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InterculturalCommunicationinEnglishCasestudy参考答案Case1【page23】Inthiscase,thereseemedtobeproblemsincommunicatingwithpeopleofdifferentculturesinspiteoftheeffortsmadetoachieveunderstanding.在这种情况下,尽管人们努力去理解,但在与不同文化背景的人交流时似乎出现了问题。WeshouldknowthatinEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.我们应该知道,在埃及,就像在许多文化中一样,人际关系被看得如此重要,以至于无法以客观和非个人的方式表达出来。虽然美国人的确重视人际关系,但他们更倾向于用不那么个人化、更客观的方式来谈论人际关系。Inthiscase,Richard‘smistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,—Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein.在这种情况下,理查德的错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身,而不是整个晚上,因为食物只是设置或借口。对他的主人和女主人来说,这就好像他参加了一个艺术展,并恭维那位艺术家说:“你的画的画框多漂亮啊!”InJapanthesituationmaybemorecomplicated.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongpersonsinagroup,andthattheorganizationitself—beitafamilyoravastcorporation—ismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.在日本,情况可能更为复杂。日本人重视群体中人与人之间的秩序与和谐,而组织本身——无论是家庭还是大型企业——比任何特定成员的特点更受重视。相反,美国人强调个性作为一种价值,当他们与群体的目标或价值观有合理的冲突时,他们倾向于主张个体差异。Inthiscase:Richard‘smistakewasinmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Lettheothersassumethattheerrorswerenotintentional,butitisnotrighttodefendyourself,evenwhenyourunstatedintentistoassistthegroupbywarningothersofsimilarmistakes.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.在这种情况下:理查德的错误在于努力为自己辩护。让其他人认为这些错误不是故意的,但是为自己辩护是不对的,即使你没有说明的意图是通过警告其他人类似的错误来帮助团队。一个简单的道歉和接受指责是适当的。但是对可怜的理查德来说,仅仅是道歉,在他看来就是卑躬屈膝,没有男子气概。WhenitcomestoEngland,weexpectfewerproblemsbetweenAmericansandEnglishmenthanbetweenAmericansandalmostanyothergroup.说到英国,我们认为美国人和英国人之间的问题比美国人和几乎任何其他民族之间的问题都要少。Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,—Helpyourself;fortheEnglishcounterpart,—Bemyguest.AmericanandEnglishpeopleequallyenjoyentertainingandbeingentertainedbuttheydiffersomewhatinthevalueofthedistinction.Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho—makeshimselfathome,eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.在这种情况下,我们可能会把目光从吃糖或奶油的手势转移到这个手势所表达的价值观上:对美国人来说,请自便;对于英国人来说,-请便。美国人和英国人同样喜欢娱乐和被娱乐,但他们在区别的价值上有所不同。一般来说,美国人聚会上最理想的客人是那些把自己当成自己家的人,甚至到了开门或自己准备饮料的地步。对于许多其他社会的人来说,至少包括这个假想的英国主人,这样的客人行为是放肆或粗鲁的。Case2【24】Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobedirectcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.课堂上常见的文化误解包括直接沟通方式和间接沟通方式的冲突。InAmericanculture,peopletendtosaywhatisontheirmindsandtomeanwhattheysay.Therefore,studentsinclassareexpectedtoaskquestionswhentheyneedclarification.在美国文化中,人们倾向于说出心中所想,言出必行。因此,在课堂上,学生应该在需要澄清的时候提出问题。MexicanculturesharesthispreferenceofstylewithAmericancultureinsomesituations,andthat’swhythestudentsfromMexicoreadilyadoptedthetechniquesofaskingquestionsinclass.在某些情况下,墨西哥文化与美国文化有相同的风格偏好,这就是为什么墨西哥学生在课堂上很容易采用提问技巧的原因。However,Koreanpeoplegenerallypreferindirectcommunicationstyle,andthereforetheytendtonotsaywhatisontheirmindsandtorelymoreonimplicationsandinference,soastobepoliteandrespectfulandavoidlosingfacethroughanyimproperverbalbehavior.但是,韩国人一般比较喜欢间接的交流方式,所以他们倾向于不直接说出自己的想法,更多的依靠暗示和推理,从而做到礼貌和尊重,避免因为任何不当的言语行为而丢面子。Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.正如案例中提到的,对许多韩国人来说,无数的问题会显示出对老师的不尊重,也会反映出学生学习不够努力。Case3【25】Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.Inthebeginning,Marydidn‘trealizethatherDominicansistersawherasamemberofthefamily,literally.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.OnceMaryunderstoodthattherewasadifferentwayoflookingatthis,shewouldbecomemoreaccepting.However,shemightstillexperiencethesamefrustrationwhenthishappenedagain.Shehadtofindwaystocopewithherownemotionalculturalreactionaswellasherpracticalproblem(thebatteriesrunningout).这里的冲突是文化价值观和信仰的差异。一开始,玛丽并没有意识到她的多米尼加姐姐把她当成了家里的一员。在多米尼加人看来,家庭财产是由每个家庭成员共享的。卢茨的行为就像大多数多米尼加姐妹那样,每次都是不经请求就借钱。一旦玛丽明白有另一种看待这件事的方式,她就会变得更能接受。然而,当这种事情再次发生时,她可能仍然会经历同样的挫折。她必须找到方法来处理她自己的情感文化反应和她的实际问题(电池用完了)。Case4【page25】Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshavedifferentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendshipsarewarm,butcasual,andspecialized.Forexample,youhaveaneighborwhodropsbyinthemorningforcoffee.Youseeherfrequently,butyouneverinviteherfordinnernotbecauseyoudon‘tthinkshecouldhandleaforkandaknife,butbecauseyouhaveseenherthatmorning.Therefore,youreserveyourmoreformalinvitationtodinnerforsomeonewholivesinamoredistantpartofthecityandwhomyouwouldnotseeunlessyouextendedaninvitationforaspecialoccasion.这可能只是不同节奏的问题。美国人在他们的个人和家庭关系中,在他们的友好和他们的慈善事业中都有一个节奏。来自其他文化的人有不同的节奏。美国人的节奏很快。它的特点是迅速接受他人。然而,美国人很少完全投入到友谊中去。他们的友谊是温暖的,但也很随意,而且很专一。例如,你有一个邻居早上过来喝咖啡。你经常见到她,但你从不请她吃饭——不是因为你认为她拿不动刀叉,而是因为你那天早上见过她。因此,你会为那些住在城市较偏远地区的人保留更正式的晚餐邀请,除非你在一个特殊的场合发出邀请,否则你是不会见到他们的。Now,ifthefirstfriendmovesawayandthesecondonemovesnearby,youarelikelytoreversethisseethesecondfriendinthemorningsforinformalcoffeemeetings,andthefirstoneyouwillinvitemoreformallytodinner.Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendseasily,andtheydon'tfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstancespeoplefrommanyothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.现在,如果第一个朋友搬走了,第二个搬到附近,你可能会逆转这种情况——在早上与第二个朋友非正式地喝咖啡,而第一个朋友会被你正式地邀请去吃晚餐。换句话说,美国人常常被自己的方便所引导。他们很容易交到朋友,当他们觉得不方便的时候,他们不觉得有必要去见朋友,而且通常没有人受到伤害。但是在类似的情况下,来自其他文化的人会受到很大的伤害。Case5【61】InChina,itisoftennotpolitetoacceptafirstofferandHepingwasbeingmodest,politeandwell-behavedandhadeveryintentionofacceptingthebeeratthesecondorthirdoffer.ButhehadnotfiguredonNorthAmericanruleswhichfirmlysaythatyoudonotpushalcoholicbeveragesonanyone.Apersonmaynotdrinkforreligiousreasons,hemaybeareformedalcoholic,orhemaybeallergic.Whateverthereasonbehindtherule,youdonotinsistinofferingalcohol.SounconsciousandsostrongaretheirculturalrulesthattheAmericansequallypolitelynevermadeasecondofferofbeertoHepingwhoprobablythoughtNorthAmericansmostuncouth.However,whatwehavetorememberisthatculturesareseldomastricteither-orineveryinstanceforallpeopleandtherearealwaysindividualdifferences.ProbablythisyoungChinesenursewasverydifferentfromHepingor,unlikeHeping,shemayhaveknownsomethingabouttheAmericanculturalrulesandwasjusttryingtobehavelikeanAmericanwhenshewasinanAmericanfamily.在中国,通常不礼貌地接受第一次报价,而和平却谦虚,礼貌且举止端正,并打算在第二次或第三次报价中接受啤酒。但是他没有想到北美的规则,该规则坚决禁止您向任何人推酒。一个人可能由于宗教原因不喝酒,可能是重度酗酒的人,或者可能是过敏的。不管规则背后的原因是什么,您都不要坚持喝酒。他们的文化规则是如此的无意识和强大,以至于美国人也从未有礼貌地向和平人第二次提供啤酒,和平人可能认为北美人最不诚实。但是,我们要记住的是,对于所有人而言,文化很少是严格的,或者在每种情况下都不是严格的,而且总是存在个体差异。这位年轻的中国护士可能与和平大不相同,或者与和平不同,她可能对美国的文化规则有所了解,只是想在美国家庭中表现得像美国人一样。Case6【page61】Whenaspeakersayssomethingtoahearer,thereareatleastthreekindsofmeaningsinvolved:utterancemeaning,speaker‘smeaningandhearer‘smeaning.Inthedialogue,whenLitzsaid?Howlongisshegoingtostay?’shemeanttosaythatifsheknewhowlonghermother-in-lawwasgoingtostayinFinland,shewouldbeabletomakeproperarrangementsforher,suchastakingherouttodosomesightseeing.However,hermother-in-lawoverheardtheconversation,andtookLitz’squestiontomean—Litzdoesnotwantmetostayforlongll.FromtheChinesepointofview,itseemstobeinappropriateforLitztoasksuchaquestionjusttwodaysafterhermother-in-law’sarrival.Ifshefeelsshehastoaskthequestion,itwouldbebettertoasksometimelaterandsheshouldnotlethermother-in-lawhearit.当说话者对听众说出话时,至少涉及三种含义:话语含义,说话者的含义和听众的含义。在对话中,当丽兹(Litz)说“她要待多久?”时,她的意思是说,如果她知道婆婆要在芬兰待多久,她将能够为她做适当的安排。,例如带她出去观光。但是,她的岳母听见了谈话,并以莉兹的问题来表示“莉兹不想让我呆很久”。从中国人的角度来看,丽兹在婆婆刚到的两天后问这样一个问题似乎是不合适的。如果她觉得自己必须问这个问题,最好过一会儿再问,而且她不应该让婆婆听到。Case7【page62】Keikoinsistsongivingvaluablegiftstohercollegefriends,becauseincountrieslikeJapan,exchanginggiftsisastronglyrootedsocialtradition.Shouldyoureceiveagift,anddon‘thaveonetoofferinreturn,youwillprobablycreateacrisis.Ifnotasseriousasacrisis,onewhodoesn,tofferagiftinreturnmaybeconsideredrudeorimpolite.Therefore,inJapan,giftsareasymbolicwaytoshowappreciation,respect,gratitudeandfurtherrelationship.KeikoobviouslyhastakenthoseuseditemsfromMary,EdandMarionasgifts,forsheprobablydoesn,tknowthatAmericansfrequentlydonatetheirusedhouseholditemstochurchortothecommunity.Mary,EdandMarionwouldneverconsiderthoseusedhouseholditemsgiventoKeikoasgifts.Nowondertheyfeltveryuncomfortablewhentheyreceivedvaluablegiftsinreturn.惠子(Keiko)坚持向她的大学朋友们提供有价值的礼物,因为在日本等国家,交换礼物是一种根深蒂固的社会传统。如果您收到礼物,而又没有礼物可以回报,则可能会造成危机。如果没有危机那么严重,不提供礼物的人可能会被视为粗鲁或不礼貌。因此,在日本,礼物是表达赞赏,尊重,感激和进一步关系的象征方式。惠子显然把玛丽,埃德和马里恩的二手物品当作礼物,因为她可能不知道美国人经常将二手物品捐赠给教堂或社区。玛丽,埃德和马里恩(Marion,Ed)和马里恩(Marion)永远都不会考虑将赠予惠子(Keiko)的那些二手生活用品当作礼物。难怪当他们收到有价值的礼物时,他们会感到非常不自在。Case8【63】AstheChinesegirlAmyfellinlovewithanAmericanboyatthattime,itseemsthatshepreferredtocelebrateChristmasintheAmericanway,forshewantedverymuchtoappearthesameasotherAmericangirl.Shedidnotliketoseeherboyfriendfeeldisappointedatthe—shabbyChineseChristmas.That,swhyshecriedwhenshefoundoutherparentshadinvitedtheminister'sfamilyoverfortheChristmasEvedinner.ShethoughtthemenufortheChristmasmealcreatedbyhermotherastrangeonebecausetherewerenoroastturkeyandsweetpotatoesbutonlyChinesefood.Howcouldshenoticethenthefoodschosenbyhermotherwereallherfavorites?Fromthiscase,wecanfindalotofdifferencesbetweentheChineseandWesternculturesinwhatisappropriatefoodforabanquet,whataregoodtablemanners,andhowoneshouldbehavetobehospitable.However,oneshouldneverfeelshamefuljustbecauseone,scultureisdifferentfromothers,.AsAmy,smothertoldher,youmustbeproudtobedifferent,andyouronlyshameistohaveshame.当时中国女孩艾米(Amy)爱上了一个美国男孩,似乎她更喜欢以美国方式庆祝圣诞节,因为她非常想和其他美国女孩一样出现。她不希望看到男友对“破旧”的中国圣诞节感到失望。这就是为什么当她发现她的父母邀请部长的家人参加圣诞节前夕晚餐时哭泣的原因。她认为她母亲为圣诞节准备的菜单很奇怪,因为那里没有烤火鸡和红薯,只有中餐。她怎么会发现母亲所选择的食物都是她的最爱?从这种情况下,我们可以发现中西文化之间的差异在什么上适合作为宴会用的食物,什么是良好的餐桌礼仪以及如何表现得好客。但是,永远不要因为一个人的文化与其他人不同而感到羞耻。正如艾米妈妈告诉她的那样,你必须为与众不同感到自豪,而唯一的耻辱就是感到羞耻。Case9【97】HierarchyissignificantintheJapaneseculture.ThisstructureisreflectedeverywhereinJapaneselife,athome,school,community,organizations,andtraditionalinstitutionssuchasmartialartsorflowerarrangements.Inthiscase,theyoungchairmanmusthavehadhisownideasabouthowtomanagethecompany;however,whenencounteredwithhisgrandfather’sdissentingopinions,hedarednottotakeastandagainsthim.ThismaymanifesttherigidhierarchicalstructureintheJapanesesociety.IntheJapanesesociety,howhierarchyisformeddependsmainlyonseniority,socialroles,andgender.Asarespectableseniormemberofthefamilyandtheformerleaderofthecompany,thegrandfatherobviouslyoverpoweredtheinexperiencedyoungchairman.Inotherwords,thegrandfatherseemedtobeanabsoluteauthorityfortheyoungchairman.InJapaneseculture,challengingordisagreeingwithelders,opinionswouldbedeemedasbeingdisrespectfulandisoftencondemned.Peopleinlowerpositionsareexpectedtobeloyalandobedienttoauthority.That,swhytheyoungchairmandidn’tsayanythingbutjustnoddedandagreedwithhisgrandfather.ButPhilseemedtoknowlittleabouttheJapanesecultureinthisaspect.InmanyWesterncultures,particularlyAmericanculture,seniorityseldommattersverymuchinsuchsituations,andyoungpeopleareusuallyencouragedtochallengeauthorityandvoicetheirownopinions.Unfortunately,hisoutspokenprotestcouldeasilyoffendthegrandfatherandhemightberegardedasarudeandill-bredpersonbyotherJapanese.等级制度在日本文化中具有重要意义。这种结构反映在日本生活的各个地方,包括家庭,学校,社区,组织和传统机构,例如武术或插花。在这种情况下,年轻的董事长必须对如何管理公司有自己的想法。但是,在遇到祖父的反对意见时,他不敢反对他。这可能体现了日本社会僵化的等级结构。在日本社会中,等级制度的形成主要取决于资历,社会角色和性别。作为家族中一位受人尊敬的高级成员和公司的前任领导人,祖父显然击败了经验不足的年轻董事长。换句话说,祖父似乎是这位年轻董事长的绝对权威。在日本文化中,挑战或不同意长者的意见将被视为不敬,并经常受到谴责。处于较低位置的人们应该忠诚并且服从权威。这就是为什么这位年轻的主席只好点头并同意他的祖父就什么也没说的原因。但是菲尔(Phil)似乎对这方面的日本文化了解甚少。在许多西方文化中,特别是在美国文化中,资历很少在这种情况下非常重要,通常鼓励年轻人挑战权威并发表自己的意见。不幸的是,他的直言不讳的抗议很容易得罪了祖父,他可能被其他日本人视为粗鲁和不道德的人。Case10【page97】InJapan,acompanyisoftenverymuchlikeabigfamily,inwhichthemanger(s)willtakegoodcareoftheemployeesandtheemployeesareexpectedtodevotethemselvestothedevelopmentofthecompanyand,ifitisnecessary,tosacrificetheirownindividualinterestsfortheinterestsofthecompany,fromwhich,inthelongrun,theemployeeswillbenefitgreatly.ButfortheFrench,acompanyisjustaloosely-knitsocialorganizationwhereinindividualsaresupposedtotakecareofthemselvesandtheirfamilies.Moreover,thewaytheFrenchmakedecisionsinthefamilymightalsobedifferentfromthetypicalJapaneseone,whichmaynotofteninvolvefemalesandthepowertodecideusuallylieswiththedominatingmale.AstherearesuchculturaldifferencesbetweentheJapaneseandtheFrench,Mr.Legrand,sdecisionmadeMr.Tanakafeeldumbfounded.在日本,公司通常非常像一个大家族,在这个家族中,经理会照顾好员工,并期望员工致力于公司的发展,并在必要时致力于为公司利益牺牲自己的个人利益,从长远来看,员工将从中受益匪浅。但是对于法国人来说,公司只是一个松散的社会组织,个人应该照顾好自己和家人。止匕外,法国人在家庭中做出决定的方式也可能不同于典型的日本人,后者通常不涉及女性,而决定权通常取决于占主导地位的男性。由于日本人和法国人之间存在文化差异,因此罗格朗先生的决定使田中先生感到傻眼。Case11【98】Incidentssuchasthesecanpointtopossibleculturaldifferencesinso-called—politellbehavior,andatthesametimehighlightthetendencyforpeopletoreactemotionallytounexpectedbehavior.Peopleinmostcultureswouldprobablyagreethatanapologyisneededwhenanoffenceorviolationofsocialnormshastakenplace.However,theremaybedifferingopinionsastowhenweshouldapologize(whatsituationscallforanapology)andhowweshouldapologize.TomanyWesterners,JapaneseapologizemorefrequentlyandanapologyinJapanesedoesnotnecessarilymeanthatthepersonisacknowledgingafault.TomanyJapanese,WesternersmayseemtoberudejustbecausetheydonotapologizeasoftenastheJapanesewoulddo.Inthiscase,forinstance,theattitudeoftheAustralianstudent’sparentsisshockingtotheJapanesebutwillbeacceptableinanEnglish-speakingsociety,forthestudentisalreadyanadultandcanberesponsibleforherowndeeds.此类事件可能表明在所谓的“礼貌”行为中可能存在文化差异,同时突显了人们对意料之外的行为做出情感反应的趋势。在大多数文化中,人们可能会同意,在发生违反或违反社会规范的情况下,需要道歉。但是,关于何时应该道歉(什么情况需要道歉)以及我们应该道歉的方式可能有不同的看法。对于许多西方人来说,日本人道歉的频率更高,用日语道歉并不一定意味着该人承认自己有过错。对于许多日本人来说,西方人似乎很粗鲁,因为他们不像日本人那样道歉。例如,在这种情况下,澳大利亚学生的父母的态度震惊了日本人,但在说英语的社会中是可以接受的,因为该学生已经是成年人,可以为自己的行为负责。Case12【page98】Inthiscase,itseemsthattheChineseexpectationswerenotfulfilled.First,havingtwopeoplesharinghostresponsibilitiescouldbesomewhatconfusingtothehierarchicallymindedChinese.Second,becauseageisoftenviewedasanindicationofseniority,theChinesemighthaveconsideredtheyouthoftheirCanadianhostsasslighttotheirownstatus.Third,inChina,itistraditionalforthehosttoofferawelcometoastatthebeginningofthemeal,whichisthereciprocatedbytheguests;bynotdoingso,theCanadianmightbethoughtrude.TheabruptdepartureoftheChinesefollowingthebanquetwasprobablyanindicationthattheywerenotpleasedwiththewaytheyweretreated.TheCanadians4lackofunderstandingoftheChinesecultureandtheChinesewaysofcommunicationclearlycostthemintheirbusinessdealingswiththevisitingdelegation.在这种情况下,中国的期望似乎没有得到满足。首先,让两个人分担主持人的责任可能会使中国的分层意识有些混乱。其次,由于年龄通常被视为资历的标志,因此中国人可能认为其加拿大东道国的青年人对自己的地位不满。第三,在中国,主持人通常在用餐开始时就提供敬酒,这是客人的回报。如果不这样做,加拿大人可能会被认为是粗鲁的。宴会后中国人突然离开,可能表明他们对他们的待遇不满意。加拿大人对中国文化和中国人的沟通方式缺乏了解,显然使他们与来访代表团的业务往来付出了代价。Case13【142】Thisexamplevividlyillustratesthatfailuresininterculturaltranslationmayprobablyleadtoveryseriousconsequence,orevendisasterstohumanbeings.Definitely,translationisnotsuchasimpleprocessasrenderingaword,asentenceoratextliterally,butratherafarmorecomplexonethanmostpeopleassumed.Forexample,onceaChinesecosmeticmanufacturerwantedtopromotetheirproductsintotheinternationalmarket.Thesloganoftheadvertisementwas:—sweetasJade,sinceinChinese-jadewasalwaysemployedtocomplimentwoman’sbeauty;butunfortunately,itwasnotanappropriatewordtodescribethebeautyofaladyinWesterncultures.InEnglish,—jadellinitsuseofreferringawomanhadtheconnotationssuchasvulgar,rude,immoral,orskittish.Undoubtedly,thesalesinEuropeancountrieswerenotsatisfying.Theseemingequivalentsbetweenlanguagesmayhaveverydifferentconnotationsindifferentcultures,thusthetranslatorshouldbecautiousintheprocessofdoingthetranslationsoastoavoidmisunderstandings.这个例子生动地说明了跨文化翻译的失败可能会导致非常严重的后果,甚至给人类带来灾难。毫无疑问,翻译不是一个简单的过程,如直接翻译一个单词,一个句子或一个文本,而是比大多数人想象的复杂得多。例如,曾经有一家中国化妆品制造商想要将其产品推广到国际市场。广告的口号是:“甜如玉”,因为中文中“玉”一直被用来赞美女人的美丽;但不幸的是,在西方文化中用“女人的美”来形容这不是一个恰当的词。用英语来说,“玉器”在指代女人时具有粗俗,粗鲁,不道德或轻率的含义。毫无疑问,在欧洲国家的销售并不令人满意。在不同的文化中,语言之间看似对等的含义可能有非常不同的含义,因此翻译人员在翻译过程中应谨慎行事,以免造成误解。Case14【page142】“杨"referstoYangKaihuiwhowasMaoZedong’sdeceasedwifeand“柳"referstoLiuzhixunwhowasLishuyi,sdeceasedhusband.Theycanbetranslatedindifferentways,butitseemstobeverydifficult,ifnotimpossible,toachieveequivalenceintranslatingfromChineseintoEnglish.Adoptingtheliteraltranslationstrategy,version1appearstobefaithfultotheoriginalbutmayeasilyconfusethereadersinthetargetlanguage.Version2employstheliberaltranslationstrategywithanattempttoconveytheoriginalmeaningaspreciselyaspossible.However,theoriginalpoeticflavorislostastherhetoricdevice—pun—isnotreproduced.Case15【page143】Thetranslationseemstobefaithfultotheoriginal,butitmaynotbereallygoodforthepurposeofinterculturalcommunication.Foreignreadersofthetranslationmayfinditstrangeandinappropriate.ThefollowingiswhatafriendlyAmericanjournalisthascommentedonthetranslation:Myfirstreactionwasunfortunatelylaughterbecauseitissofullofmistakes.ItomitssomenecessaryinformationabouttheDragon-BoatFestival,includingitshistoricaloriginsandwhenitactuallytakesplace.Thesethingsareimportant...Thecopyseemstotryto—snowllthereaderwithfanciful,overblownassertionsabouthowterrificitallis,butinunintentionallyhilariouslanguagethatleavesthereaderlaughingoutuninformed.Thebrochurealsosuffersfromlackofbackgroundmaterial,thetaking-if-for-grantedthatthereaderalreadyisfamiliarwithmanyaspectsofChinesehistoryandculture?visitinganareawanttoknow.WhyisitthatmanyChinesetravelguidesreadbasicallythesame,nomatterwhatregionisbeingwrittenabout,andaresopackedwithindiscriminatehyperbole?Lessexaggerationwouldactuallybemoreconvincing.Itdoesn’ttellyouwheretogo,howtogetthere,whenthingsareopenandclosed,howmuchtheycost,andsoforth.Allthesearethingspeople该翻译似乎忠实于原著,但对于跨文化交流的目的而言可能并不那么好。翻译的外国读者可能会觉得它奇怪而不合适。以下是一位友好的美国记者对译文的评论:不幸的是,我的第一反应是大笑,因为它充满了错误。它忽略了有关端午节的一些必要信息,包括其历史渊源和实际发生时间。这些事情很重要……该副本似乎试图以幻想,夸张的说法“欺骗”读者,说明这一切都是多么的可怕,但这种措词是无意的,使读者嘲笑不了解情况……这本小册子还缺少背景资料,如果想当然地认为读者已经熟悉中国历史和文化的许多方面?想要知道的地区。为什么无论写在哪个地区,许多中国旅行指南的阅读方式基本上都是相同的,而且充斥着乱七八糟的夸张?少一点夸张实际上会更有说服力。它不会告诉您要去哪里,如何到达那里,何时打开和关闭事物,花费多少等等。这些都是人的事。Case16【page144】ComparingthetwoEnglishversions,wecanseethatinYang’sversionmoreculturally-loadedmeaningsareconveyedfromtheoriginalwhileHawkes'versionmaybeeasierforEnglish-speakingreaderstocomprehend.Lookatsomeofthedifferencesbetweenthetwoversionsofthisextract:比较这两个英文版本,我们可以看到,在杨的版本中,原版传达了更具文化内涵的含义,而说英语的读者可能更容易理解霍克斯的版本。查看此摘录的两个版本之间的一些区别:贾母TheLadyDowager/GrandmotherJia老祖宗OldAncestress/Grannydear凤辣子FieryPhoenix/PeppercornFeng二舅母王氏LadyWang,herseconduncle’swife/herUncleZheng’swife,LadyWang学名叫做王熙凤theschool-roomnameHis-feng/thesomewhatboyish-soundingnameofTai-yulostnotimeingreetingherwithasmileas—cousin./WangXi-feng黛玉忙赔笑见礼,以“嫂"呼之Dai-yuaccordinglysmiledandcurt-eyed,greetingherbyhercorrectnameasshedidso.竟不象老祖宗的外孙女儿Shedoesn’ttakeafterherfather,son-in-lawofourOldAncestress/Shedoesn’ttakeafteryoursideofthefamily,Ganny.怨不得老祖宗天天嘴里心里放不下NowonderourOldAncestresscouldn'tputyououtofhermindandwasforevertalkingandthinkingaboutyou./Idon'tblameyouforhavinggoneonsoaboutherduringthepastfewdays现吃什么药?Whatmedicineareyoutaking?/NottranslatedAndtherearesomeculturally-loadedexpressionsinthetextthatseemtodefytranslation:琏二嫂子内侄女以“嫂”呼之外孙女儿嫡亲的孙女儿妹妹Bycomparingdifferenttranslationsofthesametext,wecanachieveabetterunderstandingofculturalgapsanddifferencesandthenlearntoemployproperstrategiestobridgethosegapsintranslatingacrosslanguagesforinterculturalcommunication.通过比较同一文本的不同翻译,我们可以更好地理解文化差异和差异,然后学会在跨语言翻译进行跨文化交流时采用适当的策略来弥合这些差异。Case17【page176】Whenthesetwomenseparate,theymayleaveeachotherwithverydifferentimpressions.Mr.RichardsonisverypleasedtohavemadetheacquaintanceofMr.Chuandfeelstheyhavegottenofftoaverygoodstart.Theyhaveestablishedtheirrelationshiponafirst-namebasisandMrChusmileseemedtoindicatethathewillbefriendlyandeasytodobusinesswith.MrRichardsonisparticularlypleasedthathewillbefriendlyandeasytodobusinesswith.MrRichardsonisparticularlypleasedthathehadtreatedMrChuwithrespectforhisChinesebackgroundbycallinghimHon-fairatherthanusingthewesternname,David,whichseemedtohimanunnecessaryimpositionofwesternculture.Incontrast,MrChufeelsquiteuncomfortablewithMrRichardson.Hefeelsitwillbedifficulttoworkwithhim,andthatMrRiehardsonmightberatherinsensitivetoculturaldifferences.Heisparticularlybotheredthat,steadofcallinghimDavidorMr.Chu,MrRichardsonusedhisgivenname,Hon-fai,thenamerarelyusedbyanyone,infactItwasthisembarrassmentwhichcausedhimtosmile.HewouldfeelmorecomfortableiftheycalledeachotherMr.ChuandMr.Richardson.Nevertheless,whenhewasawayatschoolinNorthAmericahelearnedthatAmericansfeeluncomfortablecallingpeopleMr.foranyextendedperiodoftime.Hissolutionwastoadoptawesternname.HechoseDavidforuseinsuchsituations.当这两个人分开时,他们可能会给彼此留下非常不同的印象。理查森先生非常高兴与朱先生相识,并感到他们有了一个很好的开端。他们已经以名字建立了关系,朱先生的笑容似乎表明他将友好并且容易开展业务。理查森先生特别高兴他将友好并且容易开展业务。理查森先生特别高兴他称呼朱先生尊重他的中国背景洪辉没有使用西方名字戴维(David),在他看来西方的文化没有必要。相比之下,朱先生对理查森先生感到非常不自在。他觉得与他一起工作将很困难,而且理查森先生可能对文化差异。他特别烦恼,而不是称他为大卫或先生朱(Chu),理查森(Richardson)先生使用了他的名字叫本辉(Hon-fai),这个名字很少有人使用,实际上正是这种尴尬使他笑了。他会感到更如果他们互相叫朱先生和理查森先生,那就很舒服。不过,当他在北美上学时,他发现美国人感到长时间不方便打电话给别人先生。他的解决方案是采用西方名称。他选择戴维在这种情况下使用。EveniftheAmericanknewUrdu,thelanguagespokeninPakistan,hewouldalsohavetounderstandthecultureofcommunicationinthatcountrytorespondappropriately.Inthiscase,hehadtosay一Noatleastthreetimes.Insomecountries,forinstance,theUkraine,itmayhappenthataguestispressedasmanyassevenoreighttimestotakemorefood,whereasintheUKitwouldbeunusualtodosomorethantwice.ForaUkrainian,todoittheBritishwaywouldsuggestthepersonisnotactuallygenerous.Indeed,Britishrecipientsofsuchhospitalitysometimesfeelthattheirhostisbehavingimpolitelybyforcingthemintoabind,sincetheyrunoutofpoliterefusalstrategieslongbeforetheUkrainianhosthasexhaustedhis/herrepertoireofpoliteinsistencestrategies.即使美国人知道乌尔都语(巴基斯坦使用的语言),他也必须了解该国的交流文化才能做出回应适当地。在这种情况下,他至少必须说一遍“否”。在某些国家(例如,乌克兰),可能发生客人被压多达七到八次以摄取更多食物的情况,而在英国则可能是这样做比twrice更不寻常。对于乌克兰人来说,以英国方式暗示这个人实际上并不宽容。的确,接受这种招待的英国接受者有时会觉得他们的主人强迫他们束手无策,这是不礼貌的行为,因为他们没有礼貌地拒绝。乌克兰东道主用尽礼貌手段之前的坚持策略。Talkingaboutwhat,swrongisnoteasyforpeopleisanyculture,butpeopleinhigh-contextcountrieslikeChinaouthighpriorityonkeepingharmony,preventinganyonefromlosingface,andnurturingtherelationship.ItseemsthatPonKellyhadtolearnadifferentwayofsendingmessagewhenhewasinChina.AthomeinCanadahewouldhavegonedirectlytothepoint.ButinChina,goingdirectlytotheproblemwithsomeonemaysuggestthatheorshehasfailedtoliveuptohisorherresponsibilityandthehonorofhisorherorganizationisinquestion.Inhigh-contextcultureslikeChina,suchamessageisseriousanddamaging,Inlow-contextcultures,however,thetendencyisjustto--spititout,togetitintowordsandworryabouttheresultlater.Sendersofunwelcomemessagesuseobjectivefacts,assuming.aswithpersuasion,thatfactsareneutral,instrumental,andimpersonal.Indirectnessisoftenthewaymembersofhigh-contextcultureschoosetocommunicateaboutaproblem.任何人谈论错在哪里都不是一种文化,但是像中国这样的高语境国家的人们在保持和睦,防止任何人丢脸和培养人际关系方面处于高度优先地位。庞•凯利(PonKelly)来中国时似乎不得不学习一种不同的信息发送方式。在加拿大的家中,他本可以直接解决

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