语言学基础知识2006答案

共 2006年入学考 Multiple212312分，只答411.2.C.3.14.15.Trueor评分须知：..9.10.competenceandperformance(5ThisfundamentaldistinctionisdiscussedbyNoamChomskyinhisAspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax(1965)1.Alanguageuser’sunderlyingknowledgeaboutthesystemofrulesiscalledhislinguisticcompetence2,andperformancereferstotheactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations2.‘gardenpath’sentences(5Ambiguoussentencesthatareinitiallyinterpretedwithadifferentstructurethantheyactuallyhave2:peoplehavebeen‘ledupthegardenpath,’fooledintothinkingthesentencehasadifferentstructurethanithas2.Reducedrelativeclausesaretypical:Thehorseracedpastthebarnfell.1si(5Awayofcomparingonethingwithanother,ofexiningwhatonethingislikebyshowinghowitissimilartoanotherthing2,anditexplicitlysignalsitselfinatext,withthewordsasorlike.2Forexample,Hisheartislikestone,ascoldasice.1machinetranslation(5Theuseofmachine(usuallycomputers)2totranslatetextsfromonelanguagetoanother.3interlanguage(5Thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguage.2Itisalanguagesystembetweenthetargetlanguageandthelearner’snativelanguage:imperfectcomparedwiththetargetlanguage,butnotameretranslationfromthelearner’snativelanguage.3QuestionandThepronunciationoflis[],butthatoflingis[].Usingyourknowledgeofphonologyandmorphology,discusswhythephoneme/l/isrealizedas[]and[l]respectively.(25points)MainThephoneme:theconceptofthephoneme,conditionsforphonestofallintothesamephoneme(phoneticsimilarityandcomplementarydistribution),/l/asexampleofthis.(5Theruleof/l/:[]aftervowelsand[l]beforevowels.(5Morphologicalstructure:howlingisformed—l+ing.(5Thealonsetprinciple:whenthereisachoiceastowheretoceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.(5Morphophonemicstructureofaword:Thesyllabic(phonological)structureofawordanditsmorphological(gr tical)structuredonotnecessarilycorrespond.(5ExinthefollowingTodoresearchmeanstogetyourhandsI’vehadenoughdumbbellsinmyDiscuss:whyisitimportanttoteachcultureintheclassroom?(25points)MainExnationofthetwosentences:togetyourhandsdirtymeans“todopractical/fieldwork”;dumbbellsmeans“stupidpeople”.(5points)Howcultureaffectslanguage.(5Theimportanceofculturalknowledgeinlanguagelearning.(5Theobjectivesofteachingcultureinthelanguageclassroom:1)togetstudentsfamiliarwithculturaldifferences;2)tohelpstudentstranscendtheirowncultureandseethingsasthemembersofthetargetculturewill;3)toemphasizetheinseparabilityofunderstandinglanguageandunderstandingculturethroughvariousclassroompractices.(6points)Asuccessfulmasterofaforeignlanguagehasmuchtodowithanunderstandingofitsculture.(4points)Whatisthe‘innatenesshypothesis’?(25MainSuggestedbyNoamChomsky:childrencomeintotheworldwithknowledgeofbasicgr ticalrelationsandcategories,andthisknowledgeisuniversal.LanguageAcquisitionDevice.Reactionagainstbehaviorisminpsychologyandempiricisminphilosophy.(5Chomsky’schildrenlearntheirnativelanguageveryfastandwithlittleeffort;(5points)childrenlearnmothertongueinverydifferentenvironmentsbutfollowsimilarstagesinacquisition;(5points)childrenlearnthetotalgr roflanguageduringalimitedtimeand