TOEFL托福阅读真题整合

TOEFL托福阅读真题整合托福阅读真题1__31Rentcontrolisthesystemwherebythelocalgovernmenttellsbuildingownershowmuchtheycanchargetheirtenantsinrent.IntheUnitedStates,rentcontrolsdatebacktoatleastWorldWarII.In1943thefederalgovernmentimposedrentcontrolstohelpsolvetheproblemofhousingshortagesduringwartime.Thefederalprogramendedafterthewar,butinsomelocations,includingNewYorkCity,controlscontinued.UnderNewYork'scontrols,alandlordgenerallycannotraiserentsonapartmentsaslongasthetenantscontinuetorenewtheirleases.InplacessuchasSantaMonica,California,rentcontrolsaremorerecent.Theywerespurredbytheinflationofthe1970's,which,combinedwithCalifornia'srapidpopulationgrowth,pushedhousingprices,aswellasrents,torecordlevels.In1979SantaMonica'smunicipalgovernmentorderedlandlordstorollbacktheirrentstothelevelschargedin1978.Futurerentscouldonlygoupbytwo-thirdsasmuchasanyincreaseintheoverallpricelevel.Inanyhousingmarket,rentalpricesperformthreefunctions:(1)promotingtheefficientmaintenanceofexistinghousingandstimulatingtheconstructionofnewhousing,(2)allocatingexistingscarcehousingamongcompetingclaimants,and(3)rationinguseofexistinghousingbypotentialrenters.Oneresultofrentcontrolisadecreaseintheconstructionofnewrentalunits.Rentcontrolshaveartificiallydepressedthemostimportantlong-termdeterminantofprofitability—rents.Considersomeexamples.InarecentyearinDallas,Texas,witha16percentrentalvacancyratebutnorentcontrollaws,11,000newhousingunitswerebuilt.Inthesameyear,inSanFrancisco,California,only2,000unitswerebuilt.Themajordifference?SanFranciscohasonlya1.6percentvacancyratebutstringentrentcontrollaws.InNewYorkCity,exceptforgovernment-subsidizedconstruction,theonlyrentalunitsbeingbuiltareluxuryunits,whichareexemptfromcontrols.InSantaMonica,California,newapartmentsarenotbeingconstructed.Newofficerentalspaceandcommercialdevelopmentsare,however.Theyareexemptfromrentcontrols.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?TheconstructionofapartmentsintheUnitedStates.CausesandeffectsofrentcontrolThefluctuationsofrentalpricesTheshortageofaffordablehousingintheUnitedStates.ThewordTheyinline9referstothetenantstheirleasesplacesrentcontrols.WhichofthefollowingwasNOTareasonfortheintroductionofrentcontrolsinSantaMonica,California?rapidpopulationgrowthinflationeconomicconditionsduringwartimerecord-highhousingpricesThephraserollbackinline11isclosestinmeaningtocreditmeasurevaryreduceThewordstimulatinginline15isclosestinmeaningtoexperimentingwithidentifyingestimatingencouragingItcanbeinferredthatthepurposeofrentcontrolistoprotecttenantspromoteconstructionincreasevacancyratesdecreasesalesofrentalunitsTheworddepressedinline19isclosestinmeaningtosaddenedcreatedlowereddefeatedTheinformationinthelastparagraphsupportswhichofthefollowingstatements?SanFranciscohaseliminateditsrentcontrollaws.RentcontrolleadstoareductionintheconstructionofhousingunitsLuxuryapartmentsarerarelybuiltwhenthereisrentcontrolThereisagrowingneedforgovernment-subsidizedhousing.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcitiesdoesNOTcurrentlyhaverentcontrols?SantaMonicaDallasSanFranciscoNewYorkCityThewordstringentinline23isclosestinmeaningtostraightforwardstrictexpandedefficientAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTexemptfromrentcontrol?LuxuryapartmentsCommercialdevelopmentModeratelypricedapartmentsOfficespace.__31BDCDDACBBBC托福阅读真题232By1776thefineartofpaintingasithaddevelopedinwesternEuropeuptothistimehadbeenintroducedintotheAmericancoloniesthroughbooksandprints,Europeanvisitorsandimmigrants,andtravelingcolonistswhobroughtbackcopies(andafeworiginal)ofoldmasterpaintingsandacquaintancewithEuropeanartinstitutions.BytheoutbreakoftheRevolutionagainstBritishrulein1776,thestatusoftheartistshadalreadyundergonechange.Inthemid-eighteenthcentury,paintershadbeenwillingtoassumesuchartisan-relatedtasksasvarnishing,gildingteaching,keepingshops,andpaintingwheelcarriages,houses,andsigns.Theterminologybywhichartistsweredescribedatthetimesuggeststheirstatus:limnerwasusuallyappliedtotheanonymousportraitpainteruptothe1760's;paintercharacterizedanyonewhocouldpaintaflatsurface.Bythesecondhalfofthecentury,colonialartistswhoweretrainedinEnglandoreducatedintheclassicsrejectedthestatusoflaborerandthoughtofthemselvesasartists.Somecolonialurbanportraitists,suchasJohnSingletonCopley,BenjaminWest,andCharlesWilsonPeale,consortedwithaffluentpatrons.Althoughsubjecttofluctuationsintheireconomicstatus,allthreeenjoyedsufficientpatronagetoallowthemtomaintainanimageofthemselvesasprofessionalartists,animageindicatedbytheircustomofsigningtheirpaintings.AfewartcollectorsJamesBowdoinIIIofBoston,WilliamByrdofVirginian,andtheAliensandHamiltonsofPhiladelphiaintroducedEuropeanarttraditionstothosecolonistsprivilegedtovisittheirgalleries,especiallyaspiringartists,andestablishedintheirrespectivecommunitiestheideaofthevalueofartandtheneedforinstitutionsdevotedtoitsencouragement.Althoughthecoloniststendedtofavorportraits,theyalsoacceptedlandscapes,historicalworks,andpoliticalengravingsasappropriateartisticsubjects.WiththecomingofindependencefromtheBritishCrown,asufficientnumberofartistsandtheirworkswereavailabletoservenationalisticpurposes.Theachievementsofthecolonialartists,particularlythoseofCopley,West,andPeale,lentcredencetotheboastthatthenewnationwascapableofencouraginggeniusandthatpoliticallibertywascongenialtothedevelopmentoftaste—anecessarystepbeforeartcouldassumeanimportantroleinthenewrepublic.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?EuropeaninfluenceoncolonialAmericanpaintingTheimportanceofpatronagetoartistThechangingstatusofartistsintheAmericancoloniesintheeighteenthcenturySubjectspreferredbyartistsintheAmericancoloniesintheeighteenthcentury.Thewordoutbreakinline5isclosestinmeaningtocausebeginningpositionexplanationThewordundergoneinline6isclosestinmeaningtoledtotransformedpreferredexperiencedAccordingtothepassage,beforetheAmericanRevolutionthemaintaskoflimnerswastopaintwheelcarriagespaintportraitsvarnishfurniturepaintflatsurfacesItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatartistswhoweretrainedinEnglandconsideredartiststobesuperiortopaintersbarelypaintedportraitistswereoftenverywealthyimitatedEnglishpaintersThewordconsortedinline14isclosestinmeaningtomadedecisionsstudiesagreedassociatedThewordsufficientinline16isclosestinmeaningtoadequatetemporaryfriendlyexpensiveAccordingtothepassage,artistssuchasCopley,WestandPealsignedtheirpaintingsincreasedthemonetaryvalueofthepaintingsmadeitmoredifficultforotherartiststocopythepaintingssupportedtheartists'imageofprofessionalismdistinguishedcolonialAmericanartistsfromEuropeanartistsTheauthormentionsJamesBowdoinIIIandWilliamByrdinline17asexamplesofwhichofthefollowing?ArtgalleryownerswhodisplayedonlyEuropeanartArtcollectorswhohadaprofoundinfluenceonAmericanattitudestowardartArtistswhogavefinancialsupporttootherartistsPatronswhosehelpedtoencourageartisanstobecomeartistsWithwhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthorbemostlikelytoagree?Countriesthathavenothadapoliticalrevolutionareunlikelytodevelopgreatart.Themostsuccessfulartcollectorsareusuallyartiststhemselves.ThevalueofcolonialAmericanpaintingsdecreasedaftertheRevolution.Colonialartistsmadeanimportantcontributiontotheevolvingcultureofthenewnation.__32CBDBADACBD托福阅读真题3__33Researchersinthefieldofpsychologyhavefoundthatoneofthebestwaystomakeanimportantdecision,suchaschoosingauniversitytoattendorabusinesstoinvestin,involvestheutilizationofadecisionworksheet.Psychologistswhostudyoptimizationcomparetheactualdecisionsmadebypeopletotheoreticalidealdecisionstoseehowsimilartheyare.Proponentsoftheworksheetprocedurebelievethatitwillyieldoptimal,thatis,thebestdecisions.Althoughthereareseveralvariationsontheexactformatthatworksheetscantake,theyareallsimilarintheiressentialaspects.Worksheetsrequiredefiningtheprobleminaclearandconcisewayandthenlistingallpossiblesolutionstotheproblem.Next,thepertinentconsiderationsthatwillbeaffectedbyeachdecisionarelisted,andtherelativeimportanceofeachconsiderationorconsequenceisdetermined.Eachconsiderationisassignedanumericalvaluetoreflectitsrelativeimportance.Adecisionismathematicallycalculatedbyaddingthesevaluestogether.Thealternativewiththehighestnumberofpointsemergesasthebestdecision.Sincemostimportantproblemsaremultifaceted,thereareseveralalternativestochoosefrom,eachwithuniqueadvantagesanddisadvantages.Oneofthebenefitsofapencilandpaperdecision-makingprocedureisthatitpermitspeopletodealwithmorevariablesthantheirmindscangenerallycomprehendandremember.Ontheaverage,peoplecankeepaboutsevenideasintheirmindsatonce.Aworksheetcanbeespeciallyusefulwhenthedecisioninvolvesalargenumberofvariableswithcomplexrelationships.ArealisticexampleformanycollegestudentsisthequestionWhatwillIdoaftergraduation?Agraduatemightseekapositionthatoffersspecializedtraining,pursueanadvanceddegree,ortravelabroadforayear.Adecision-makingworksheetbeginswithasuccinctstatementoftheproblemthatwillalsohelptonarrowit.Itisimportanttobeclearaboutthedistinctionbetweenlong-rangeandimmediategoalsbecauselong-rangegoalsofteninvolveadifferentdecisionthanshort-rangeones.Focusingonlong-rangegoals,agraduatingstudentmightrevisethequestionabovetoWhatwillIdoaftergraduationthatwillleadtosuccessfulcareer?Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?Atooltoassistinmakingcomplexdecisions.AcomparisonofactualdecisionsandidealdecisionsResearchonhowpeoplemakedecisionsDifferencesbetweenlong-rangeandshort-rangedecisionmakingThewordessentialinline7isclosestinmeaningtointroductorychangeablebeneficialfundamentalThewordpertinentinline9isclosestinmeaningtorelevantprecedinginsightfulresponsiveOfthefollowingsteps,whichoccursbeforetheothersinmakingadecisionworksheet?Listi