设备管理电能设备英文

设备管理电能设备英文Section1EMCOFELECTRICALPOWEREQUIPMENT感谢阅读MUTUALINDUCTANCEBETWEENWIRESINHELICALLY感谢阅读TWISTEDPOWERCABLESBERNDW.JAEKEL,GERMANYSiemensAG,AutomationandDrives,Germany,e-mail:@谢谢阅读Abstract.Thearrangementoftheconductorsinamulti-精品文档放心下载corepowercableleadstoasituationwherevariousconductorloopsarebuiltup.Oneorseveralloopsareforme谢谢阅读dbythephaseandneutralconductorswiththeoperationalcurrentflowingintheseconductors.Afurtherloop感谢阅读isbuiltupbytheprotectiveearthconductorwhichisconnectedtotheequipotentialbondingsystematsevera谢谢阅读llocations.Theareaofthisloopisessentiallyarrangedoutsideofthepowercable.Theinductivecouplingf谢谢阅读romthephaseconductorloopsintothatloopcausesmonmodevoltagesintheprotectiveearthsystemwithconse感谢阅读quentmonmodecurrents.Itcanbedemonstratedthatthiseffecteventakesplaceinthecaseofbalancedphasec精品文档放心下载urrentsinthecable.Numericalsimulationsandparameterstudieswerecarriedoutinordertodescribethise感谢阅读ffectquantitativelyandtoinvestigatetheinfluenceofdifferentcableparametersontotheresultingmonm感谢阅读odevoltages.Introductionalmechanismscanbeidentifiedwhichnevertheless谢谢阅读Powercablesrepresentponentsofanentirepowersuleadtothegenerationofmonmodevoltagesandmonmo感谢阅读pplynetworkwhichcanbecarriedoutindifferenttydecurrentseveninthecaseofbalancedloadedTN-感谢阅读pes.Ifanearthedsystemisrequired,i.e.asystemwSpowernetsystems.感谢阅读hichisconnectedtothelocalreferenceearth,mainLowVoltagePowerCables感谢阅读lytwotypesofsupplynetworkscanbedistinguishedMulti-感谢阅读:TN-CandTN-S.FromanEMCpointofviewaTN-corelowvoltagepowercablesconsistofthephaseco感谢阅读Spowernetworkshoulddefinitelybepreferred[1].nductorsand–谢谢阅读Inthistypeofnetworktheneutralandprotectiveeadependingonthegroundingarrangementofthepower感谢阅读rth(PE)conductorsarestrictlyseparatedexceptasupplynetwork–精品文档放心下载tonenetpointwherebothconductorsareconnected,ofaneutralconductorand/oraPEconductor.Anexam精品文档放心下载normallyatthetransformerortheswitchgear.ThispleforthestructureofapowercableisshowninFig.精品文档放心下载typeofinstallationpreventsthatanyoperational1foracableoftypeNYY.Eachoftheconductorsaswel精品文档放心下载currentsflowoutsideofthephaseandneutralcondulastheentireconductorarrangementarecoveredby精品文档放心下载ctors.Nocablenetcurrentsshouldexistandtherefaninsulationforwhichamaterialischosendependi感谢阅读oretheequipotentialbondingsystemisgenerallyangonthespecificrequirementsandfieldsofapplic谢谢阅读ssumedtobefreeofanyoperationalcurrents.Butwhations[2].谢谢阅读enlookinginmoredetailatthistypeofnetworkandaThenindividualinsulatedconductorsaretwistedt精品文档放心下载tthephysicalstructureofpowercablessomephysicogetherandeachconductorcanberepresentedbyahe精品文档放心下载licalline.Anappropriatecylindricalcoordinatepotentialbondingsystem.Thiseffectcanbeexplai谢谢阅读systemfordescribingthespatialarrangementofacnedbymeansofaschematicsketchofa4-谢谢阅读onductorisshowninFig.2togetherwiththerelevanconductorcableasshowninFig.3.Forreasonsofcla精品文档放心下载tparameterssuchasaastheradiusofthehelicallinritythetwistingoftheconductorsisnotshowninth谢谢阅读ewithrespecttothecentrelineofthecableandthepefigure.谢谢阅读itchdistancepasthetwistlengthofthecable,i.e.Fig.2:Atwistedconductor(helicalline)inacylin谢谢阅读thelengthofthecableperrotationoftheconductordricalcoordinatesystem[3]精品文档放心下载s.ForsimplicityreasonsonlyoneconductorisshowTheconductorsL1,L2forexampleformaspatialloop精品文档放心下载n.Thefurthern-inwhichthephasecurrentIL1-精品文档放心下载1conductorscanberepresentedassimilarlinesandL2flows.Correspondingloopsarebuiltupbythearra谢谢阅读theyarerotatedbyanangle=3600/nwithrespecttongementofconductorsL1-L3andL2-谢谢阅读thatoneshowninFig.2.L3withtheloopcurrentsIL1-L3andIL2-精品文档放心下载Fig.1:Multi-corepowercableoftypeNYYL3,respectively.AfurtherloopresultsfromthePEc谢谢阅读CommonModeVoltagesinPowerCablesonductorwhichisconnecttotheequipotentialbond谢谢阅读ThemagneticfluxdensityBcausedbythecurrentsiningsystembyconductivestructures.Thisloopissh精品文档放心下载theindividualconductorscanbecalculatedbymeanownasPE-LoopinFig.3.谢谢阅读softheBiot-Fig.3:Mechanismforgenerationofmonmodevoltage精品文档放心下载Savartlaw,aslongasthesituationatthepowerfreqs感谢阅读uencyrangeisconsidered:TheinducedvoltageUPEinthePE-谢谢阅读Loopcanbederivedbymeansofthemutualinductance感谢阅读(1)sbetweenthevariousphaseconductorloopsandtheP谢谢阅读IrepresentsthephasoroftheexcitingalternatingE-谢谢阅读current,rwithitscylindricalcoordinatesr,,zLooporaccordinglybythemutualinductancebetwee精品文档放心下载denotestheobservationpointandr’withitscylinnthecurrentcarryingphaseconductorsandthePE-感谢阅读dricalcoordinatesr’,’,z’meansavariablepLoop:谢谢阅读ointonthelinecurrent.Thoughthisexpressioncan(2感谢阅读beeasilysolvedinthecaseofstraightwires,thesi)精品文档放心下载tuationisrelativelyplexinthecaseofpowercablewiththemutualinductancesMLi-谢谢阅读swherethevariousconductorsaretwistedandeachcPE(i=1,2,3)tobederivedby精品文档放心下载onductorcanberepresentedbyahelicalsolenoid(s(3)感谢阅读eeFig.2).BLirepresentsthemagneticfluxdensitycausedbyth精品文档放心下载Inpowercableswhereaprotectiveearthconductor(ecurrentIiinconductorLi(i=1,2,3)andStheareaof感谢阅读PE-thePE-Loop[4].conductor)istwistedalongwiththephaseconductoFig.3showsthesituationforafour-谢谢阅读rsaninductivecouplingexistsbetweenthephasecoconductorcable.Fromthecross-精品文档放心下载nductorloopsandaloopbuiltupbythePE-sectionoftheentirecableconfigurationitcanbes感谢阅读conductoranditsconnectingstructurestotheequieenthatthereisnototalsymmetrywhenlookingatth精品文档放心下载ethreemutualinductancesbetweenthephaseconducsgiventheretoestimatethefieldstrengthversusd谢谢阅读torsandtheprotectiveearthloop.Henceanetmutuaistancetothetwistedphaseconductorarrangement感谢阅读linductanceresultsleadingtoanetinducedmonmod.感谢阅读evoltage–Therearedifferentpossibilitiestodeterminethe感谢阅读andamonmodecurrentinthecaseofaclosedloop,resamplitudeoftheinducedvoltageUPE:谢谢阅读pectively.byanalyticallyperformedintegrationtec精品文档放心下载TheBiot-hniquesSavartintegral(1)neededinordertodetermineBLi,bynumericalsimulationsor谢谢阅读however,cannotbecalculatedanalyticallyforacubymeasurements.谢谢阅读rrentinahelicalconductorarrangement.ThemagneTheintegrationofthemagneticfluxdensityacross感谢阅读ticvectorpotentialhastobeusedandaseriesexpantheareaofthePEloopresultsinthetotalmagneticf谢谢阅读sionofthereciprocaldistancebetweentheobservaluxandsubsequentlyintheinducedvoltage.Thisap感谢阅读tionpointandavariablepointontheconductorhastproach,however,representsaveryplextask,becau谢谢阅读obeintroduced.Usingsomewell-seontheonehandtheexpressions(4),(5)and(6)wit精品文档放心下载knowntrigonometrictheoremstogetherwithBesselhtheBesselfunctionshavetobeintegratedandonth谢谢阅读functionsthefollowingequationsforthediffereneothersidetheseequationswhicharevalidforobse感谢阅读tponentsofthemagneticfluxdensityvectorcanbedrvationpointsoutsidethecablehavetobeconsider精品文档放心下载erivedforobservationpointsoutside(r>a)theheledaswellascorrespondingequationswhichdescrib感谢阅读icalarrangement[5]:ethesituationinsidethepowercable[5].Noanalyt精品文档放心下载icalresultsorapproximateprocedureswerefoundi谢谢阅读(4nthetechnicalliteraturewhichoffersolutions.精品文档放心下载)NumericalSimulationsWithintheframeofnumericalsimulationsthetwist谢谢阅读(5edconductorsaswellasthegeneratedPE-谢谢阅读)loophavetobemodelledspatially.Aschematicrepr谢谢阅读esentationforthephysicalmodelofatwistedpower感谢阅读(6cableisgiveninFig.4.Forthesimulationsthegeom精品文档放心下载)etricaldataofacableoftype4x25mm2areusedwhere谢谢阅读withatwistlength(pitch)of0.4mwasconsidered.ThePE精品文档放心下载-isthecoordinateofthepointwherethehelixintersconductorofthecableisconnectedtoconductivest感谢阅读ectstheplaneructures(ofequipotentialbondingsystem)andacl谢谢阅读:modifiedBesselfunctionsoffirstandsecondkindosedloopresults.Thedimensionsofthelooparelen精品文档放心下载ofordern():theirderivatives)gthLandwidthW.感谢阅读In[5]thecorrespondinginvestigationsareexpand精品文档放心下载edtothesituationofatwistedthree-感谢阅读phasearrangement.Furthermoreanapproximationi感谢阅读Theinducedvoltagelinearlyincreaseswithincrea谢谢阅读(a)singlongitudinallengthLoftheloop.Thisbehavio精品文档放心下载twistedcablewithPE-loopWurcanbeexpectedduetotheresultingconductorconfigurationwherethearrangementofthePEconducto谢谢阅读risconstantwithrespecttothephaseconductors.H感谢阅读encethePE-(b)detailof(a)showingindividualtwistedconductorsandconnectionofPE-

loopisexposedtoconstantmagneticfieldsalongth

loopconductorsoutsidethecable精品文档放心下载ecablelengthresultinginaconstantinducedvolta

Fig.4:Spatialmodelofapowercable精品文档放心下载geperlengthunit.Thisbehaviourwasfoundalsobym

Thesimulationswereperformedbymeansoftheputer精品文档放心下载eansofexperimentalinvestigations[7].Fromthes

programCONCEPTwhichbasesontheMethodofMoments谢谢阅读lopeofthelineacoefficientcanbederivedwhichex

[6].Thismethodandprogramallowsmodellingofall感谢阅读pressestheinducedvoltagepercable/looplengtha

theconductivestructuresofthearrangementunder谢谢阅读ndwhichisabout0.44µVm/Hz.consideration.Thephaseconductorsareexcitedby谢谢阅读Inthecaseofabalancedthreephasesystemwithphas

meansofathreephasevoltagesourceandallthevolt谢谢阅读ecurrentIandtakingintoaccountthephaserelatio感谢阅读agesandcurrentscanbecalculatedwhichareinduce精品文档放心下载nship,equation(2)canbesimplifiedinordertodes

dinanyconductiveelementofthemodel.精品文档放心下载cribetherelationbetweentheinducedvoltageUPE,t

Theamplitudeoftheinducedmonmodevoltagedepend精品文档放心下载hefrequencyfofthecurrentsandtheiramplitudes:谢谢阅读sontheactualcableparametersandthecableinstal谢谢阅读(7)lationcondition.Inafirststepthedependencyont精品文档放心下载withMNETasthenetmutualinductancederivedfromth

hephasecurrentamplitudesandthephasecurrentfr谢谢阅读esuperpositionoftheindividualmutualinductanc

equenciesintherangefromseveralHztoseveralhun精品文档放心下载es.AccordingtothisrelationamutualinductanceM

dredsofHz,heelectricallylowfrequencyr感谢阅读’NET=70nHpermeterlengthresultswhentheinduced

angewereinvestigated.Inbothcasesalinearcorre谢谢阅读voltageUPEisconsideredasderivedabove.精品文档放心下载lationbetweeninducedvoltageandcurrentandfreq感谢阅读Themutualinductanceisexpectedtodependonsever

uency,respectively,couldbefound.Thisclearlyi谢谢阅读alcableparameters.Correspondinginvestigation

ndicatesthatthephysicalmechanismwhichcausest谢谢阅读sconcerningtheamplitudesoftheinducedvoltageU

heinducedvoltageisaninductivecouplingbetween谢谢阅读PEwereperformedforvariouscableparametersandca

thecurrentcarryingphaseconductorsandthePE-感谢阅读bleconfigurations[8].Fromthoseresultscanbede

loop.谢谢阅读rivedthatthereisnearlynodependencyonthetwist

FurthermorethevoltageinducedintothePE-精品文档放心下载length(pitch)ofthepowercableconductorsatleas

loopwascalculatedforvaryinglengthsoftheloops精品文档放心下载tforpracticaltwistlengthsofmorethanabout40cm

,i.e.forvaryinglongitudinaldimensionsofthere感谢阅读.Furthermorethereisonlyasmallimpactoftheheli

sultingloopbuiltupbythePE-谢谢阅读calradiusofthepowercableconductors.Thisfactw

conductorofthepowercableandtheequipotentialb谢谢阅读asfoundalsobymeansofmeasurementswheretheresu

ondingsystem.TheresultsaregiveninFig.5.谢谢阅读ltsofa4x95mm2powercablearenearlythesameasint

Fig.5:InducedvoltageversuslengthLofthePE-感谢阅读hepresentcaseofa4x25mm2powercable[7].

loop精品文档放心下载SincetheinductivecouplinghastoconsiderthePE-onductor(seeFig.7)inafiveconductorarrangemen谢谢阅读loopdimensionsasignificantimpactoftheloopwidtwhereonlythreephaseconductorscarryacurrent.谢谢阅读thWmightbeexpected.ForthesamepowercableasdesConclusion精品文档放心下载cribedabove(4x25mm2,40cmpitchlength)thewidthInpowercableswithtwistedPEconductorsamonmode精品文档放心下载ofthePE-voltageisinducedbythecurrentsinthephasecondu精品文档放心下载loopwasvariedintherangebetween5cmand100cm.Thctors.Thisisvalideveninthecaseofbalancedcurr精品文档放心下载isvariationreflectspotentialinfluencesduetoventsandisduetothefactthatthePEconductorhasac感谢阅读ariationofthecablelayingabovegroundoraboveeqertainasymmetrywithrespecttothephaseconducto感谢阅读uivalentequipotentialbondingstructures.Thecorsresultinginanetmagneticfluxthroughtheloopb谢谢阅读rrespondingresultsconcerningthevoltageinduceuiltupbythePEconductorandstructuresoftheequi精品文档放心下载dinthePE-potentialbondingsystem.谢谢阅读loopareshowninFig.6.TheinducedvoltageandhencFig.7:Arrangementofconductorsinafive-感谢阅读ealsothemutualinductanceMNETdoesnotshowanysigconductorpowercable感谢阅读nificantchangewithvaryingPEloopwidth.Theamplitudeoftheinducedvoltagedependsstrong感谢阅读Fig.6:InducedvoltageversuswidthWoftheloopforlyonthelooplengthbutonlyslightlyontheloopwid感谢阅读twoexemplarylooplengthsof1.2mand2mthandoncableparameterssuchastwistlengthorcon感谢阅读Thisresultcanbeexplainedbythefactthatthemostductorcross-谢谢阅读dominantpartofthevoltageisinducedbythosemagnsection.Henceamutualinductanceperunitlengthc感谢阅读eticfieldsintheveryclosevicinityofthephasecoanbederivedtoexpresstheinducedvoltage.Itisin谢谢阅读nductors.Themagneticfluxdensitywhichresultsftherangeofabout70–精品文档放心下载romallthephaseconductorsdecreasesrapidlyandn100nH/mandcanbeusedtoestimateinducedmonmodec谢谢阅读orelevantcontributionsexistfordistancesofmorurrents.精品文档放心下载ethansomehelicalconductorradiibecausetheresuItshallbementionedthatthisphenomenontakespla感谢阅读ltantmagneticfluxdensitydecreasesnearlyexponceforcableswithtwistedPEconductorsonly.Itdoe谢谢阅读entiallywithincreasingdistancefromthecable[9snotexistinthecaseofcableswithconcentricPEco感谢阅读].Henceforpracticalestimationstheinfluenceofnductorswhichthereforeshouldpreferablybeused精品文档放心下载theloopwidthWcanbeneglected.whenlowmagneticstrayfieldsarerequired.感谢阅读FurthermorethesituationwasinvestigatedwhenfiReferences谢谢阅读veconductors(5x25mm2)areusedinsteadoffour.Th1.IEC60364-4-谢谢阅读isvariationreflectstheusageoffive-44:Electricalinstallationsofbuildings–精品文档放心下载conductorcablesusedinTN-Part4-44:Protectionforsafety–谢谢阅读SnetworkswheretheNandPEconductorseparationisProtectionagainstvoltagedisturbancesandelect谢谢阅读established.Simulationresultsaredescribedin[romagneticdisturbances,2001-08精品文档放心下载8]andamutualinductanceMNET=95nHpermeterlength2.HeinholdL.,PowerCablesandtheirApplica感谢阅读canbederivedfromthose.Thishighervalueandhenction,SiemensAktiengesellschaft,BerlinandMuni精品文档放心下载ehighervaluesforinducedvoltagesUPEcanbeexplaich,1990谢谢阅读nedqualitativelybythehigherasymmetryofthePEc3.Petterson,P.andSchonborg,N.,Predictin谢谢阅读gthemagneticfieldfromtwistedthree-,Paper87M2感谢阅读phasearrangement,IEEE1997InternationalSympos7.MesserR.,Investigationoflowfrequencym精品文档放心下载iumonElectromagneticCompatibility,Austin,TX,agneticstrayfieldsofpowercablesandtheircoupl精品文档放心下载USA,1997,pp.513-17ingtogroundingloops,Projectreport,University谢谢阅读4.TescheF.M.,IanozM.V.andKarlssonT.,EMCofYork,UK,1994精品文档放心下载AnalysisMethodsandComputationalModels,JohnWi8.Jaekel,B.,Investigationsoninducedmonm感谢阅读ley&Sons,Inc.,NewYork,1997odevoltagesinpowercables,17thInternationalWro精品文档放心下载5.Hagel,R.,Gong.L.andUnbehauen,R.,OntheclawSymposiumandExhibitiononElectromagneticC精品文档放心下载MagneticFieldofanInfinitelyLongHelicalLineCuompatibility,Wroclaw,Poland,2004,pp.182-187感谢阅读rrent,IEEETransactionsonMagnetics,Vol.30,No.9.HaberF.,TheMagneticFieldintheVicinity感谢阅读1,pp.80-84,Jan1994ofParallelandTwistedThree-谢谢阅读6.MaderT.andBrünsH.-WireCableCarryingBalancedThree-精品文档放心下载D.,EFIEAnalysisofArbitraryMetallicStructuresPhasedCurrent,IEEETransactionsonEMC,Vol.EMC-精品文档放心下载intheAreaofEMC,9thInt.ZurichSymposiumandTech16,No.2,1974,pp.76-82.感谢阅读nicalExhibitiononEMC,Zurich,Switzerland,1991精品文档放心下载EFFECTIVENESSOFPERIODICALFREQUENCYSHIFTFORRADIOFREQUENCYEMISSIONSU感谢阅读PPRESSIONINDC/DCCONVERTERALEXANDERWORSHEVSKY,PETRWORSHEVSKY,RUSSIA感谢阅读Saint-PetersburgMarineTechnicalUniversity,e-mail:a.a.worshevsky@谢谢阅读Abstract.ADC/DCconverteristhesourceofradiofrequencynoise.Emissionreductionbyswitchingfrequenc谢谢阅读yshiftsisproposed.Frequencyshiftsupto30%cangivemorethan20dBnoisereductionintheory.Frequencysh感谢阅读ifts40-70%arelesseffectiveduetohigherharmonicsposition.Experimentsshow10dBnoisereductionfor20%freque感谢阅读ncyshifts.1.IntroductionDC/DCswitchconverter(fig.1)consumespulsecurr感谢阅读Semiconductorconvertersgeneratepulsevoltagesenti(t)fromDCsource.Itleadstovoltagechangein精品文档放心下载inelectricalmainsduetoswitchingprocess.Thespelectricalmains:感谢阅读ectrumofpulseperturbationsspreadsuptoradiofru=E-Ldi/dt,谢谢阅读equencies.Electromagneticpatibility(EMC)normwhereLisaninductanceofvoltagesource.精品文档放心下载shavetoreduceconductedandradiatednoise.TheusPulsevoltageamplitudesU1,U2areproportionaltot谢谢阅读eofstaticconvertersisinconstantprogress;theyhederivativeofi(t).Pulsedurationst1andt2areeq精品文档放心下载adaptthemainpowertothereapplications,asswitcualtocurrentrisetimeanddecaytime(fig.2).Peri谢谢阅读hedmodepowersuppliesandmotorcontrol.EmissionodofrepetitionisequalT=1/f,wherefistheswitch精品文档放心下载requirementsobligeconstructorstoimplementsolfrequency.Polarityofpulsesaredifferentduetod感谢阅读utionsfornoisesuppression.ifferentpolarityofthederivative.精品文档放心下载2.SpectrumanalysisofpulsenoiseFig.1.Equivalentcircuitforcalculationofpulse感谢阅读noisegeneratedbyDC/DCconverter.Noisereduction(suppression)coefficientcalcul谢谢阅读Thespectrumofonepolaritypulsesisshowninfig.3atedfordifferentfrequencyshiftsandharmonicsa精品文档放心下载.Harmonicshavekffrequency,wherek=1,2,3...Harreshowninfig.6,7.Measuringbandis9kHz.Switchf精品文档放心下载monicsvaluecanbecalculatedwiththefollowingforequencyf=100kHz.精品文档放心下载rmular:Fig.6.Noisereductioncoefficientforharmonicsw谢谢阅读.ithN=1,2,3,4,5,6,7viafrequencyshiftsdf/f.谢谢阅读TheminimumharmonicsamplitudeinthespectrumcorFig.7.Noisereductioncoefficientforfrequencys感谢阅读respondto2n/t1frequencies,wheren=1,2,3...hiftsdf/f=10,20,30,40,50%viaharmonicsnumber.谢谢阅读Thesequenceofdifferentpolarityvoltagepulses(Noisereductioncoefficientvalueforlowharmon精品文档放心下载fig.2)givesthepositionoftwospectrums.icsbeeshigherwhenthefrequencyshiftsrise.Bu感谢阅读Fig.2.Currentandvoltageinthecircuit.tthecoefficientforhighharmonicsisalmostthe感谢阅读Theresultofthepositioncanbecalculatedas:sameduetoshiftedharmonicsposition.Frequenc感谢阅读whereyshifts40-;;;.70%arelesseffectiveduetoaddingofshiftedhar谢谢阅读Fig.3.Spectrumofonepolaritypulsesgeneratedwimonicswithnumbermorethan5.Frequencyshiftsu精品文档放心下载thfrequencyf.pto30%cangivemorethan20dBnoisereductionint谢谢阅读Thespectrumcalculatedfort1=1s,t2=0.3s,t3=3heory.Itcanberemendedtousebinationofdurati谢谢阅读s,T=10sisshowninfig.4.Theswitchfrequencyisonandfrequencyshiftsatthesametime.谢谢阅读f=100kHz,butitcanbedifferent.Randomshiftsarebetterthandeterminedchangesof精品文档放心下载Fig.4.Spectrumofdifferentpolaritypulsesgenerpulsesequenceparameters[2].Thelastsequenceof谢谢阅读atedwithfrequencyf.pulsesinfig.5isbetterthanthemiddle.Theeffect精品文档放心下载Emissionmeasurementsareperformedwithradiofreoffrequencymodulationishigherforhigherswitch谢谢阅读quencyanalyzerormeasuringreceiver.Frequencybfrequency.感谢阅读andis9kHzfor150kHz-4.Measurementofnoisereduction精品文档放心下载30MHzfrequencies.ItmeansthateverymomentonlyoSomeresultsofexperimentswithfrequencyshiftsa谢谢阅读neharmonicisinmeasuringwindow.reshowninfig.9,10.Pulsecurrentsequenceisgene谢谢阅读3.EMIreductionratedwiththehelpofputercontrolledsignalgener精品文档放心下载TosatisfyEMCrequirementsforconductedperturbaator.Itwasused50dBattenuatorinmeasuringsyste精品文档放心下载tionsinDC/DCconvertersandtoreducenoisesineacm.Thereallevelofnoiseis50dBhigherthanshownin感谢阅读hfrequencyitispossibletousepulsewidthmodulatfigures.ThenoisespectrumforordinaryDC/DCconv精品文档放心下载ioninaperiodicmode[1].Switchfrequencyshifts(erterisshowninfig.9a,10a.20%frequencymodulat感谢阅读fig.5)leadstofrequencyshiftsofeveryharmonic.iondecreasethenoiselevelsatmainharmonicfrequ谢谢阅读Harmonicsareinfrequencybandonlypartofmeasuriencies(fig.9b,10b).Thelevelsofharmonicsbeesl感谢阅读ngtime.Theaveragelevelofvoltagenoisebeesloweower,butthebandofeveryharmonicbeeswider.Ther感谢阅读r.eisbinationofneighboringharmonicsathighfrequ谢谢阅读Fig.5.Pulsesequencesfordifferentswitchfrequeencies.Itwasmeasured10dBnoisereductionofmaxi谢谢阅读ncymodulationmumlevelharmonics.谢谢阅读a)rethan20dBnoisereduction.Frequencyshifts40-谢谢阅读b)70%arelesseffectiveduetohigherharmonicsposit谢谢阅读Fig.9.SpectrumofDC/DCconverternoisea)withoution.Experimentsshow10dBnoisereductionfor20%f谢谢阅读frequencyshifts,b)with20%frequencyshifts.requencyshifts.感谢阅读ExperimentsgivesadditionalinformationaboutefReferences精品文档放心下载fectivenessofthistypeofnoisereduction.Random精品文档放心下载izedsequencesoffrequencyshiftsgivebetterresu感谢阅读ltsthansimplefrequencyvariations.感谢阅读a)b)谢谢阅读Fig.10.SpectrumofDC/DCconverternoisea)withou感谢阅读tfrequencyshifts,b)with20%frequencyshifts.精品文档放心下载5.Conclusion谢谢阅读Emissionrequirementsobligeconstructorstoimpl感谢阅读ementsolutionsfornoisesuppressioninDC/DCconv感谢阅读erters.30%switchfrequencymodulationcangivemo谢谢阅读ANAPPROACHTOINDUCTANCEMODELLINGFORPOWERPCBINTERCONNECTIONS:FDTDMOD感谢阅读EL-BASEDEXTRACTIONG.KLARICFELICANDR.EVANS,AUSTRALIA精品文档放心下载TheUniversityofMelbourne,DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicEngineering感谢阅读e-mail:Abstract.Thesignificanceofparasiticimpedancesoftheconnectingstructuresinpowerelectronicconver感谢阅读ters(PCBinterconnects)increaseswithfrequencyandswitchingspeedandinfluencestransientsandradiat精品文档放心下载edEMI.Designaspectssuchasphysicallayoutandinterconnectroutingrequiresaccurateextractionofpara谢谢阅读siticparameters.Thispaperpresentsaputationalprocedureforpartlyachievingthisfortypicalpowercon谢谢阅读vertersystems.Introductionlparametersthatcanbeputedusingnumericaltechn感谢阅读TheinterconnectioninductancemodelofaPCBmountiques.Typically,numericaltechniquessuchasthe谢谢阅读edchoppercontainsamutationloopandponentleadiFiniteElementMethod(FEM)andPartialElementEqu精品文档放心下载nductances.ToextracttheinductanceofthemutatiivalentCircuit(PEEC)areusedtogenerateapatibl感谢阅读oncurrentloop,analyticalandnumericalapproachenetlistforacircuitsimulatorsuchasPSPICEorSa谢谢阅读escanbeapplied[1],[2],[3].Analyticalapproachberin[1]and[8].精品文档放心下载esprovideclosed-ElectromagneticmodellingofVLSIcircuitsisbase感谢阅读forminductanceexpressionsthatarebasedonthepadonnumericaltechniques[6],[7]sinceanalytical感谢阅读rtialinductanceconcept[4]oronmagneticenergyrformulaecannotprovideaccurateresultsforsuchp精品文档放心下载elationsgivenbyNeumann'sformula[5].Closed-lexstructures.Basicparametersforpowerelectro精品文档放心下载formexpressionsforparasiticextractioncanbeusnicstructuressuchasPCBinterconnectionswithsi谢谢阅读edtoobtainalumpedmodelofconnectingstructuresmplelargeconductorsandrightanglebendsincondu精品文档放心下载thatconsistsofresistive,inductiveandcapacitictorscanbeobtainedfromanalyticalclosed-感谢阅读veponents[8].Theiradvantageisintheirdirectreformexpressions.However,thetrendtowardsincre感谢阅读lationtothephysicaldimensionsoftheconnectingasingswitchingfrequencyandminiaturizedandple精品文档放心下载structurehencetheyeasilyrelatetodesign.HowevxPCBstructuresproducesEMCproblemsthatcannotb精品文档放心下载ertheyareonlyapplicabletosimplestructureswiteeasilyaccountedforinclosed-谢谢阅读huniformcurrentdistributionandsmalldimensionformexpressions.Thechallengesfacingsuchsyste谢谢阅读swithrespecttotheoperatingwavelengths.msaresimilartotheissuesinVLSIparasiticanalys谢谢阅读Theuseofnumericalmodellingapproachinpowereleisandtheyrequiretheapplicationofnumericalmet精品文档放心下载ctronicsismainlygovernedbytheneedtopredictthhodssuchasthefiniteelementorfinitedifference谢谢阅读eEMIemissionlevelofacircuit.EMIpredictionisbmethods.精品文档放心下载asedonequivalentcircuitsconsistingofthehighfThispaperpresentsaprocedureforloopinductance谢谢阅读requencyparametersofpowerponents,theelementvestimationbasedonFDTDputation[9]andleastsqua谢谢阅读aluesoflineimpedancestabilisationnetworks(LIrescircuitmodelling.TheFDTDmodelisbasedonthe精品文档放心下载SN)usedinstandardEMImeasurementsandstructuraspecificfeaturesofpowerelectronicsinterconne精品文档放心下载ctionsi.e.relativelylargepowerPCBconductorsa1.2GHz(Figure4and5)andthenextractedfromthepu精品文档放心下载ndsimplegeometrieswithrightangles.Theinductatedinputimpedance(theFDTDputeddataset).精品文档放心下载nceofrectangularshapedloopsmountedonapowerPCTheFDTDputeddataset(realandimaginarypartsofi谢谢阅读BisextractedfromtheFDTDimpedanceputationsusinputimpedance)whichcapturesfrequencydependen谢谢阅读ngfrequencydomainidentificationandcircuitsyntperformanceofaPCBinterconnectionisapproxima谢谢阅读thesismethods.Typicalanalyticalapproachesandtedusinganonlinearleastsquares(NLS)estimate感谢阅读formulaethatcalculateinductanceisusedtoestim(1)精品文档放心下载atetheinductancesofPCBloopsandvalidatetheFDTandtheGauss-NewtonandLevenberg-感谢阅读Dsimulatedmodels.Marquardtmethods[12]whereri(x)denotestheithp谢谢阅读InductanceModellingusingFDTDMethodonentfunctionoftheresidualR(x)thatisnonlinea谢谢阅读InordertomodelandestimatetheinductanceusingFrinthedesignvariablex,Fdenotesthemodelfuncti谢谢阅读DTD,thetracesofthepowerPCBundergoingrapidcuron(data‘fit’function)andyistheputeddataset感谢阅读renttransitionsareconstructedintheformofaloo.感谢阅读pandexcitedbyavoltageorcurrentsourcethenthee(2)谢谢阅读lectricandmagneticfieldsandtransientvoltagesForthegivenexample(Figure2)thevectorvaluedfu感谢阅读andcurrentsareputed.TheFDTDmodelofaPCBloopstnctionFrepresentsaseriesconnectionofparallel谢谢阅读ructurewithdistributedparametersisconsideredLCelementswithafiniteresistanceR(Figure3).精品文档放心下载asalinearone-Figure3RLCnetwork感谢阅读portnetwork(Figure1),whichcanberepresentedwiThisparticularcircuitmodelisappropriateforap精品文档放心下载ximationoftheinputimpedancedatathatreflec精品文档放心下载Figure1One-portnetwork.tresonantbehaviourofPCBloops,i.e.approximati感谢阅读TheFDTDapproachisappliedtoaPCBloop(Figure2)wonatfrequenciesaroundresonancefrequency.感谢阅读ithasquareshapedPEC(perfectelectricconductorToapproximatetheputedinputimpedancedataobtai谢谢阅读)structuremountedonthedielectricstructureintnedforthePCBloopshowninFigure2asecondorderRL谢谢阅读hree-Cnetworkisused.Theabsolutevalueandthephaseof精品文档放心下载dimensionalFDTDputationalspace.Thetotalsizeotheapproximateddata(RLC-精品文档放心下载ftheFDTDspaceis50×50×40cells.Thecellsizeis(2fit)andFDTDputeddataareshowninFigures4and5.感谢阅读mm×2mm×2mm)soviatheCourantconditionthetimestFigure4MagnitudeofinputimpedanceFDTDputeddat精品文档放心下载epsizeis3.8ps[9].ThestructureisexcitedbyaGaua(dots)andapproximateddata(line).精品文档放心下载ssiancurrentpulseattheportwithapulsewidthof3Figure5Phaseofinputimpedance,FDTDputeddata(d谢谢阅读00timesstepsmeasuredbetweenthehalfamplitudepots)andapproximateddata(line)谢谢阅读oints.ThisprovidesaccurateresultsforfrequencAsshownintheabovefigurestheRLCfitgivesaveryg精品文档放心下载iesupto2GHz.oodcorrelationinmagnitudeandphaseatresonance谢谢阅读Figure2StudiedPCBloop.frequency.However,thediscrepancybetweentheRL精品文档放心下载FrequencyDomainIdentificationCfitandtheFDTDdataincreasesatthefrequenciesw感谢阅读Theimpedanceisputedfromthevoltage-to-ellbelowtheresonancefrequency,astheFDTDdoesn精品文档放心下载currentratiooverthefrequencyrangefrom10MHztootputethedataatDCandfrequencybelow10MHz.Thes精品文档放心下载izeofFDTDcellsandmonconstraintof10cellsperwaxaminehowthestrayinductanceofplexloopsinflue精品文档放心下载velengthdeterminesthatthesideofeachcellshoulncesEMIweapplyFDTDmodellingtoacoplanarstripl感谢阅读dbe(1/(10))orlessatthehighestfrequency(shortayoutofthediode-谢谢阅读estwavelength)ofinterest.transistormutationcircuits.TheFDTDmodelofthe感谢阅读Thecalculatedloopinductancesforthesquareloopdiode-谢谢阅读withthesidesfrom10mmto50mmand2mmthicktracesbtransistormutationloopofFigure7appliesforthe谢谢阅读asedontheanalyticalformulaeandFDTDextractediturn-精品文档放心下载nductancesareplottedinFigure6.Themeasuredindoffintervalwherethecurrentinpowerdevice(MOSF感谢阅读uctancesforthesquareloopswiththesides27mm,35ET)isdecreasingandgeneratesatransientvoltage精品文档放心下载mm,40mmand45mmarealsoplottedinFigure6.acrosstheinductanceofthePCBtraces.Themodelco谢谢阅读Figure6Comparisonofanalyticalcalculations(funsistsofthePCBtraces,adielectricboardandthee谢谢阅读lllines),FDTDextracted(boxpointmarker)an