Chapter-7-Systems-theory.1英语教学课件

Chapter7

SystemstheoryOutlineofthechapterKeyconceptsPolysystemtheoryTouryanddescriptivetranslationstudies(DTS)Chesterman’stranslationnormsOthermodelsofDTSPolysystemtheoryPolysystemtheorywasdevelopedinthe1970sbytheIsraelischolarItamarEven-ZoharborrowingideasfromtheRussianFormalistsofthe1920s.DefinitionofpolysystemThepolysystemisconceivedasaheterogeneous,

hierarchizedconglomerate(orsystem)ofsystemwhichinteracttobringaboutanongoing,dynamicprocessofevolutionwithinthepolysystemasawhole.Threemajorcaseswhentranslatedliteratureoccupiestheprimaryposition1.whena“young”literatureisbeingestablishedandlooksinitiallyto“older”literaturesforready-mademodels.2.whenaliteratureis“peripheral”or“weak”andimportsthoseliterarytypeswhichitislacking.3.whenthereisacriticalturningpointinliteraryhistoryatwhichestablishedmodelsarenolongerconsideredsufficient,orwhenthereisavacuumintheliteratureofthecountry.Wherenotypeholdssway,itiseasierforforeignmodelstoassumeprimacy.Translationstrategiesinfluencedbythepositionoccupiedbytranslatedliterature1.adequatetranslation(异化）2.non-adequatetranslation（归化）Genztler’scriticismonpolysystemtheory1.theadvantagesofpolysystemtheory2.criticismsofpolysystemtheoryTouryanddescriptivetranslationstudies(DTS)prescriptivetranslationstudies（PTS)anddescriptivetranslationstudies(DTS)PTS指译者对自己的实践经验加以总结，形成一些规则和理论用以指导翻译实践，而DTS就是把翻译放到政治、经济、文化中去研究，DTS从宏观的角度研究翻译，它试图探讨翻译在社会上所发挥的作用和要达到的目的。Holmes’smapoftranslationstudies

(fromToury)SignificanceofDTSThree-phasemethodologyforsystematicDTS1.Situatethetextwithinthetargetculturesystem,lookingatitssignificanceandacceptability.2.ComparetheSTandTTforshifts,identifyingrelationshipsbetween“coupledpairs”ofSTandTTsegments,andattemptinggeneralizationabouttheunderlyingconceptoftranslation.3.Drawimplicationsfordecision-makinginfuturetranslating.TheconceptofnormsoftranslationThedefinitionof“norms”Thetranslationofgeneralvaluesorideassharedbyacommunity–astowhatisrightorwrong,adequateorinadequate—intoperformanceinstructionsappropriateforandapplicabletoparticularsituations.“norms”areconstructedfromtwotypesofsources1.fromtheexaminationoftexts,theproductsofnorm-governedactivity.(来自篇章内）2.fromtheexplicitstatementsmadeaboutnormsbytranslators,publishers,reviewersandotherparticipantsintranslationact.（来自篇章外）Threetypesof“norms”1.initialnorm(首要规范）2.preliminarynorms(初步规范）3.operationalnorms(操作规范）Thenotionof“equivalence”proposedbyToury‘Laws’oftranslation1.Thelawofgrowingstandardization2.Thelawofinterference(介入)Intranslation,textualrelationsareoftenmodified,orsometimesevenbeingignoredinfavourofhabitualoptions.(disruptionoftheSTpatternsandselectionofcommonlinguisticoptionsofTL)TL-orientedSeesinterferencefromSTtoTTas‘akindofdefault’.TouryconsiderstoleranceofinterferencetodependonSocioculturalfactors;Andtheprestigeofthedifferentliterarysystems.STlinguisticfeaturesbeingcopiedintheTTST-orientedToury’smodelinactionConjointphraseableBinomial相近词e.g.Near-synonymtalented

HediscussesthesignificanceofthephrasesinHebrewliterature,indicatingthattheiruseisprevalentinoldwrittenHebrewtexts.Butsuchpreferencehasdeclined.

However,TourysuggeststhatthenumberofsuchphrasesinHebrewtranslationsishigherthaninHebrewSTsandtranslationsalsocontainmorenewlycoinedor“free”combinationsratherthanfixedphrases.Frequentuseofconjointphrases,particularlyinplaceofsinglelexicalitemsintheST,mayrepresentauniversaloftranslationintosystemswhichareyoung,orotherwise“weak”.Thisclaimmightbetestedinfuture.TheconsiderationoftranslatedliteratureaspartofahierarchicalsystemshowsthewayDTSinterlinkswithpolysystemtheory.ThegeneralizationTranslationofMarkTwain’sConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur’sCourtDeliberateuseoffrequentconjointphrasesinHebrewtocreate‘aparodisticairof“stylisticarchaism(文体守旧性)”’ApplicationDiscussionofToury’sworkConsProsInfluenceAnimportantsteptowardssettingfirmfoundationsforfuturedescriptivework.FourimportantimpactsontranslationstudieslistedbyGentzler.(P117)Herman(overloking)Gentzler(generalizeorevenovergeneralize)Whetherthetranslator’sdecision-makingreallyissufficientlypatternedastobeuniversalized.Thetwolawsaretosomeextentcontradictory.Confusionof‘adequate’and‘acceptable’Notfullyobjective

orreplicable.Chesterman’stranslationnormsHestatesthatallnorms‘exertaprescriptivepressure’.ThetwonormsheproposesProductorexpectancynorms(产品或期待规范)1.theaccountabiltynorm

Professionalnorms（责任规范、ethical）(职业规范)

2.thecommunicationnorm

（交际规范、social）

3.the‘relation’norm

（关系规范、linguisitic）Lambert,vanGorp,

andtheManipulationSchool(操纵学派)PublicationofTheManipulationofLiterature:StudiesinLiteraryTranslationLambertandvanGorpdividetheschemeintofoursections:Preliminarydata(初始数据)Macro-level(宏观数据)Micro-level(微观数据)S