文体修辞学36个概念解释及例子分析

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ThisIsJusttoSayIhaveeaten

theplums

thatwerein

theice-box

andwhich

youwereprobably

saving

forbreakfastForgiveme

theyweredelicious

sosweet

andsocoldItcreatesapulling-forwardeffect.Inoneline,althoughtheverbeatcaneithertakeanobjectornot,theabsenceofpunctuationattheendofthelinemakesusexpectone.Thuswearedrivenforwardtothesecondlinewhereourexpectationissatisfied.（章嫣羚）6.Affixation：istheadditionofaprefixorsuffixtoanitemwhichalreadyexistsinthelanguage.e.g.P46AndITiresiashaveforesufferedall. （T.S.Eli）otThenoncewordforesufferediscoinedbyaddingtheprefix'fore-'totheitem'suffer'.Theprefix'fore-'conveysthemeaning'beforehand'andisnormallyreservedforjoiningwithsuchitemsas'see','tell'and'warn'.Thenovelusehere,accordingtoLeech,encapsulatesanewlyformulatedidea:itispossibletoanticipatemysticallythesufferingofthefuture,justasitispossibleto'foresee'and'foretell'ortohave'foreknowledge'ofthefutureevents.（章嫣羚）7.Graphology:theencodingofmeaninginvisualsymbols.e.g.P30Graphologicaldeviationcanoccurinanysub-areaofgraphology,suchastheshapeofthetext,thetypeofprint,grammetrics,punctuation,in-dentation,etc.[Thematic-fronting]8.Markedtheme:Theinitialunitofaclausemaybecalleditstheme.Therestof8.Markedtheme:Theinitialunitofaclausemaybecalleditstheme.Therestofclauseelementsmightbeputinthethematicpositioninordertoachievecertainliteraryeffect.Thethemethusproducedisunusualandisthereforecalleda“marked“theme.E,g.P40

Myopinionofthecoaltradeonthatriveris,thatitmayrequiretalent,butitcertainlyrequirescapital.TalentMr.Micawberhas,capitalMr.Micawberhasnot.(Dickens,DavidCopperfield).Inthesecondsentence,twoobjects——talentandcapitalwereplacedinthefrontofeachclause.Thefunctionoftheunusualclausethemeseemstobethree-fold:a)itneatlyknitstheparagraphtogetherandisthusapowerfuldeviceoftextualcohesion,b)itservestoformacontractinmeaningbetweenthetwoparallelclauses,c)itgivesmuchemphasistothetwowordsshiftedtotheinitialposition.(屈静华)compounding：compoundingisthecombinationoftwoormoreitemstomakeasinglecompoundone.NE,g.P47WhileI,joy-jumping,empty-eyedsangonthedaymyfatherdied.(EdwinBrook)Inthissentence,joy-jumpingisacompoundmadeuponthepatternofnoun+“ing”participle.Thiswordcoinedfromtheidiom“jumpforjoy"whichmeans“jumpbecauseofjoy”.Thedaywhen"my”fatherdiedcannotbeahappyday.Therefore,theextensionofthecompoundrulehereonanidiommakesthesituationdescribesinthepoemmuchmoreironical.Thewordempty-eyedisalsoacompound.Itmeans"onthedaymyfatherdied”“therearenotearsin'my'eyes”.Here,theironicaleffectisfurtherreinforcedanddeveloped.(屈静华)Aphesis:theomissionofaninitialpartofaword.E,g.Thouonwhosestream,'midthesteepsky'scommotion,Loosecloudslikeearth'sdecayingleavesareshed,P.B.Shelley,OdetotheWestWinifThecompleteformofmid'inthelineis'amid'.(夏莹)Apocope:theomissionofafinalpartofaword.E,g.Tilla'theseasgangdry,mydear,Andtherocksmeltwi'thesunIwilllovetheestill,mydear,Whilethesandso'lifeshallrun.(RobertBurns,ARed,RedRose)Here,Burnshasuseda'for'all',wi’for'with'ando’for'of'.(夏莹)anitemtoanewgrammaticalfunctionwithoutchangingitsform.12.Conversion:12.Conversion:whichisoftendescribedas'zeroaffixation',istheadaptationofE,g.“I'llGoldenBullyou,yourascal!"roaredtheMajestyofPrussia.(Macaulay)ThenounphraseGoldenBullisturnedtoaverbtoconveythemeaning,tofight

(someone)likeaGoldenBull.SinceGoldenBullwasusedasapropernounintheprecedingsentence,theconversationofitintoaverbmakesthepassagehighlycohesive.ItalsovividlymanifeststheboorishnessoftheMajestyofPrussia.(叶淑萍)13.Syncope:theomissionofamedialpartofaword.E,g.Avoicesothrillingne'erwasheardInspring-timefromthecuckoo-bird,BreakingthesilenceoftheseasAmongthefarthestHebridges.(Wordsworth,TheSolitaryReaper)Theoriginalformofne'erinthefirstlineis“never”.It'saconventionallicensesofversecomposition.Itchangesthepronunciationoftheoriginalwordssothatthepoetmaybetterandmoreeasilyarrangesoundpatternstoachievetheirintendedcommunicativeeffects.(叶淑萍)14.14.OxymoronItistheyokingtogetheroftwoexpressionwhichareincompatible,15.Paradoxsothatincombinationtheyhavenoconceivableliteralreferencetoreality.矛盾修辞Falsetrue/diemerrily/alivingdeath15.ParadoxItisastatementwhichisabsurdbecauseitisself-evidentlyfalse.似非而是Ignoranceisstrength.Expressacertaintruthormessagethroughapparentfalsehood.16.Metonymy•.Itisthesubstitutionofawordreferringtoanattributeofthethingthatismeant,ratherthanthesubstitutionofapartforthewhole,orthewholeforapart.转喻e.g.P65Thegloriesofourbloodandstate,Areshadows,notsubstantialthings;Thereisnoarmouragainstfate;Deathlayshisicyhandonkings;SceptreandCrownMusttumbledownAndinthedustbeequalmadeWiththepoorcrookedScytheandSpade.(Shirley,TheGloriesofourBlood)SceptreandCrownarethingsthatkingsandqueenscarryandweartopresenttheirpowerandauthority,andarethereforemetonymsforkingsandqueens.Scytheandspadearethingsusedbypeasantsorfarmworkers,andarethereforemetonymsforpeasants.(冯丹)

17.Synecdoche:a)Itisatypeoftransferenceofmeaningwhichinvolvesthe17.Synecdoche:Hecantrideawheel.Awheelsubstitutesthebicycle.Metaphor..Itisthefigurativemeaningisderivedfromtheliteralmeaningoritis,asitwere,theliteralmeaning.隐喻e.g.P69Thefrogcameonthecatsfeet.Sheisreallyaduck,shethought.(Galsworthy,T^eForsyteSaga)Sheisahumanreferentandtreatedeitherasaduck.(陈沈慧)°verst^ement：Itistermedhyperboleintraditionalrhetoric.Itdistortsthetruthbygreatexaggeration.Itisusuallyusedtoemphasizestrongfeelingandtocreateasentimental,satiricorcomiceffect.Anoverstatementisoftenmetaphorical.夸张，夸张手法e.g.P71Forshewasbeautiful-herbeautymadeThebrightworlddim,andeverythingbesideSeemedlikethefleetingimageofashade.(Shelley)Theoverstatementherbeautymadethebrightworlddimexpressesthespeakersgreatadmirationforthefemalefigure.Actually,whatthepoetintendstosay,putinplainterms,isthatshewasextraordinarilybeautiful.(陈沈慧)Homophony:Thewordsthathavethesamepronunciationbutdifferinformandmeaning.同音异义词e.g.P77WhenIamdead,Ihopeitmaybesaid„Hissinswerescarlet,buthisbooksareread.(Belloc,OnhisBooks)Whenwehaveheardtheselineswewouldhavetwosimultaneousinterpretationsofthelastlexicalitem.thepastparticipleoftheverb'read'whichrelatestohisbooksandtheadjective'red'relatingtoitshyponymscarletinthefirsthalfofthesameline.Polysemy:theambiguityofanindividualwordorphrasethatcanbeused(indifferentcontexts)toexpresstwoormoredifferentmeanings一词多义e.g.P79Franklin:Hancocksright.Thisisourpassporttothegallows.Butthereisnobacking

outnow.Ifwedon'thangtogether,weshallassuredlyhangseparately.(PeterStoneandShermanEdwards,1776)Theplaywrightsheredeliberatelyexploittheuseofhangtomeanboth„puttodeathwitharopearoundtheneck'(asinpunishmentforacrime)and„remainunited'(anidiomwiththewordtogether).Inthisway,theyhavesucceededinmakingFranklinawitty,humorousandhighlyliterarycharacter,likeFranklinwasinperson.Un^erSt^t€ment：Itistheoppositeofoverstatementinthatitmisrepresentsthetruthbydeliberatelyunderstandingitasopposedtoexaggeratingit.Intraditionalrhetoric,scholarsmakeadistinctionbetweentwotypesofunderstatement,namelylitotes[anegativeconstruction] andmeiosis.降格陈述e.g.P73Thefacewasn'tabadone;Ithadwhattheycalledcharm.(Galsworthy)Thefacewasn'tabadoneinthiscontextisanon-committalwayofsaying;thefacewasaverygood(orcharming)one.Chapter5Definethefollowingterms.AlliterationconsonancerhymeOnomatopoeiaassonance iambanapaestpentameter dactyl23.Alliterationdimeter tetrameter trochee23.AlliterationExample:'lastbutnottheleast'„nowornever'Thebestlaidschemeso'miceandmenGangafta-gley(RobertBurns,ToaMouse)24.ConsonanceAlliterationisusuallyusedtoformaconnectionofsimilarityoraconnectionofcontrast.ThealliterationinToaMouselinksmiceandmenseemstoformaconnectionofbothsimilarityandcontrast.Firstly,itformsareferentialcontrastbetweenman,thesupremeheadofanimalcreation,andthemouse,oneofthesmallestandtimidest,andmostinconsequentialofcreatures.Secondly,withthehelpoftheconjunctionand,24.Consonanceistherepetitionofthefinalconsonantclusterinstressedsyllables.Example:P103Nothinglovelierthatthatlonelycall,Bareandsingular,likeagullAndtherenotesorfour,thenthatwasall.Itdrewupfromthequietlikeawell,Waited,sang,andvanishing,wasstill.(JonSwan,InHerSongSheIsAlone)Therepeated/l/soundeffectivelyunitesthekeywordsofthestanza:caiiwithgullandwellwithstill.The/l/soundinthequotedlinesandelsewhereinthepoemhasalingering,almostechoingeffect,whichgreatlyreinforcesthetoneofthepoem.RhymeisdefinedinConciseOxfordDictionaryas“identityofsoundsbetweenwordsorverselinesextendingbackfromtheendtothelastfullyaccentedvowelandnotfurther".Thegeneralfunctionofrhymesistogetthetextsmoreorganizedandtobestow“music"tothetexts.Itmayalsobeusedtoachievemoresignificanteffects.Example:P100ForIhaveknownthemalready,knownthemall—Haveknowntheevenings,mornings,afternoons,Ihavemeasuredoutmylifewithcoffeespoons;(T.S.Eliot,LoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock)Therhymeofthelasttwolinesisverysignificant.Itlinkstogetherthetwowords,afternoonsandspoonswhichhavealogicalassociationbetweenthem.Forthewordsareusedinacontextofapoemwhichisaboutasocietythatspendsitsafternoonsovercoffeeandcakes.Onomatopoeiaisambiguousandcanbeinterpretedinseveraldifferentways.Firstly,itreferstotheuseofwordsformedinimitationofthenaturalsoundsassociatedwiththeobjectoractioninvolved.Theotherinterpretationofonomatopoeiamaybephrasedastherecurrenceofphonemesinatextunitthatsuggestscertainnaturalsoundwhichreinforcethemeaningconveyedinthattextunit.Example:P104,Crackcameanofficer'sclubonhisforehead.Heblinkedhiseyesblindlyafewtimes,wobbledonhislegs,threwuphishandsandstaggeredback.(T.Dreiser,SisterCarrie)Theuseofcrackincreateavivideffecttothepassage.Thesoundmakeushearaswellasseewhataredescribed.p106.Ichatteroverstonyways,Inlittlesharpsandtrebles,Ibubbleintoeddyingbays,Ibabbleonthepebbles.Thethreeonomatopoeicwordschatter,bubbleandbabblegiveavividdescriptiontothesoundsandmotionofthebrook,theyhavebroughtgreatimmediacytothescene,makeusfeelasifwewererighttherebythebrook.Thedescriptionisfurtherhigh-lightedbytherecurringsounds/l/and/b/.thesound/l/belongstoaclassofsoundcalledliquidwhichisfluid-soundingandthesound/b/isaplosiveresemblingthesoundofthebubbles.Therefore,theirrepeatedpresencemakesthetextsoundmorebubblyandsteam-like.Assonanceistherepetitionofidenticalvowelordiphthonginstressedsyllables.Example:ThinkfromhowmanytressDeadleavesarebroughtToearthonseedorwing(VernonWatkins,TheCompostHeap)Thewordsthatcarrytheassonance,ascanbeeasilynoticed,are:trees,leavesandseed.Thesewordsarestressedrhythmicallyinthelines.Interesting,wefindthatthemeaningsoftherewordsarealreadyassociated.Moresignificantly,therewordsmaybesaidtorepresentthecycleoflife:fromtheorganictotheinorganicandfromtheinorganictotheorganic.Thus,assonancenotonlycontributestomusicalqualityifaliterarytext,butalsotoitsmeaning.Iambisthecommonesttypeofversefoot.Ithasapatternalternatingstressedandunstressedsyllablesbeginningwithanunstressedsyllable.A'/'tomarkastressedsyllable,anda'V'tomarkanunstressedsyllable.Example:P111Ineve/rycry/ofeve/ryman.Ineve/ryin/fant'scry/offear.(W.Blake,London)Ineve/rycry/ofeve/rymanIneve/ryinfant'scry/offearallthelettersinblueareunstressedsyllables,andinredarestressedsyllables,thepoembeginswithunstressedsyllable,andalternatingwithstressedsyllables.Anapaestisapatterninwhichonestressedsyllablealternateswithtwounstressedsyllables,butbeginningwiththetwounstressedsyllables.Example:P112TheAssy/riancamedown/likethewolf/onthefold.(Byron,TheDestructionofSennacherib)TheAssyraincamedownlikethewolfonthefold.allthelettersinblueareunstressedsyllables,andinredarestressedsyllables.Thepoembeginswithtwounstressedsyllables,thenfollowingastressedsyllable.Then

themeterkeepsrepeatingwithtwounstressedsyllablesandastressedsyllable.32.Dimeterisalineofverseconsistingoftwometricalfeetoroftwodipodies.Example:P115TOC\o"1-5"\h\z/ ^ ^ /Onemoreun/fortunate/ — /Wearyof/breath/ ^^ / ^ ^Rashlyim/portinate,/ ^ ^ /Gonetoher/death!Wecanseetherearetwofootsineachline.33.Tetrameterisalineofverseconsistingeitheroffourdipodies(asinclassicaliambic,trochaic,andanapesticverse)orfourmetricalfeet(asinmodernEnglishverse)Example:P115/ / / ^ /Whofought/forfree/dom,more/thanlife^ / ^ / ^/ ^ /Whogave/upall,/todie/instrife?alternatingstressedandunstressedsyllables,Wecanseetherearefourfoosineachline.alternatingstressedandunstressedsyllables,34.Trocheemaybedescribedasbeginningwithastressedsyllable.Example:P111/y/Menof/England，/wherefore/plough/ ^/Forthe/Lordswho/layye/low?(P.B.Shelley,SongtotheMenoftheEngland)A‘/’tomakeastressedsyllable,anda‘"'tomakeanunstressedsyllable.Chapter6Repetition:Itisrestrictedtomeanthecaseofexactcopyingofacertainpreviousunitinatext,suchasaword,phraseorevenasentence.重复e.g.P132Gold!Gold!Gold!Gold!Brightandyellow,hardandcold,Molten,graven,hammer'dandroll'd,Heavytogetandlighttohold.(ThomasHood)ThewordGoldisrepeatedfourtimes.Reinforcedbythecapitalizationofthefirstletterofthewordandtheexclamationmark"!”，thewordattractsmuchattentiontoitself.Therepetitionhereshowsthepoet'sgreatintensityoffeelingwhentalkingaboutgold.Parallelism:Itmeansexactrepetitioninequivalentpositions.Itrequiressomevariablefeatureofthepattern-somecontrastingelementswhichareparallelwithrespecttotheirpositioninthepattern.平行结构例子Notmanylives,butonlyonehavewe;One,onlyone.(Anonymous,OnlyOneLife)Thewordoneisrepeatedintermittentlythreetimesandthewordonlytwice.Thisgreatlyemphasizesthefactthatthereisonlyonelifeforapersonandsuggeststhatoneshouldreallytreasureit.e.g.P137Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.(JuliusCaesar)试卷相关题型StylisticanalysesReciteonepoemgivestylisticanalysesgraphologicalfeatures1) AChristmasTreeStarIfyouareAlovecompassionate,Youwillwalkwithusthisyear,Wefaceaglacialdistance,whoarehereHuddledAtyourfeet

(W.S.Burford)p55.4(1)Inthepoem,graphologicalfeaturemainlyisshapeofthetext.Theshapeofthepoemstrikesusbecauseitisnotlikethatofaconventionalpoem.WecanfindthatthepoemisaboutaChristmastree,therefore,theauthorwroteitintheshapeofaChristmastree.Thefirstlineincludesonlyoneword"star",whichturnsintothetopofthetree;fromthesecondlinetothefifthone,from"Alovecompassionate"to"whoarehere"constitutethebranchesandleaves.Also,"Huddled"makesthetrunk,and:Atyourfeet"makestheroot.Allofthewordsappearinappropriatepositionsfromtoptobottom.So,seeingthepoem,allthebeautifulscenesofChristmascameontoourmind,especiallythehappinessandlove.Thatisthemainideapoetrywantustounderstand.p55.4(2)Inthepoem,graphologicaldeviationmainlyincludestwotypes:thetypeofprintandgrammetrics.Thetypeofprintismenifestinthede-capitalizationofthefirstletterofcertainwords.Thegrammetricsisshowninthefollowingpoints.First,thetitleofthepoemdoesnotstandclearlyastheusualcase.Second,onesentencerunsoverlines,whichshowsthepoetintendsthepoemtobereadasawholeandplacesemphasisontheunityofthediscourse.Itcanarisethereader'sexpectationandinterest.Third,everylineofthepoemcreatesapulling-forwardeffect.Itisintendedtomakethereaderactivelyinvolvehimselfinreadingthepoemwithinterest,curiosityandpleasure.Eg:inthefirstline,'rainbowyoureatwofacedsort',thereisanabsenceofanobject,whichmakesusexpectone.Thuswearedrivenforwardtothesecondlinewhereourexpectationissatisfied.Butanewexpectationisarousedagainbythepresenceoftheforthline'uses',wehaveonlytoreadnextline.l(aleaffalls)onelIness(E.E.Coummings)p56.4(3)Thewholepoemisasentenceof“aleaffalls/loneliness".Themainideaofthepoemisaboutloneliness.Theshapeofthepoemstrikesusmostunusualbecauseitisnotlikethataconventionalpoem.Whenwelookitcarefully,wemayfindthatthepoemisconsistofseparatedwordsandbecamealist.Whenweseeit,withourimagination,wemayfeelthatword"leafinthemiddleliketherealleavesarefallingdown.Andtheletteroutofthebracketsisconstitutedword"loneliness".So,whenwereadthepoem,asifitwassayingthat"Iamlikealeaffallslonely."thefunctionofmetaphorSundayRainbyJohnUplikeThewindowscreenistryingtodoitscrosswordpuzzlebutappearstoknowonlyverticalwords.Herethewriterusespersonificationtogivethewindowscreenhumanattributes.Whentherainfallsonthewindowscreen,theraindropswillslideverticallydowntothebottomofthescreen.Itislikehowwedoacrosswordpuzzle,whenweworkoutavertically-arrangedwordcompletely,welinkalltheletters.HowcanraindropsDOcrosswordpuzzle?HowcanraindropsKNOW?Apparently,thewriteraddshumanattributestotherainandithasspecialeffects.AnEmptyHouseYoubeatyourpate,andfancywitwillcome:Knockasyouplease,theresnobodyathome.(AlexanderPope)Inthispoem,Popeusesatypeofmetaphorthatis "Anon-humanreferentisgivenhumanattributes".Hegives"wit"humanattributesandtreatsitasahumanbeing,and“nobody"inthelastsentencealsoreferstoit.Besides,here"pate"means"brain"(or“head"),andPoperegardsitasahouse(or"home")where"wit"lives.Thismetaphorisasatireofthosepeoplewhoaretoosillyorlazytousetheirhead.Ittellsusthatthereisnousetobeatyourpatefoolishlywhenfacedwithaproblem.Instead,youshoulduseyourheadandthinkabouttheproblemuntilyoucomeupwithanyidea.Dreams(LangstonHughes)HoldfasttodreamsForifdreamsdieLifeisabroken-wingedbirdThatcannotflyHoldfasttodreamsForwhendreamsgoLifeisabarrenfieldFrozenwithsnowWrittenin1926,DreamsisoneofthemostfamouspoemsofLangstonHughes's.LangstonHughes,bornFeb1,1902,isanAmericanpoet,novelist,andplaywright.AndheisknownforhisworkduringHarlemRenaissance.InDreams,Hughesisadvisingthereaderstoneverstopdreamingandtonevergiveuponadream.Thoughhefeelstheworldisaverydepressingplace,dreamscanmakeitwondrousandexciting.Theword"life"inthepoemisdescribedbymetaphor.Life,actually,isanabstraction,butpoetdescribesitasabroken-wingedbirdandabarrenfield,whichareanimate.Inordertotellpeopletoinsistondreams,poetusesthebroken-wingedbirdwhichcannotflyandthebarrenfieldwhichisfrozenwithsnow.Thetwovehiclesabovearelikelifewithoutdreamsinrespectofthatiftheresnodream,lifewill】nofreedomandjoy,anditwillbecold,dark,depressinganddim.SometaphorinDreamsmakesthepalestatementsconveyedironicallyandvividly.4)WaysofComposingtypewriter:amouthfulofteethchatteringafraidtobequietApencilcanl