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UrbanAirMobility:AStateofArtAnalysis

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DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-86960-1_29

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UrbanAirMobility:AStateofArtAnalysis

DominiqueGillis2(B),MassimilianoPetri1,AntonioPratelli1,IvanaSemanjski2,3,andSilvioSemanjski4

1

DepartmentofIndustrialandCivilEngineering,UniversityofPisa,Pisa,Italy

{m.petri,a.pratelli}@ing.unipi.it

2

DepartmentofIndustrialSystemsEngineeringandProductDesign,GhentUniversity,Ghent,Belgium

{Dominique.Gillis,Ivana.Semanjski}@UGent.be

3

IndustrialSystemsEngineering(ISyE)—FlandersMake@GhentUniversity,Kortrijk,Belgium4SealAeronauticaS.L.,Barcelona,Spain

silvio.semanjski@

Abstract.UrbanAirMobility(UAM)isanaerialcomponentofurbanmobilitysystemwhichintegratesanemergingtransportmode,UnmannedAerialVehicles(UAV),alsoknownasdrones,intomultimodalurbanmobilitycontext.UAMhaspotentialtobringnewservicesrelatedtobothpassengersandlogistic/freightmobility(likepassengercarryingairtaxisorsmallpackagedeliverydrones)aswellasenablebetterresilienceinemergencysituationsresultingduetovariouscauses(forexample,trafficaccidents,trafficcongestion,catastrophiceventsandothers).Suchnewservices,acceleratedthankstotherecentintroductionofVerticalTake-OffLanding(VTOL)capablevehicles,abletoneedlessairspacetotake-offorlanding,havethepossibilitytotransformthewaypeoplemovewithin,aroundandbetweenurbanareasbyshorteningcommutetimes,bypassinggroundmobilitycongestionandenablingspecificandorientedpoint-to-pointflightacrossthecities.AscurrentlytheUAMintegrationsarestillhinderedbyanumberofconstraints,inthispaperweprovideanoverviewofUAMlegislativeframeworks,withparticularfocusonEuropeanUnion(EU),togetherwiththeoverviewofthemostrelevantUAMcasestudiesandthepotentialnewUAMservices.

Keywords:UrbanAirMobility·Sustainablemobility·Passengermobility·Logisticandfreightdelivery

1Introduction

Inrecentyears,UnmannedAerialVehicles(UAV),alsoknownasdrones,havegainedmuchrelevance.TheinitialapplicationsofUAVtechnologiesincludedasomewhatlim-itednumberoftasks,suchasaerialphotographyormapping,thatwereeithercostlyorinconvenienttobeperformedusingtraditionalaerialvehicles.However,withtheadvancesconcerningthepayloadofUAVsandrelevanttechnologies,thenumberofpossibleapplicationshaverapidlyexpandedpavingthewayforfutureUAVbasedser-vices.Thisisevenmorehighlightedinthecontextofanumberofcatastrophicand

©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2021

O.Gervasietal.(Eds.):ICCSA2021,LNCS12950,pp.411–425,2021.

/10.1007/978-3-030-86960-1_29

412D.Gillisetal.

emergencyevents(duetoclimatechange,totherecentpandemicandothercauses).Hence,ithasbecomeevidentthatUAVswillmakeupanincreasinglyrelevantcompo-nentofthemobilitysystem,whenitcomestotransportationofbothfrightandhumans,intheyearstocome.

Nonetheless,theinitialpilotstudiesanddemonstratorusecasesindicatethattherearestillanumberofchallengesassociatedwiththewideradoptionofUAVbasedser-vices.Forone,UAVswillneedtofitintoexisting,bothgroundandaviation,systemstoensureongoingsafetyandpublicacceptance.Thesesystemshavebeenestablishedforawhileandareunderpinnedbyanumberofregulationsandstandards,whicharereflectedininternationalconventions,nationallegislations,regulations,andpractices.IntegratingUAVsservicesandoperationsintothesesystemswithoutcompromisingthesafetyorsecuritywillpresentasignificantchallengeformanyyearstocome.ThisisespeciallypronouncedinurbanareaswhereUAVsrepresentUrbanAirMobility(UAM)com-ponentofurbanmobilitysystem,characterisedbydenselypopulatedareasandhighlyinterlinkedmobilitysystemnetworksandhumanandfreightmobilitypatterns.Associ-atedchallengesaslegalandregulatory,environmental,certification,publicperceptionandinfrastructureconstraintsbecomeevenmoreevidentinsuchcontext,hinderingthepotentialuseandfuturedevelopmentofUAM.

InordertosupportongoingUAMdevelopmentefforts,inthispaper,weprovideanoverviewofUAMlegislativeframeworks,withparticularfocusonEuropeanUnion(EU).Thissectionisfollowedbytheoverviewofthemostrelevantcasestudies,startingfrominter-governmentalurbanairtransportcollaborativeprogrammesandcontinuingwiththeanalysisoftheindividualnational,regionalorlocalapplications,withintheEUandwider.ThisisfollowedwiththebriefdiscussiononUAMandpotentialnewUAMservices.

2LegalandRegulatoryAssessment

AstheEUagencyresponsibleforregulatingairoperationsandaircraftairworthinesscertification,theEuropeanUnionAviationSafetyAgency(EASA)hasinitiatedarule-makingprocesswhichasagoalhasregulatedVTOLaircraftuseinbothproductionandoperations,throughdevelopmentofregulatorybuildingblockstoenablesafeVTOLoperationandnewairmobilityinEurope.ThefirstbuildingblockisacompletesetofdedicatedtechnicalspecificationsintheformofaspecialconditionforVTOLair-craft.Thisspecialconditionaddressestheuniquecharacteristicsoftheseproductsandprescribesairworthinessstandardsfortheissuanceofthetypecertificate,andchangestothistypecertificate,forapassenger-carryingVTOLaircraftinthesmallcategory.CertificationwiththissmallcategorySpecialConditionappliestoanaircraftwithapassengerseatingconfigurationof9orlessandamaximumcertifiedtake-offmassof3175kg(7000lbs)orless.

Asapartoftheworkonthesecondbuildingblock,in2020theEASAhaspublishedtheProposedMeansofCompliancewiththeSpecialConditionVTOLtoaddresstheapplicant´srequestsforclarificationofEASA’sinterpretationoftheseobjectivesandofpossibilitieshowtodemonstratecompliancewiththem.

Asapartofworkonthethirdbuildingblock,alsoin2020theEASAhaspublishedproposedmethodsonhowtocertifyhybridorelectricairtaxis(VTOL)[Ref.].This

UrbanAirMobility:AStateofArtAnalysis413

SpecialConditionhasbeendevelopedtosupportApplicationsreceivedbytheAgencyforthecertificationofElectricand/orHybridPropulsionSystems.ThisSpecialConditionisarticulatedsoastoprovideobjectivebasedcertificationrequirementswhichareindependentofthepropulsionsystemdesignorarchitecture.ThetypeoftechnologyusedinthepropulsionsystemwillbeaddressedintheAcceptableMeansofCompliance.

3ActualUAMApplicationStateofArt

Inthissection,wedescribetheapplicationofUAMregardingbothpassengermobilitythanlogistic/freightmobilitycasesandrelativetodailymobilityoremergencyservices.Thedescriptionisdividedintwopart:afirstonedescribestheinter-governmentalurbanairtransportcollaborativeprogrammeswhilethesecondpartdescribebrieflysomecasestudiesdividingthemforgeographicalarea,startingfromEuropeanCaseStudies[

3

]

and‘navigating’therestoftheworldthroughFarEastandAustralasia,AmericaandMiddleEast.

3.1Inter-governmentalUrbanAirCollaborativeProgrammes

Ateuropeanlevel,startinginMay2018,theEuropeanUnion’sUrbanAirMobility(UAM)Initiative,supportedbytheEuropeanCommission

1

,bringstogethercitiesandregions,citizens,industries,SMEs,investors,researchersandothersmartcityactorstojoinauniquepartnership.ThisinitiativeispartoftheEuropeanInnovationPartnershipinSmartCitiesandCommunities(EIP-SCC)anditisalignedwithongoingandfutureSESARJointUndertaking(SESARJU)fundedstudies,includingdemonstrations,ondronetrafficmanagementinEuropemovingonestepclosertowardstheEuropeanCom-mission’sU-spacevisionforensuringsafeandsecureaccesstoairspacefordrones.Withdemonstrablebenefitstocitizensandtheirapproval,developingamarketfordronesanddroneserviceswillcreatejobsandgrowthinEurope.Particularlyinurbanareas,civildronescouldbeawaytoaddressmobilityneedssuchasemergencyneedsandtrafficcongestion;thelattercurrentlycostsmorethane100billionayearintheEUalone.

InJune2018,theEUgavetheEuropeanAviationSafetyAgency(EASA)newpowerstosetEU-widerulesforurbanairmobility.FollowingEASA:“Theso-callednewBasicRegulationformalisesEASA’sroleinthedomainofdronesandurbanairmobility,enablingtheAgencytopreparerulesforallsizesofcivildronesandharmonizestandardsforthecommercialmarketacrossEurope”,coveringthefullspectrumofaviationlandscapewiththepossibilityforEASAandEuropeanMemberStatestoworkclosertogetherinaflexibleway.

1

CommissionerforTransportVioletaBulcsaid:"Dronesofferexcitingopportunitiesfornewservicesandbusinessmodels,particularlyinourcities.Atthesametimeweneedtoensurethatdronesoperationstakingplaceaboveourheadsaresafe,secure,quietandclean.Inthatregard,theUrbanAirmobilityinitiativeisanimportantdemonstrationprojectinvolvingseveralEuropeancitiestoaddressthesechallengesandplanforthefuture.ItwillalsocontributetotheEU’sU-Space,whichisaflagshipprojectoftheEuropeanUniontomanageairtrafficatlowlevel.".

414D.Gillisetal.

InFebruary2018,theUKNESTAChallengePrizeCentrefoundation,thatdesignsandrunschallengeprizesthathelpsolvepressingproblemsthatlacksolutions,organizesachallengeinvolvingfivecities(Bradford,London,Preston,SouthamptonandtheWestMidlands)todesignhowdronetechnologycanbeusedtosupporttheirlocalneeds.InSeptember2018NESTApublishedaresearchonthepotentialmarketofdronesintheUKelaboratedinsidetheFlyingHighprojectunderliningtheenormousprospectsforfuturecommercialdevelopment.

InOctober2019,theEuropeanCommissionandtheEuropeanInvestmentBank(EIB)announcedthelaunchofa“EuropeanDroneInvestment-AdvisoryPlatform”tosupportinnovationandinvestmentindrones.TheinitiativeaimstoimproveaccesstoEUsupportinthisfield,andtodevelopabetterunderstandingofthemarkettoimproveinvestmentinthisemergingfield.

Goingintheworldfar-eastside,theJapanPrimeMinister,in2017,designsthe“RoadfortheAerialIndustrialRevolution”withajapaneseUTMconsortiumtocreateanewindustrialdroneinnovationspacewithcommunicationandcollisionavoidancetechnologieswiththepossibilitytoincorporatejapanesesystemsinto‘international

standards”liketheNASA’sUTM.

In2018theCivilAviationAuthorityofSingapore-CAAS,theEASAandAir-bushaveagreedtodeveloptogethersafetystandardsandregulatoryrequirementsforunmannedaircraftsystems(UAS)inurbanenvironments.TheMoUestablishedaframe-workfortheexpertknowledgeexchangeaswellasoperationalandtechnologicalassess-mentsforthedeploymentofUASinurbanenvironments,suchaslast-miledeliveriesorsafetyinformationandlearningoutcomesfromtheappliedtrials.

Moreover,inFebruary2018,SingaporeGovernmentdesignstheOne-NorthR&Dhubtoresearchabouttheapplicationofdroneinurbanareasandfortest-beddinginno-

vativeUAStechnologies.Airbus,STAerospaceandNTU’sAirTrafficManagementResearchInstitutehavesooncomeon-boardoftheOne-Northdroneresearch.

Finally,goingintheAmericancontinent,in2017theU.S.DepartmentofTrans-portation(USDOT)andtheFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)havelaunchedtheUnmannedAircraftSystem(UAS)IntegrationPilotProgram(IPP)totestandevaluatetheintegrationofcivilandpublicdroneoperationsintonationalairspacesystem.TheIPPLeadParticipantsevaluatedoperationalconceptsandpossibility,includingnightopera-tions,flightsoverpeopleandbeyondthepilot’slineofsight,packagedelivery,detect-and-avoidtechnologiesandthereliabilityandsecurityofdatalinksbetweenpilotandaircraft.Fieldsthatcouldseeimmediateopportunitiesfromtheprogramincludecom-merce,photography,emergencymanagement,agriculturalsupportandinfrastructureinspections.

TheIPPprogramendedinOctober2020and,tocontinueworkontheremainingchallengesofUASintegration,theFAAlaunchedanewprogramcalledBEYONDinthesamemonth.ThechallengeareastostudyintheprogramregardtheBeyondVisualLineofSight(BVLOS)operationsthatarerepeatable,scalableandeconomicallyviablewithspecificemphasisoninfrastructureinspection,publicoperationsandsmallpackagedelivery,theleveragingindustryoperationstobetteranalyzeandquantifythesocietalandeconomicbenefitsofUASoperationsandFocusingoncommunityengagementeffortstocollect,analyzeandaddresscommunityconcerns.

UrbanAirMobility:AStateofArtAnalysis415

TheDriveOhioResearchProgramisapartnershipstartedin2018betweenDriveo-hio’sUASCenterandtheOhioStateUniversityCollegeofEngineering.TheProgramforeseestheexperimentationon33roadcorridorsoftrafficmonitoringwithdrones,withanexperimentationofcommunicationbetweenairandgroundvehicles/ITSsen-sors.Unmannedaircraftwillmonitortrafficandaccidentresponsealongthecorridorinconjunctionwiththestate’scurrentfixed-locationtrafficcamerasystem,sointeract-ingwithsensorsandcommunicationequipmentalongthecorridortofeeddataintotheTrafficManagementCenter.

Nasa’sAeronauticalResearchMissionDirectorate(ARMD)in2018hasupdateditsstrategicplantoalsoincluderesearchregardingUrbanAirMobility.Itstartedwithaconsultant’sresearchonUrbanAirMobilityMarketStudy[

1

]describinglegalandregulatoryassessment,societalbarriers,weatherbarriers,air-shuttleandair-taximarketanalysisandairambulance.In2019NASAhassignedSpaceActAgreementswith17companiesintheaviationindustrytoadvanceplansforthefirstinaseriesoftechnol-ogydemonstrationsknownastheUrbanAirMobility(UAM)GrandChallenge(seeChallengeframeworkinFig.

1

).Thefinalresultsareexpectedin2022.

Fig.1.Partnershipandgrandchallengeseriesoverview([

1

])source

3.2WorldwideUAMCaseStudies

SomerecentUAMcasestudiesaresummarizedinTables

1

and

2

dividingeuropeanfromextra-europeanapplications(allcasesrelatetotheperiod2017–2021).Inthesetables,thegeneralsafetyandflightinfrastructuretestingcaseshavenotbeenincludedaswellascitiesthatjoinedtheUAM,theNESTAorotherinitiativebutonlycasesregardingapplicationoffutureUAMservices[

2

,

4

,

5

,

8

–

11

].

Moreovertherearethreecross-borderareapartnershipsregardingrespectively:

416D.Gillisetal.

•France-Belgiumcross-borderregionbetweenKortrijk(Belgium)andTournaiandLille(France);

•EuregioprojectbetweenEnschede-NetherlandsandMunster-Germany,experimenttheuseofUAMinthefieldofemergencyservicesforpublicsafety;

•MAHHL(MaastrichtandHeerlen-Netherlands,Aachen-Germany,HasseltandLiege-Belgium).

Table1.SomeEuropeanUAMcasestudies(O=operativeapplications)

Country

Area

Field

Description

Austria

Linz

Vehicletechnology

Trailflightstoevaluatetheimplementationinurbanareas

Belgium

Antwerp

Security

Dronestomonitorbythelocalpolice

Antwerp

Health

Medicalsuppliestransportbydrone

Port

Droneforsurveillanceflight(terminalcontainerandoilspillinspection)

Civil

Droneforhighvoltagelinemappingandpyloninspection

Bruxelles

Emergency

Dronesforemergencyservices

Ghent

Health

Ambulancedroneapplication

StTruiden

Many

Theareaisa‘droneport’toconducttestsindedicatedarea

Estonia

Tallinn

Logistic

InternationaldroneflightbetweenTallinnandHelsinki

Finland

Helsinki

Emergency

Createatemporaryflightrestrictionareaaroundanaccidentscene

Logistic

WingCompanystartdeliverygoodswithdronebasedonanApp-O

GulfofFinland

Passenger/Security

Maritimetrafficsurveillanceanddronetaxiflightfromairporttocity

France

Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Many

Airgoodsdelivery,touristtransport(basedinBordeauxcity)ortocoverneedsofisolatedpeople

Paris

Vehicletechnology

TestareaatPontoise-Cormeilles-en-Vexinairfield,startinginsummer2021.Focussingon5areas:vehicledevelopment,groundinfrastructure,airspaceintegration,operationsandpublicacceptance

Toulouse

Many

Droneandremotesensingforenvironm.Monitoringappl.,urbanservices(trafficmanag.,airqualityorinfrastr.Monit.),emergencyandlogisticservices

Bulgaria

Plovdiv

Many

Publictransport,ambulanceservices,publicsafetyandsmallrapidgoodsdel

Germany

BadNeustadt

Logistic

Dronedeliveryofpizza-O

NorthernHesse

Logistic

LogisticacrosstheairportschainofKasselCaldenandFrankfurtamMain

Frankfurt

Passenger/Logistic

AirportFraportAGstartdevelopinggroundinfrastructureandoperationsforairtaxiserviceanddroneforoperationalairportpurpose

Hamburg

Many

Emergencymedicaldelivery,largeinfrastructureinspection(forex.Bridges,turbines)

(continued)

UrbanAirMobility:AStateofArtAnalysis417

Table1.(continued)

Country

Area

Field

Description

Ingolstadt

Health/

Passenger

Pilotprogrammeforairtaxiandorgantransport

Logistic

Dronesonthenationalrailwaynetworktorecordstormdamageorvegetationonthetracks-O

Munich

Passenger

Airtaxifromairport’slabcampustothecitycenter(Lilium,2020)

Iceland

Reykjavik

Logistic

AhaandFlytrexfooddelivery-O

Italy

Rieti

Many

Dronetoparceldelivery,roadtrafficpatrol,professionalphotography,railwayandpowerlinesmonitoring,searchandrescue,airportoperationsandfirefighting

Switzerland

AllCountry

Passenger

Airtaxitodeveloplastmiletripsfromrailwaystationstodestination

Berne,Zurich,Lugano

Health

Dronetobringgoodsandbloodsfromlaboratorytohospital

Zurich

Logistic

Dronedeliveryofe-commercegoods

TheNetherl

Amsterdam

Logistic

Dominousesdroneforpizzadelivery

Leiden

Passenger

AirbusformsAirbusUrbanMobilitydivisionwiththeambitiontoofferpassengerdroneflightsatacostthatiscompetitivewithtraditionalgroundtaxiservice(Downing,2019;Airbus,2020)

UnitedKingdom

London

Logistics

Londonresidentialcompleximplementsrooftop“vertiports”,encouragingdronedeliveryservices(Stouhi,2019)

Civic/

Safety

Droneforsaferinfrastr.Inspectionsandforthecapital’semergencyservices

Cambridge

Logistics

Amazoncarriedoutitsfirstsuccessfuldronedeliveryoperation(2016),unveiledthelatestversionofitsPrimeAirdeliverydroneandannouncedtheintentiontolaunchadeliveryserviceusingdrones(VincentandGartenberg,2019)

Bradford

Safety/

Health

DronesToHelpDisasterResponse,DigitalHealth,SurveyingAndCommunitySafety

Oxford

Many

Drone-basedservicestoincluderoofandbuildingsurveying,landmapping,aerialphotographyandfilming

Preston

Civil

Droneforutilitiesandbuildinginspection(O)andexploringitsuseforfloodmanagementandroadnetworksupgrading

ReferringtotheMAHHLcities(seeFig.

2

),theyconsiderbettertransportandlogisti-calconnectionswithintheregionaswellasbetterconnectionstocrossregionaltransporthubswiththeuseofdronesandAirTaxis.Aroadmapconsideringtheinclusionofthemobilityplanswithinthecrossborderregionofthedifferentaircraftshasbeencre-atedattheofficialkick-off-event.ThemapfocusesontheinclusionofUASinrescuemissions,transportofmedicalgoodsaswellastransportingmedicalspecialists.TheInstituteofFlightSystemDynamicscurrentlyworksonmanyprojectsaccordingtotheroadmap.OnealreadyfinishedprojectisGrenzFlug,whereincooperationwiththe

418D.Gillisetal.

cityofAachen,thefirstfullyautomatedcrossborderrescuemissionhasalreadybeenperformedrecently.CurrentlyfurtherprojectsforsupportingrescueworkerswithintheregionareVISIONandFALKE.TheprojectSafirMedwhichstartedinDecember2020focussesontransportingmedicalgoods.

SeveralEuropeanprojectsspecificallyfocusonapplicationofUAMforemergencyapplications.AiRMOURprojectfocusesontheuseofUAMfordoctorsandmedicalsup-plies,inordertodevelopaUAMtoolboxforaviationandurbanauthorities.TheprojectincludesthecitiesofLuxemburg(simulations),Stavanger,HelsinkiandNord-Hessen(demonstrations).ThemainobjectiveofMOBNETprojectistolocateisolatedvictimsduringnaturaldisastersandsituationsofemergencysuchasearthquakes,hurricanesorlargesnowstorms.MOBNETwillalsohelpfirstresponderservicestofindlostpeopleingeneral.AMBULARhasadifferentfocus,withthegoalofdevelopinganeVTOLairambulance.SAFIR-Med(SafeandFlexibleIntegrationofAdvancedU-SpaceServicesforMedicalAirMobility)aimsatrealdemonstrationsincollaborationwithhospitals,focusingondemonstratingtheoperationalsafetylevel.

Fig.2.Partnershipandgrandchallengeseriesoverview([

1

])source

Moreover,intheCASCADEproject,startedin2018andalwaysongoing,apartner-shipoffiveenglishuniversities(Bristol,Cranfield,London,Manchester,Southampton),areimplementingsomecasestudies,describedinFig.

3

(towhichweneedtoaddtworecentonesrelatedtothedeliverNHSsuppliestotheIsleofWightandtotheojinofmachine-learninganddronetechnologytomonitorpopulationsoftheCriticallyEndangeredKordofangiraffeatBénouéNationalPark):

Allth