisroughlyoneasecond-slowerthanthroughlandbutfasterthanthroughair.Whatismostimportant,differentlayersofoceanwatercanactaschannelsforsounds,focusingtheminthesamewayastethoscope(听诊器)doeswhenitcarriesfaintnoisesfromapatient’schesttoadoctor’sear.Thisfocusingisthemainreasonthatevenrelativelyweaksoundsintheocean,especiallylow-frequencyonescanoftentravelthousandsof.Questions91to95arebasedontheThepassageischiefly anefforttoprotectanendangeredmarinethecivilianuseofamilitarydetectiontheexposureofaU.S.Navytop-secretanewwaytolookintothebehaviorofblueTheunderwaterlisteningsystemwasoriginally totraceandlocateenemytomonitordeep-seavolcanictostudythemovementofoceantorecetheglobalradiocommunicationsThedeep-sealisteningsystemmakesuse thesophisticatedtechnologyoffocusingsoundsunderthecapabilityofsoundtotravelathightheuniquepropertyoflayersofoceanwaterintransmittingItcanbeinferredfromthepassage newradiodevicesshouldbedevelopedfortrackingtheendangeredbluebluewhalesarenolongerendangeredwiththeuseofthenewlisteningopinionsdifferastowhethercivilianscientistsshouldbeallowedtousemilitarytechnologymilitarytechnologyhasgreatpotentialincivilianWhichofthefollowingistrueabouttheU.S.NavyunderwaterlisteningItisnowpartlyaccessibletocivilianIthasbeenrecedbyamoreadvancedItbecameuselesstothemilitaryafterthecoldItisindispensableinprotectingendangeredPartⅣTranslationDirections:Readthefollowingpassagecarefully,andthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesinto.WriteyourtranslationontheAnswerSheet.(1)Forme,scientificknowledgeisdividedintomathematicalsciences,naturalsciencesorsciencesdealingwiththenaturalworld(physicalandbiologicalsciences),andsciencesdealingwithmankind(psychology,sociology,allthesciencesofcultureachievements,everykindofhistoricalknowledge).Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophyaboutwhichwewilltalkshortly.Inthefirstce,allthisispureortheoreticalknowledge,soughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstanding,inordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandthatisintrinsicandconsubstantial(一体的)toman.(2)Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalisthatheknowsandneedstoknowifmandidnotknowthattheworldexisted,andthattheworldwasofacertainkind,thathewasintheworldandthathehimselfwasofacertainkind,hewouldn’tbeman.(3)Thetechnicalaspectsofapplicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryformanandareofthegreatestimportance,becausetheyalsocontributetodefininghimtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretrulyhuman.Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnicalprogress,hemustdefendtheprimacyandautonomyofpure(4)Knowledgesoughtdirectlyforitspracticalapplicationswillhaveimmediateandforeseeablesuccess,butnotthekindofimportantresultwhoserevolutionaryscopeisinlargepartunforeseen,exceptbytheimaginationoftheUtopiansLetmerecallawell—knownexample.IttheGreekmathematicianshadnotappliedthemselvestotheinvestigationofconicsections,zealouslyandwithouttheleastsuspicionthatitmightsomedaybeuseful,itwouldnothavebeenpossiblecenturieslatertonavigatefarfromshore.Thefirstmentostudythematureofelectricitycouldnotimaginethattheirexperiments,carriedonbecauseofmereinlectualcuriosity,wouldeventuallyleadtomodernelectricaltechnology,withoutwhichwecanscarcelyconceiveofcontemporarylife.5)Pureknowledgeisvaluableforitsownsake,becausethehumanspiritcannotresignitselftoignorance.But,inaddition,itisthefoundationforpracticalresultsthatwouldnothavebeenreachedifthisknowledgehadnotbeensoughtPartVWritingDirections:WriteacompositionaccordingtothefollowingdirectionsandyourcompositionmustbewrittenontheAnswerSheet.inACMEOilfromJuly1993toJune1994.Writeareportofatleast160wordsforauniversitylecturerdescribingtheinformationshowninthegraphandgivingyourcomment.OfficerGradeA—HighestOfficerGradeE—Lowest9.70.