英文APA格式参考

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AMERICANPSYCHOLOGICALASSOCIATION(APA)FORMAT

(5thEdition)

ThiscribsheetisaguidetotheAPAstyleandisnotintendedtoreplacethePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation,5thedition.Onlyselectedexampleswerechosenforinclusionhere.Forotherexamples,seetheprintedManual.WhenusingtheAPAformatitisimportanttorememberthattheintentofthePublicationManualistoassisttheeditorialstaffofAPAjournalsintypesetting.Thiscribsheetitintendedforuseforstudentswritingtermpapers.ThereforeaccordingtoAPA,youmayrelaxtheAPA'srulesinsomecasestomakeitmorereadable.StudentsshouldfindoutwhethertheirinstructorhasrulesthattakeprecedenceoverthoseofthePublicationManual.

JournalArticle,OneAuthor

Simon,A.(2000).Perceptualcomparisonsthroughthemind’seye.Memory&

Cognition,23,635-647.

JournalArticle,TwoAuthors

Becker,M.B.,&Rozek,S.J.(1995).Welcometotheenergycrisis.JournalofSocial

Issues,32,230-343.

MagazineArticle,oneauthor

Garner,H.J.(1997,July).Dobabieshaveauniversalsong?PsychologyToday,102,70-77.

NewspaperArticle,NoAuthor

Studyfindsfreecareusedmore.(1982,April3).WallStreetJournal,pp.A1,A25.

Book,TwoAuthors

Strunk,W.,&White,E.B.(1979).Theelementsofstyle(3rded.).NewYork:Macmillan.

EditedBook

Letheridge,S.,&Cannon,C.R.(Eds.).(1980).Bilingualeducation.NewYork:Praeger.

ArticleorChapterinanEditedBook

Sheets,B.(2006).Thecostoflingeringarminjuries.InB.Selig&W.Selig(Eds.),A

compilationoflongstories(pp.211-234).Milwaukee,WI:MBPress.

ERIC（EducationResourcesInformationCenter）Document

Peterson,K.(2002).Welfare-to-workprograms:Strategiesforsuccess(ReportNo.EDO-JC-02-04).WashingtonD.C.:OfficeofEducationalResearchandImprovement.(ERICDocumentReproductionServiceNo.ED467985)

EntryinanEncyclopedia

Imago.(2000).InWorldBookEncyclopedia(Vol.10,p.79).Chicago:WorldBookEncyclopedia.

ReportfromaPrivateOrganization

Kimberly-Clark.(2002).Kimberly-Clark(AnnualReport).Dallas,TX:Author.

Brochure

MinnesotaCoconutGrowersAssociation.(2008).Growingcoconutsforfunandprofit[Brochure].Crookston,MN:Author.

Dissertation

Olsen,G.W.(1985).Campuschildcarewithinthepublicsupportedpost-secondaryeducationalinstitutionsinthestateofWisconsin(darecare)(Doctoraldissertation,UniversityofWisconsin-Madison,1985).DissertationsAbstracts

International,47/03,783.

Videotape

Mass,J.B.(Producer),&Gluck,D.H.(Director).(1979).Deeperintohypnosis.(Motionpicture).EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:PrenticeHall.

CitationofaWorkDiscussedinaSecondarySource

Tocitesecondarysources,refertobothsourcesinthetext,butincludeintheReferenceslistonlythesourcethatyouactuallyused.Forexample,supposeyoureadFielder(2008)andwouldliketoparaphrasethefollowingsentencewithinthatarticle:Braun(2008)definedbatspeedas"theabilitytocatchuptoabaseballwithamovingbat"(p.11).

Inthiscase,yourin-textcitationwouldbe"(Braun,2008,ascitedinFielder,2008)."

Fielder(2008)wouldbefullyreferencedwithinthelistofReferences.

ElectronicFormats

InternetArticleBasedonPrintSource

Thecitationisdoneasifitwereapaperarticleandthenfollowedbyaretrievalstatementthatidentifiesthedateretrievedandsource.

Sahelian,R.(1999,January).Achoo!BetterNutrition,61,24.RetrievedSeptember17,2001,fromAcademicIndex.

WebPagewithPrivateOrganizationasAuthor

MidwestLeague.(2003).Pitching,individualrecords.RetrievedOctober1,2003,from/indivpitching.html

ChapterorSectioninanInternetDocument

Thompson,G.(2003).Youthcoachhandbook.InJoesoccer.RetrievedSeptember17,2004,from/menu.html

Webpage,GovernmentAuthorWisconsinDepartmentofNaturalResources.(2001).Glacialhabitatrestorationareas.

RetrievedSeptember18,2001,from

http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/wildlife/hunt/hra.htm

CompanyInformationfromAggregatedDatabase

RiponPickleCompanyInc.(companyprofile).(2003).RetrievedSeptember18,2002,fromBusinessandCompanyResourceCenter.

Ingersoll-RandCompanyLimited(companyprofile).(2004).InHoovers.Retrieved

April29,2004,fromLexis-Nexis.

PersonalCommunications

Personalcommunicationsmaybethingssuchasemailmessages,interviews,speeches,andtelephoneconversations.Becausetheinformationisnotretrievabletheyshouldnotappearinthereferencelist.Theyshouldlookasfollows:Example:J.Burnitz(personalcommunication,September20,2000)indicatedthat.…orInarecentinterview(J.Burnitz,personalcommunication,September20,2000)Ilearnedthat….

ReferenceCitationsinText

Torefertoaniteminthelistofreferencesfromthetext,anauthor-datemethodshouldbeused.Thatis,usethesurnameoftheauthor(withoutsuffixes)andtheyearofthepublicationinthetextatappropriatepoints.

Example:Researchershaveindicatedthatmoreisexpectedofstudentsinhighereducation(Hudson,2001)andsecondaryeducation(Taylor&Hornung,2002).

Oneauthor

Issac(2001)indicatedinhisresearch..

Inarecentstudy,researchindicates(Isaac,2001)

Twoormoreauthors

Whenaworkhastwoauthors,alwayscitebothnameseverytimethereferenceoccurs.Forworkswiththree,four,orfiveauthors,citeallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs.Insubsequentcitations,includeonlythelastnameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.

Whenaworkhasnoauthors

Citeintextthefirstfewwordsofwhatappearsfirstfortheentryonthelist(usuallythetitle)andtheyear.

Specificpartsofasource

(Yount&Molitor,1982,p.19)

(Cooper,1983,chap.4)

Workswithnoauthor

(“NewStudentCenter,”2002)

Introductiontoparentheticalcitations

Thissectionprovidesguidelinesonhowtouseparentheticalcitationstociteoriginalsourcesinthetextofyourpaper.Theseguidelineswillhelpyoulearntheessentialinformationneededinparentheticalcitations,andteachyouhowtoformatthemcorrectly.

Parentheticalcitationsarecitationstooriginalsourcesthatappearinthetextofyourpaper.Thisallowsthereadertoseeimmediatelywhereyourinformationcomesfrom,anditsavesyouthetroubleofhavingtomakefootnotesorendnotes.

TheAPAstylecallsforthreekindsofinformationtobeincludedinin-textcitations.Theauthor'slastnameandthework'sdateofpublicationmustalwaysappear,andtheseitemsmustmatchexactlythecorrespondingentryinthereferenceslist.Thethirdkindofinformation,thepagenumber,appearsonlyinacitationtoadirectquotation.

Wheretoplaceparentheticalcitations

Youhavethreeoptionsforplacingcitationsinrelationtoyourtext:

Option

Description

SampleCitation

1.Idea-focused

Placetheauthor(s)anddate(s)inparenthesesatanappropriateplaceinorattheendofasentence

Researchershavepointedoutthatthelackoftrainedstaffisacommonbarriertoprovidingadequatehealtheducation(Fisher,1999)andservices(Weist&Christodulu,2000).

2.Researcher-focused

Placeonlythedateinparentheses

Fisher(1999)recommendedthathealtheducationberequiredforhighschoolgraduationinCalifornia.

3.Chronology-focused

Integrateboththeauthoranddateintoyoursentence

In2001,WeistproposedusingtheChildandAdolescentPlanningSchematoanalyzeanddevelopcommunitymentalhealthprogramsforyoungpeople.

AdditionalGuidelines

Placecitationsinsentencesandparagraphssothatitisclearwhichmaterialhascomefromwhichsources.

Usepronounsandtransitionstohelpyouindicatewhetherseveralsentencescontainmaterialfromthesamesourceorfromdifferentsources.

Symthe(1990)foundthatpositioninginfluencesventilation.Inhisstudyof20ICUpatients,heusedtwomethodsto....However,hisfindingsdidnotsupporttheworkofKarcher(1987)andAtley(1989)whousedmuchlargersamplestodemonstratethat...

Citesourcewithoneortwoauthors

Thefollowingtablegivessomeexamplesofhowtocitesourceswithoneortwoauthors.

Whenyouhave...

Here'swhatyoudo:

SampleCitation

Firstandsubsequentcitations

Withinaparagraph,omittheyearincitationsafterthefirstoneifnoconfusionwithotherstudieswillresult

Fisher(1999)administeredaquestionnaire...Fisher'sresultsindicated...

[newparagraph]ThequestionnaireadministeredbyFisher(1999)wasusedby...

Asourcewith1or2authors

Citename(s)infirstandallsubsequentcitations

(Adkins&Singh,2001)

AdkinsandSingh(2001)

Authorswithsamesurname

Useinitialseveniftheyearsaredifferent

D.Baldwin(2001)andM.L.Baldwin(1999)

Citesourcewiththreeormoreauthors

Thefollowingtablegivessomeexamplesofhowtocitesourceswiththreeormoreauthors.

Whenyouhave...

Here'swhatyoudo:

SampleCitation

Asourcewiththreetofiveauthors

Inallcitationsafterthefirst,usethefirstauthor'snamefollowedbyetal.

Firstcitation:(Baldwin,Bevan,&Beshalke,2000)

Subsequentcitation:(Baldwinetal.,2000)

Asourcewithsixormoreauthors

Usethefirstauthor'snamefollowedbyetal.inallcitations

6authors:(Utleyetal.,2001)

7authors:(Yawnetal.,2001)

[Note:Inthereferencelist,useofetal.beginswith7-authorreferences.]

Sourceswithtwoormoresix-authorgroupswithsamefirstsurname

Iftwoormoresix-authorgroupsshortentothesamesurname,citethesurnamesofasmanysubsequentauthorsasneededtodistinguishreferences.

(Baldwin,Utleyetal.,2001)

(Baldwin,Bevanetal.,2000)

Citesourcewithnoauthor

Thefollowingtablegivessomeexamplesofhowtocitesourceswithnoauthor.

Whenyouhave...

Here'swhatyoudo:

SampleCitation

Asourcewithnoauthor

Usethefirstfewwordsofthetitle--inquotationmarksforarticleorchapter,initalicsforself-containeditem

("MadCow,"2001)

(SleepMedicine,2001)

Aneditedworkwithnoauthor

Useeditor(s)namesintheauthorposition

Seeguidelinesforcitingauthoredworks

Citemultiplesourcesinonereference

Thefollowingtablegivessomeexamplesofhowtocitemultiplesourcesinonereference.

Whenyouhave...

Here'swhatyoudo:

SampleCitation

Twoormoreworksinparentheses

Arrangebyorderofthereferencelist;useasemicolonbetweenworks

Severalresearchers(Greenberg,Domitrovich,&Bumbarger,2000;Roy,1995;Yawnetal.,2000)...

Representativeworks

Usee.g.(forSampleCitation)beforeparentheticalcitations

Theneedformoreeffectivepreventionofmentalillnessinchildrenhasbeenthefocusofmanyreports(e.g.NationalInstituteofMentalHealth,1998;U.S.PublicHealthService,2000;Weist,2001).

Majorworkplusothers

Useseealsoaftermajorwork

(Roy,1995;seealsoEmbar-Seddon,2000;Greenberg,2001)

Citeanelectronicsource

Ingeneral,youshouldciteanelectronicsourcewithinyourpaperinthesamewayasyouwouldaprintsource,byplacingtheauthor'slastname(orshorttitleofthesource,ifthereisnoauthor)andyearofpublicationinparentheses.

Thefollowingtablegivessomeexamplesofhowtociteelectronicsourcesinmoreunusualcases.

Whenyouhave...

Here'swhatyoudo:

SampleCitation

EntireWebsite

Don'tputonreferencelist.IncludeURLin-textinstead

TheUniversityofWisconsin'sWritingCenterWebsiteisanexcellentsourceofinformationonwriting(/writing/).

Directquotationfromelectronicsourcewithoutpagenumbers

Useparagraphnumbers(precededbypara.or¶);addsectionnumbersforlongdocuments

Universalinterventions"targetthegeneralpublicorawholepopulationgroupthathasnotbeenidentifiedonthebasisofindividualrisk"(Greenbergetal.,2000,SectionI,para.20).

LongQuotations

Placequotationsof40ormorewordsinblockform:Indenttheentirequotationfivetosevenspaces,or1/2in.(thesamedistanceyouindentthefirstlineofaparagraph).Anexampleoftheformattingofaparagraphcontainingablockquotationfollows:

Eachparagraphofyourtextbeginswithanindentoffiveto

sevenspaces,or1/2in.,fromtheleftmargin.Blockquotations

areoftenintroducedwithacolon:

Indentthewholeblockquotationasfarasthefirstlineof

anormalparagraphoftext.Don'tputquotationmarksaround

it.Ifthesourceyouarequotingincludesquotationmarks,

youshouldincludethem"astheyappearintheoriginal."

Iftheblockquotationhasmorethanoneparagraph,

indentthefirstlineofeachadditionalparagraphfiveto

sevenspacesor1/2in.fromthenewmargin.Theparenthetical

citation(orthepagenumber[s],iftheauthoranddateare

usedtointroducethequote)followsthefinalpunctuationmark

oftheblockquotation,withnoperiodaftertheclosing

parenthesis.(Author,2001,page000)

Belowisanexampleofanactualblockquotationanditsintroduction:

AccordingtoGreenberg(2001),twodifferentcriteriawere

proposedtodeterminebraindeath:the"higher-brain"andthe

"whole-brain"concepts.Hedescribesthehigher-brainformulation

asfollows:

Abrain-deadpersonisallegedtobedeadbecausehis

neocortex,theseatofconsciousness,hasbeendestroyed.

Hehasthuslosttheabilitytothinkandfeel-—the

capacityforpersonhood--thatmakesuswhoweare,and

ourlivesworthliving.(pp.37-38)

(ThefullreferencetoGreenbergisGreenberg,G.(2001,August13).Asgoodasdead:Istherereallysuchathingasbraindeath?NewYorker,36-41.)

Formoreinformationontheformattingoflongquotations,seepages117-118and292-293ofthefiftheditionofthePublicationManual.

Tablesandfigures

Ifyourpaperrequirestablesand/orfigures,youshouldconsulttherelevantsectionsofthefiftheditionofthePublicationManualforspecificformattingguidelines.

Fortables,seepages147-176;forfigures,seepages176-201ofthePublicationManual.

UniversityofWisconsinpage

.

/writing/Handbook/DocAPACitations.html

/writing/Handbook/DocAPAFormat_Add.html

APAFormattingandStyleGuide

/owl/resource/560/01/

Summary:APA(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation)ismostcommonlyusedtocitesourceswithinthesocialsciences.Thisresource,revisedaccordingtothe5theditionoftheAPAmanual,offersexamplesforthegeneralformatofAPAresearchpapers,in-textcitations,endnotes/footnotes,andthereferencepage.PleaseusetheexampleatthebottomofthispagetocitethePurdueOWLinAPA.

In-TextCitations:TheBasics

Referencecitationsintextarecoveredonpages207-214ofthePublicationManual.Whatfollowsaresomegeneralguidelinesforreferringtotheworksofothersinyouressay.

Note:APAstylerequiresauthorstousethepasttenseorpresentperfecttensewhenusingsignalphrasestodescribeearlierresearch.E.g.,Jones(1998)foundorJones(1998)hasfound...

APACitationBasics

WhenusingAPAformat,followtheauthor-datemethodofin-textcitation.Thismeansthattheauthor'slastnameandtheyearofpublicationforthesourceshouldappearinthetext,E.g.,(Jones,1998),andacompletereferenceshouldappearinthereferencelistattheendofthepaper.

IfyouarereferringtoanideafromanotherworkbutNOTdirectlyquotingthematerial,ormakingreferencetoanentirebook,articleorotherwork,youonlyhavetomakereferencetotheauthorandyearofpublicationinyourin-textreference.

In-TextCitationCapitalization,Quotes,andItalics/Underlining

Alwayscapitalizepropernouns,includingauthornamesandinitials:D.Jones.

Ifyourefertothetitleofasourcewithinyourpaper,capitalizeallwordsthatarefourletterslongorgreaterwithinthetitleofasource:PermanenceandChange.Exceptionsapplytoshortwordsthatareverbs,nouns,pronouns,adjectives,andadverbs:WritingNewMedia,ThereIsNothingLefttoLose.

(Note:inyourReferenceslist,onlythefirstwordofatitlewillbecapitalized:Writingnewmedia.)

Whencapitalizingtitles,capitalizebothwordsinahyphenatedcompoundword:Natural-BornCyborgs.

Capitalizethefirstwordafteradashorcolon:"DefiningFilmRhetoric:TheCaseofHitchcock'sVertigo."

Italicizeorunderlinethetitlesoflongerworkssuchasbooks,editedcollections,movies,televisionseries,documentaries,oralbums:TheClosingoftheAmericanMind;TheWizardofOz;Friends.

Putquotationmarksaroundthetitlesofshorterworkssuchasjournalarticles,articlesfromeditedcollections,televisionseriesepisodes,andsongtitles:"MultimediaNarration:ConstructingPossibleWorlds";"TheOneWhereChandlerCan'tCry."

ShortQuotations

Ifyouaredirectlyquotingfromawork,youwillneedtoincludetheauthor,yearofpublication,andthepagenumberforthereference(precededby"p.").Introducethequotationwithasignalphrasethatincludestheauthor'slastnamefollowedbythedateofpublicationinparentheses.

AccordingtoJones(1998),"StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttime"(p.199).Jones(1998)found"studentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle"(p.199);whatimplicationsdoesthishaveforteachers?Iftheauthorisnotnamedinasignalphrase,placetheauthor'slastname,theyearofpublication,andthepagenumberinparenthesesafterthequotation.Shestated,"StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,"(Jones,1998,p.199),butshedidnotofferanexplanationastowhy.

LongQuotations

Placedirectquotationslongerthan40wordsinafree-standingblockoftypewrittenlines,andomitquotationmarks.Startthequotationonanewline,indentedfivespacesfromtheleftmargin.Typetheentirequotationonthenewmargin,andindentthefirstlineofanysubsequentparagraphwithinthequotationfivespacesfromthenewmargin.Maintaindouble-spacingthroughout.Theparentheticalcitationshouldcomeaftertheclosingpunctuationmark.

Jones's(1998)studyfoundthefollowing:

StudentsoftenhaddifficultyusingAPAstyle,especiallywhenitwastheirfirsttimecitingsources.Thisdifficultycouldbeattributedtothefactthatmanystudentsfailedtopurchaseastylemanualortoasktheirteacherforhelp.(p.199)

SummaryorParaphrase

Ifyouareparaphrasinganideafromanotherwork,youonlyhavetomakereferencetotheauthorandyearofpublicationinyourin-textreference,butAPAguidelinesencourageyoutoalsoprovidethepagenumber(althoughitisnotrequired.)

AccordingtoJones(1998),APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners.

APAstyleisadifficultcitationformatforfirst-timelearners(Jones,1998,p.199).

In-TextCitations:Author/Authors

APAstylehasaseriesofimportantrulesonusingauthornamesaspartoftheauthor-datesystem.Thereareadditionalrulesforcitingindirectsources,electronicsources,andsourceswithoutpagenumbers.

CitinganAuthororAuthors

AWorkbyTwoAuthors:Namebothauthorsinthesignalphraseorintheparentheseseachtimeyoucitethework.Usetheword"and"betweentheauthors'nameswithinthetextandusetheampersandintheparentheses.

ResearchbyWegenerandPetty(1994)supports...

(Wegener&Petty,1994)

AWorkbyThreetoFiveAuthors:Listalltheauthorsinthesignalphraseorinparenthesesthefirsttimeyoucitethesource.

(Kernis,Cornell,Sun,Berry,&Harlow,1993)

Insubsequentcitations,onlyusethefirstauthor'slastnamefollowedby"etal."inthesignalphraseorinparentheses.

(Kernisetal.,1993)

Inetal.,etshouldnotbefollowedbyaperiod.

SixorMoreAuthors:Usethefirstauthor'hesignalphraseorinparentheses.

Harrisetal.(2001)argued...

(Harrisetal.,2001)

UnknownAuthor:Iftheworkdoesnothaveanauthor,citethesourcebyitstitleinthesignalphraseorusethefirstwordortwointheparentheses.Titlesofbooksandreportsareitalicizedorunderlined;titlesofarticlesandchaptersareinquotationmarks.

Asimilarstudywasdoneofstudentslearningtoformatresearchpapers("UsingAPA,"2001).

Note:Intherarecasethe"Anonymous"isusedfortheauthor,treatitastheauthor'sname(Anonymous,2001).Inthereferencelist,usethenameAnonymousastheauthor.

OrganizationasanAuthor:Iftheauthorisanorganizationoragovernmentagency,mentiontheorganizationinthesignalphraseorintheparentheticalcitationthefirsttimeyoucitethesource.

AccordingtotheAmericanPsychologicalAssociation(2000),...

Iftheorganizationhasawell-knownabbreviation,includetheabbreviationinbracketsthefirsttimethesourceiscitedandthenuseonlytheabbreviationinlatercitations.

Firstcitation:(MothersAgainstDrunkDriving[MADD],2000)

Secondcitation:(MADD,2000)

TwoorMoreWorksintheSameParentheses:Whenyourparentheticalcitationincludestwoormoreworks,orderthemthesamewaytheyappearinthereferencelist,separatedbyasemi-colon.

(Berndt,2002;Harlow,1983)

AuthorsWiththeSameLastName:Topreventconfusion,usefirstinitialswiththelastnames.

(E.Johnson,2001;L.Johnson,1998)

TwoorMoreWorksbytheSameAuthorintheSameYear:Ifyouhavetwosourcesbythesameauthorinthesameyear,uselower-caseletters(a,b,c)withtheyeartoordertheentriesinthereferencelist.Usethelower-caseletterswiththeyearinthein-textcitation.

ResearchbyBerndt(1981a)illustratedthat...

Introductions,Prefaces,Forewords,andAfterwards:WhencitinganIntroduction,Preface,Foreword,orAfterwardin-text,citetheappropriateauthorandyearasusual.

(Funk&Kolln,1992)

PersonalCommunication:Forinterviews,letters,e-mails,andotherperson-to-personcommunication,citethecommunicatorsname,thefactthatitwaspersonalcommunication,andthedateofthecommunication.Donotincludepersonalcommunicationinthereferencelist.

(E.Robbins,personalcommunication,January4,2001).

A.P.SmithalsoclaimedthatmanyofherstudentshaddifficultieswithAPAstyle(personalcommunication,November3,2002).

CitingIndirectSources

Ifyouuseasourcethatwascitedinanothersource,nametheoriginalsourceinyoursignalphrase.Listthesecondarysourceinyourreferencelistandincludethesecondarysourceintheparentheses.

Johnsonarguedthat...(ascitedinSmith,2003,p.102).

Note:Whencitingmaterialinparentheses,setoffthecitationwithacomma,asabove.

ElectronicSources

Ifpossible,citeanelectronicdocumentthesameasanyotherdocumentbyusingtheauthor-datestyle.

Kenneth(2000)explained...

UnknownAuthorandUnknownDate:Ifnoauthorordateisgiven,usethetitleinyoursignalphraseorthefirstwordortwoofthetitleintheparenthesesandusetheabbreviation"n.d."(for"nodate").

Anotherstudyofstudentsandresearchdecisionsdiscoveredthatstudentssucceededwithtutoring("TutoringandAPA,"n.d.).

SourcesWithoutPageNumbers

Whenanelectronicsourcelackspagenumbers,youshouldtrytoincludeinformationthatwillhelpreadersfindthepassagebeingcited.Whenanelectronicdocumenthasnumberedparagraphs,usethe¶symbol,ortheabbreviation"para."followedbytheparagraphnumber(Hall,2001,¶5)or(Hall,2001,para.5).Iftheparagraphsarenotnumberedandthedocumentincludesheadings,providetheappropriateheadingandspecifytheparagraphunderthatheading.Notethatinsomeelectronicsources,likeWebpages,peoplecanusetheFindfunctionintheirbrowsertolocateanypassagesyoucite.

AccordingtoSmith(1997),...(MindoverMattersection,para.6).

Note:NeverusethepagenumbersofWebpagesyouprintout;differentcomputersprintWebpageswithdifferentpagination.

FootnotesandEndnotes

APAdoesnotrecommendtheuseoffootnotesandendnotesbecausetheyareoftenexpensiveforpublisherstoreproduce.However,ifexplanatorynotesstillprovenecessarytoyourdocument,APAdetailstheuseoftwotypesoffootnotes:contentandcopyright.

Whenusingeithertypeoffootnote,insertanumberformattedinsuperscriptfollowingalmostanypunctuationmark.Footnotenumbersshouldnotfollowdashes(—),andiftheyappearinasentenceinparentheses,thefootnotenumbershouldbeinsertedwithintheparentheses.

Scientistsexamined—overseveralyears1—thefossilizedremainsofthewooly-woolyyak.2(ThesehavenowbeentransferredtotheChauanMuseum.3)

Allfootnotesshouldappearonthefinalpageofyourdocument(usuallythisisaftertheReferencespage).Centertheword“Footnotes”atthetopofthepage.Indentfivespacesonthefirstlineofeachfootnote.Then,follownormalparagraphspacingrules.Double-spacethroughout.

1Whilethemethodofexaminationforthewooly-woolyyakprovidesimportantinsightstothisresearch,thisdocumentdoesnotfocusonthisparticularspecies.

ContentNotes

ContentNotesprovidesupplementalinformationtoyourreaders.WhenprovidingContentNotes,bebriefandfocusononlyonesubject.Trytolimityourcommentstoonesmallparagraph.

ContentNotescanalsopointreaderstoinformationthatisavailableinmoredetailelsewhere.

1SeeBlackmur(1995),especiallychaptersthreeandfour,foraninsightfulanalysisofthisextraordinaryanimal.

CopyrightPermissionNotes

Ifyouquotemorethan500wordsofpublishedmaterialorthinkyoumaybeinviolationof“FairUse”copyrightlaws,youmustgettheformalpermissionoftheauthor(s).Allothersourcessimplyappearinthereferencelist.

FollowthesameformattingrulesaswithContentNotesfornotingcopyrightpermissions.Thenattachacopyofthepermissionlettertothedocument.

Ifyouarereproducingagraphic,chart,ortable,fromsomeothersource,youmustprovideaspecialnoteatthebottomoftheitemthatincludescopyrightinformation.Youshouldalsosubmitwrittenpermissionalongwithyourwork.Beginthecitationwith“Note.”

Note.From“Titleofthearticle,”byW.JonesandR.Smith,2007,JournalTitle,21,p.122.Copyright2007byCopyrightHolder.Reprintedwithpermiss