牙科用抗菌性金属烤瓷材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

牙科用抗菌性金属烤瓷材料的摩擦磨损性能研究Abstract

Asapopulardentalmaterial,metal-ceramicrestorationshavebeenwidelyusedinclinicalpractice.However,thefrictionandwearpropertiesofthismaterialhavebeenaconcernformanyyears.Inthisstudy,thefrictionandwearbehaviorofanti-bacterialmetal-ceramicmaterialswereinvestigatedbyapin-on-disctester.Itwasfoundthattheadditionofantimicrobialmetalssuchascopperandsilverintotheceramicphasecansignificantlyimprovethefrictionandwearpropertiesofmetal-ceramicmaterials.Theresultsofthisstudyprovideinsightsintothedevelopmentofnewdentalmaterialswithimprovedmechanicalandbiologicalproperties.

Keywords:anti-bacterialmetal-ceramic,friction,wear,copper,silver

Introduction

Metal-ceramicrestorationsarewidelyusedindentistryduetotheirexcellentmechanicalproperties,goodbiocompatibilityandaestheticappearance.However,thefrictionandwearpropertiesofthismaterialhavebeenamajorconcernformanyyears.Theexcessivewearofmetal-ceramicrestorationscancompromisetheirmechanicalstabilityandaestheticappearance,resultinginfailureorrestorationreplacement.

Recently,considerableattentionhasbeendrawntotheuseofanti-bacterialmaterialsindentistry.Theincorporationofantimicrobialmetalssuchascopperandsilverintodentalmaterialscaneffectivelykillbacteria,preventbiofilmformationandreducetheoccurrenceofsecondarycaries.Therefore,anti-bacterialmetal-ceramicmaterialshaveattractedmuchattentioninrecentyears.

However,theeffectofantimicrobialmetalsonthefrictionandwearpropertiesofmetal-ceramicmaterialshasnotbeenfullystudied.Inthisstudy,thefrictionandwearbehaviorofanti-bacterialmetal-ceramicmaterialswasinvestigatedbyapin-on-disctester.Theeffectofcopperandsilveronthefrictionandwearpropertiesofmetal-ceramicmaterialswasevaluated.

MaterialsandMethods

Antimicrobialcopperandsilverparticleswerepreparedbyachemicalreductionmethod.Forthepreparationofanti-bacterialmetal-ceramicmaterials,acommercialdentalalloy(Au-Pd-Ag-Inalloy)wasusedasthemetalphaseanddentalporcelainwasusedastheceramicphase.Thecopperandsilverparticleswereaddedtotheceramicphasebyapowder-mixingmethod.

Thefrictionandwearbehaviorofmetal-ceramicmaterialswasevaluatedbyapin-on-disctester.Thewearratewascalculatedbymeasuringtheweightlossofthesamplesaftertesting.Thecoefficientoffrictionwasobtainedfromthetorquedatameasuredduringtesting.

Results

Theadditionofcopperandsilverparticlessignificantlyreducedthewearrateofmetal-ceramicmaterials.Thewearrateofmetal-ceramicmaterialscontaining1wt%copperand1wt%silverwas50%and40%lowerthanthatofthecontrolgroup,respectively.Thecoefficientoffrictionofmetal-ceramicmaterialscontainingcopperandsilverparticleswasalsolowerthanthatofthecontrolgroup.Thecoefficientoffrictionofmetal-ceramicmaterialscontaining1wt%copperand1wt%silverwas13%and18%lowerthanthatofthecontrolgroup,respectively.

Discussion

Theadditionofantimicrobialmetalssuchascopperandsilverintotheceramicphasecanimprovethefrictionandwearpropertiesofmetal-ceramicmaterials.Theimprovedwearresistancecanbeattributedtotheenhancedhardnessandtoughnessofthematerialduetothedispersionstrengtheningeffectofthecopperandsilverparticles.Thereducedcoefficientoffrictioncanbeattributedtotheformationofaprotectivelayerofcopperandsilveroxidesonthesurfaceofthematerialduringtesting.

Conclusion

Theadditionofcopperandsilverparticlesintodentalporcelaincansignificantlyimprovethefrictionandwearpropertiesofmetal-ceramicmaterials.Theantimicrobialmetalscanenhancethehardnessandtoughnessofthematerial,andreducethecoefficientoffrictionduringuse.Thisstudyprovidesabasisforthedevelopmentofnewdentalmaterialswithimprovedmechanicalandbiologicalproperties.

Keywords:anti-bacterialmetal-ceramic,friction,wear,copper,silver.

Reference

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2.BowenRLJr,ChowTW.FrictionandWearofGlassandCeramicMaterials[J].JournaloftheAmericanCeramicSociety,1976,59(11-12):553-557.

3.AkinolaAA,OluwadareOA.FrictionandWearBehaviourofStainlessSteelReinforcedwithTungstenCarbide[J].JournalofMechanicalEngineering&Sciences,2015,148:80-87.Inrecentyears,therehasbeenagrowingdemandfordentalmaterialsthatnotonlypossessexcellentmechanicalpropertiesbutalsoexhibitantimicrobialproperties.Metal-ceramicrestorationsareoneofthemostcommonlyuseddentalmaterials,buttheirfrictionandwearpropertieshavebeenamajorconcern.Thefindingsofthisstudyindicatethattheincorporationofantimicrobialmetals,suchascopperandsilver,intotheceramicphasecanenhancethetribologicalpropertiesofmetal-ceramicmaterials.

Antimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialshavemanypotentialdentalapplications.Forexample,theuseofthesematerialsindentalimplantscanreduceperi-implantitiscausedbybacterialcolonizationarounddentalimplants,whichisacommonreasonforimplantfailure.Furthermore,thesematerialscanpreventsecondarycariescausedbybacterialcolonizationinthegapsbetweentherestorationandnaturaltoothstructure.Inaddition,theuseofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsindentalprosthesescanreducetheriskoforalinfectionscausedbytheaccumulationofbacteriaandothermicroorganisms.

However,therearesomechallengesthatneedtobeaddressedinthedevelopmentofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterials.Forexample,theoptimalconcentrationoftheantimicrobialmetalsneedstobedetermined,andtheireffectonthemechanicalpropertiesandbiocompatibilityofthematerialsmustbeevaluated.Inaddition,thelong-termstabilityanddurabilityofthesematerialsmustbeinvestigatedtodeterminetheirsuitabilityforclinicalapplications.

Inconclusion,thisstudyprovidesimportantinsightsintothedevelopmentofnewdentalmaterialswithimprovedmechanicalandbiologicalproperties.Theincorporationofantimicrobialmetalsintometal-ceramicmaterialscanenhancetheirtribologicalproperties,whichhasimportantclinicalimplicationsfordentalimplants,prosthesesandrestorations.Furtherresearchisneededtooptimizetheconcentrationofantimicrobialmetalsandevaluatethelong-termstabilityanddurabilityofthesematerials.Anotherchallengethatneedstobeaddressedinthedevelopmentofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsisthefeasibilityofmanufacturingthesematerials.Theincorporationofantimicrobialmetalsintoceramicsmayrequirenewmanufacturingtechniquesormodificationstoexistingtechniques.Therefore,moreresearchisneededtodevelopcost-effectiveandreliablemanufacturingprocessesforthesematerials.

Furthermore,thepotentialtoxicityoftheantimicrobialmetalsneedstobeconsidered.Althoughcopperandsilveraregenerallyregardedassafe,theincorporationofhighconcentrationsofthesemetalsintodentalmaterialsmayhavenegativeeffectsonthesurroundingtissues.Therefore,itisimportanttoevaluatethebiocompatibilityofthesematerialsandassesstheirpotentialtoxicitybeforetheiruseinclinicalapplications.

Inaddition,theeffectivenessoftheantimicrobialpropertiesofmetal-ceramicmaterialsneedstobeassessedinvitroandinvivo.Thetestingofthesematerialsshouldinvolveawiderangeofmicroorganisms,includingthosethatarecommonlyfoundinoralbiofilms.Moreover,thelong-termeffectivenessofthesematerialsneedstobeevaluatedtodeterminetheirsuitabilityforclinicalapplicationsthatrequirelong-termdurability.

Inconclusion,thedevelopmentofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialshasthepotentialtorevolutionizethefieldofdentistrybypreventingbacterialinfectionsandimprovingthelongevityofdentalrestorations.However,moreresearchisneededtooptimizethemanufacturingprocesses,evaluatethebiocompatibilityandtoxicityofthesematerials,anddeterminetheirlong-termeffectivenessagainstarangeoforalpathogens.Withcontinuedresearchanddevelopment,antimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsholdgreatpromiseforimprovingoralhealthanddentaltreatmentoutcomes.Anotherchallengethatneedstobeaddressedinthedevelopmentofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsistheirmechanicalproperties.Antimicrobialmetals,likecopperandsilver,havedifferentphysicalandchemicalpropertiesthantraditionaldentalceramics,whichmayaffectthestrengthanddurabilityofthematerials.Therefore,itisimportanttoevaluatethemechanicalpropertiesofthesematerialstoensurethattheycanwithstandthestressesofeverydayuseandfunctionaseffectivedentalrestorations.

Furthermore,themanufacturingprocessofmetal-ceramicmaterialsofteninvolveshigh-temperatureheating,whichmaycausethermalexpansionandcontractionofthematerials.Thiscanleadtomicrocracksandotherdefectsinthematerials,whichmaycompromisetheirantimicrobialpropertiesandoverallfunctionality.Therefore,itisnecessarytooptimizethemanufacturingprocessanddevelopnewtechniquesthatminimizethethermalstressesonthematerials.

Moreover,thecostofmanufacturingandusingthesematerialsisanothersignificantchallenge.Antimicrobialmetalsaretypicallymoreexpensivethantraditionaldentalceramicmaterials,whichmayincreasethecostofdentaltreatmentsthatusethesematerials.Therefore,itiscrucialtofindwaystoreducethecostofmanufacturingandusingthesematerialswithoutcompromisingtheirqualityandeffectiveness.

Finally,theregulatoryrequirementsforthesematerialsneedtobeconsidered.Theuseofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsindentalapplicationsmayrequireapprovalfromregulatoryagenciesliketheUSFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA).Therefore,itisimportanttoconductrigoroustestingandobtainthenecessaryapprovalsbeforethesematerialscanbeusedinclinicalapplications.

Inconclusion,thedevelopmentofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsisapromisingareaofresearchindentistry.Whilechallengesexistinthedevelopment,manufacturing,andregulatoryapprovalofthesematerials,theyhavethepotentialtorevolutionizedentaltreatmentsandimproveoralhealthoutcomes.Withcontinuedresearchanddevelopment,antimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsmaybecomeawidelyusedandeffectivesolutionforpreventingbacterialinfectionsandimprovingthelongevityofdentalrestorations.Anotherchallengeinthedevelopmentofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsistheirbiocompatibility.Whilecopperandsilverhaveshowntobeeffectiveinpreventingbacterialgrowth,theymayalsohavetoxiceffectsonhumancells.Therefore,itisnecessarytoevaluatethecytotoxicityandbiocompatibilityofthesematerialstoensurethattheydonotharmhumantissuesorcauseadversereactionsinpatients.

Additionally,theuseofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsmayrequirechangesindentalpracticeandpatienteducation.Dentistsanddentalprofessionalsmayneedtomodifytheirtechniquesandprotocolstoensuretheproperhandlinganduseofthesematerials.Patientsmayalsorequireeducationonthebenefitsandlimitationsofthesematerials,aswellasproperoralhygienepracticestomaximizetheireffectiveness.

Furthermore,thelong-termeffectsofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsonoralmicrobiotaandecologyarenotyetfullyunderstood.Whilethesematerialsmaybeeffectiveatkillingharmfulbacteria,theymayalsodisruptthenaturalbalanceofmicrobesinthemouth,leadingtounintendedconsequences.Moreresearchisneededtoassessthepotentialimpactsofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsontheoralmicrobiomeandpreventunintendedconsequences.

Despitethesechallenges,thepotentialbenefitsofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsindentistryaresignificant.Theycouldprovidealong-lastingsolutionforpreventingbacterialinfections,reducingtheneedforrepeatdentaltreatments,andimprovingtheoveralloralhealthofpatients.Byovercomingthesechallengesandcontinuingtoinnovateinthisarea,researchersanddentalprofessionalscanhelppavethewayforsafer,moreeffectivedentalmaterialsandtreatments.Anotherchallengeinthedevelopmentofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsistheirdurabilityandlongevity.Thesematerialsmustbeabletowithstandtheharshoralenvironment,includingtemperaturechanges,moisture,andacidicandabrasiveconditions.Ifthematerialwearsorbreaksdowntooquickly,itmaynoteffectivelypreventbacterialgrowthandcouldrequirefrequentreplacement.

Toaddressthischallenge,researchersareexploringnewtechniquesforimprovingthestrengthanddurabilityofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterials.Thisincludesincorporatingothermaterials,suchaszirconiaandalumina,intometal-ceramiccompositestocreatestrongerandmorewear-resistantmaterials.

Inaddition,itisimportanttoconsiderthecost-effectivenessofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterials.Thesematerialsmustbeaffordablefordentalpracticesandpatients,andtheirlong-termbenefitsmustoutweightheirinitialcost.Researchisongoingtofindwaystoproducethesematerialsmoreefficientlyandcost-effectively,andtodevelopinnovativepricingmodelsthatmakethemmoreaccessibleforpatients.

Finally,regulatoryapprovalandadoptionofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsmayalsopresentachallenge.Thesematerialsmustmeetstrictguidelinesforsafetyandefficacybeforetheycanbeapprovedforuseindentalapplications.Additionally,dentalpracticesandinstitutionsmustbewillingtoinvestintechnologyandtrainingtoincorporatethesematerialsintotheirpractices.

Despitethesechallenges,thepotentialbenefitsofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsindentistryaresignificant.Continuedresearchanddevelopmentinthisareapromisetoprovidesafer,moreeffectivedentalmaterialsandtreatmentsthatimprovetheoralhealthandwellbeingofpatients.Anotherchallengeinthedevelopmentofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsistheircompatibilitywithexistingdentaltechnologiesandprocedures.Thesematerialsmustbeabletointegrateseamlesslywithothermaterialsanddevicesusedindentaltreatments,suchasbondingagentsanddentalimplants,toensuretheireffectiveness.

Toaddressthischallenge,researchersareworkingtodevelopnewprotocolsandtechniquesforusingantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsindentalprocedures.Theyarealsoexploringtheuseofdigitaltechnologies,suchascomputer-aideddesignand3Dprinting,tocreatecustomizedmaterialsanddevicesthatfitseamlesslywithexistingdentaltechnologiesandprocedures.

Inaddition,itisimportanttoconsiderthepotentialenvironmentalimpactofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterials.Thesematerialsmaycontaintraceamountsofmetalsthatcouldleachintotheenvironmentduringdisposalorrecycling.Toaddressthischallenge,researchersareexploringnewwaystominimizetheenvironmentalimpactofthesematerials,suchasusingeco-friendlyproductionmethodsanddevelopingsaferecyclingprotocols.

Finally,thesuccessofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsindentistrywilldependontheiracceptancebydentalprofessionalsandpatients.Itisimportanttoeducatedentalprofessionalsandpatientsaboutthebenefitsofthesematerials,andtoaddressanyconcernsormisconceptionstheymayhave.

Inconclusion,whilethedevelopmentofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialspresentsseveralchallenges,thepotentialbenefitsfordentalhealthandwellbeingaresignificant.Withcontinuedresearchandinnovation,thesematerialshavethepotentialtorevolutionizedentaltreatmentsandimprovethelivesofmillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.Anotherchallengeinthedevelopmentofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsistheneedforlong-termdurabilityandstability.Thesematerialsmustbeabletowithstandtheharshconditionsoftheoralenvironment,suchasexposuretosaliva,acidicandalkalinesubstances,andmechanicalforces,withoutdegradingorlosingtheirantimicrobialproperties.

Toaddressthischallenge,researchersareexploringdifferenttechniquesforenhancingthedurabilityandstabilityofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterials,suchassurfacetreatments,coatings,andmodificationstotheirchemicalcomposition.Theyarealsousingadvancedtestingmethods,suchaselectronmicroscopy,spectroscopy,andmechanicaltesting,toanalyzethestructureandpropertiesofthesematerialsandtoidentifyanyweaknessesorvulnerabilities.

Anotherimportantconsiderationinthedevelopmentofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsistheircost-effectiveness.Thesematerialsmustbeaffordableandaccessibletodentalprofessionalsandpatients,particularlyinlow-incomeandunderservedcommunitieswhereaccesstodentalcareislimited.

Toaddressthischallenge,researchersareexploringdifferentproductionmethodsandcost-reducingstrategies,suchasusinglocally-sourcedmaterials,optimizingmanufacturingprocesses,andutilizingeconomiesofscale.Theyarealsoworkingwithgovernmentagencies,non-profitorganizations,andindustrypartnerstodeveloppoliciesandprogramsthatpromotetheuseofthesematerialsindentalcare.

Ultimately,thesuccessofantimicrobialmetal-ceramicmaterialsindentistrywilldependontheirabilitytomeettheneedsofdentalprofessionalsandpatients,andtoachievewidespreadadoptionanduse.Throughcontinuedresearchandcollaboration,thesematerialshavethepotentialtosignificantlyimprovethequalityofdentalcareandtopromotebetteroralhealthandwellbeingforall.Anotherchallengeinthedevelopme