审计学：一种整合方法-第12版-英文版Chapter01

TheDemandforAuditandOtherAssuranceServicesChapter1Sarbanes-OxleyActTheActestablishedthePublicCompanyAccountingOversightBoard.Italsorequiresauditorstoattesttomanagementreportsontheeffectivenessofinternalcontroloverfinancialreporting.LearningObjective1Describeauditing.InformationandEstablishedCriteriaTodoan

audit,theremustbeinformationinaverifiableform

andsome

standards(criteria)bywhichtheauditorcanevaluatetheinformation.AccumulatingEvidenceandEvaluatingEvidenceEvidenceisanyinformationusedbytheauditortodeterminewhethertheinformationbeingauditedisstatedinaccordancewiththeestablishedcriteria.Competent,IndependentPersonTheauditormustbequalifiedtounderstandthecriteriausedandmustbecompetenttoknowthetypesandamountofevidencetoaccumulatetoreachtheproperconclusionaftertheevidencehasbeenexamined.Thecompetenceoftheindividualperformingtheauditisoflittlevalueifheorsheisbiasedintheaccumulationandevaluationofevidence.AuditofaTaxReturnExampleInternalRevenueagentCompetent,independentpersonExaminescancelledchecksandothersupportingrecordsAccumulatesandevaluatesevidenceDeterminescorrespondenceFederaltaxreturnsfiledbytaxpayerInformationInternalRevenueCodeandallinterpretationsEstablishedcriteriaReportontaxdeficienciesReportonresultsLearningObjective2Distinguishbetweenauditingandaccounting.DistinguishBetween

AuditingandAccountingAccountingistherecording,classifying,andsummarizingofeconomiceventsforthepurposeofprovidingfinancialinformationusedindecisionmaking.Auditing

isdeterminingwhetherrecordedinformationproperlyreflectstheeconomiceventsthatoccurredduringtheaccountingperiod.EconomicDemand

forAuditingInformationriskreflectsthepossibilitythattheinformationuponwhichthebusinessriskdecisionwasmadewasinaccurate.Auditingcanhaveasignificanteffectoninformationrisk.LearningObjective4Listthecausesofinformationrisk,andexplainhowthisriskmaybereduced.CausesofInformationRisk

Remotenessofinformation

Biasesandmotivesoftheprovider

Voluminousdata

ComplexexchangetransactionsLearningObjective5DescribeassuranceservicesanddistinguishauditservicesfromotherassuranceandnonassuranceservicesprovidedbyCPAs.AssuranceServicesAnassuranceserviceisanindependentprofessionalservicethatimprovesthequalityofinformationfordecisionmakers.AssuranceservicescanbeperformedbyCPAsorbyavarietyofotherprofessionals.AttestationServicesAnattestationserviceisatypeofassuranceserviceinwhichtheCPAfirmissuesareportaboutthereliabilityofanassertionthatistheresponsibilityofanotherparty.RelationshipsAmongAuditors,Client,andExternalUsersClientAuditorClientorauditcommitteehiresauditorExternalUsersAuditorissuesreportrelieduponbyusersOtherAssuranceServicesMostoftheotherassuranceservicesthatCPAsprovidedonotmeettheformaldefinitionofattestationservices.TheCPAisnotrequiredtoissueawrittenreport.Theassurancedoesnothavetobeaboutthereliabilityofanotherparty’sassertionaboutcompliancewithspecifiedcriteria.AICPAAssuranceServicesTheAICPAformedtheSpecialCommitteeonAssuranceServices(SCAS).AttestationServicesonInformationTechnologySysTrustisanattest-typeengagementtoevaluateandtestsystemreliabilityinareassuchassecurityanddataintegrity.PrinciplesforWebTrustandSysTrustServices1.Onlineprivacy2.Security3.Processingintegrity4.Availability5.Confidentiality6.Certificationauthorities(WebTrustonly)OtherAssuranceServicesExamplesMysteryshopping…performinganonymousshoppingtoassesssalespersonneldealingwithcustomersandprocedurestheyfollow.involvesOtherAssuranceServicesExamplesAssessrisksofaccumulation,distribution,andstorageofdigitalinformation…assessingsecurityrisksandrelatedcontrolsoverdataandotherinformationstoredelectronically,includingtheadequacyofbackupandoff-sitestorage.involvesOtherAssuranceServicesExamplesFraudandillegalactsriskassessment…developingfraudriskprofilesandassessingtheadequacyofcompanysystemsandpoliciesinpreventinganddetectingfraudandillegalacts.involvesOtherAssuranceServicesExamples

Compliancewithtradingpoliciesandprocedures

Compliancewithentertainmentroyaltyagreements

ISO900certification

EnvironmentalauditAssurance,Attestation,andNonassuranceServicesOtherAssuranceServicesCertainManagementConsultingOtherAttestationServices(e.g.,WebTrust,SysTrust)ATTESTATIONSERVICESAuditsReviewsInternalControloverFinancialReportingASSURANCESERVICESAssurance,Attestation,andNonassuranceServicesCertainManagementConsultingNONASSURANCESERVICESOtherManagementConsultingTaxServicesAccountingandBookkeepingLearningObjective6Differentiatethethreemaintypesofaudits.TypesofAudits

Operational

Compliance

FinancialStatementOperationalAuditExampleEvaluatecomputerizedpayrollsystemforefficiencyandeffectivenessInformationNumberofrecordsprocessed,costsofthedepartment,andnumberoferrorsEstablishedCriteriaCompanystandardsforefficiencyandeffectivenessinpayrolldepartmentAvailableEvidenceErrorreports,payrollrecords,andpayrollprocessingcostsComplianceAuditExampleDeterminewhetherbankrequirementsforloancontinuationhavebeenmetInformationCompanyrecordsEstablishedCriteriaLoanagreementprovisionsAvailableEvidenceFinancialstatementsandcalculationsbytheauditorAuditofHistoricalFinancialStatementsExampleAnnualauditofBoeing’sfinancialstatementsInformationBoeing'sfinancialstatementsEstablishedCriteriaGenerallyaccepted