译中中译戏剧翻译

戏剧翻译

DramaTranslation

WhatisDrama?Dramaisacompositioninproseorverse,adaptedtobeacteduponastage,inwhichastoryisrelatedbymeansofdialogueandaction,andisrepresentedwithpanyinggesture,costume,andscenery,asinreallife;aplay.

OxfordEnglishDictionary(2ndEdition,1989)戏剧是由演员扮演角色，在舞台上当众表演故事情节的一种艺术，是一种综合的舞台艺术，她借助文学、音乐、舞蹈、美术等艺术手段塑造舞台艺术形象，揭示社会矛盾，反映现实生活。狭义专指以古希腊悲剧和喜剧为开端，首先在欧洲各国发展起来继而在世界广泛流行的舞台演出形式，英文为drama，中国称之为话剧。广义还包括东方一些国家、民族的传统舞台演出形式，如中国的戏曲、日本的歌舞伎、印度的古典戏剧、朝鲜的唱剧。

——《中国大百科全书》

戏剧的种类及基本特点

种类:

(1)从艺术表现形式:话剧、歌剧、舞剧、戏曲等

(2)按篇幅长短:独幕剧、多幕剧

(3)从内容、性质及美学范畴:悲剧、喜剧、正剧等

(4)从题材的时代性来:有历史剧和现代剧

基本特点：

（1）空间和时间要高度集中（2）矛盾冲突要尖锐集中（3）语言要表现人物性格

WhatisDramaTranslation?

Dramatranslationisthetranslationofthedramatictextfromonelanguageandcultureintoanotherandasthetranspositionoftheoriginal,translatedoradaptedtextontothestage.

OrtrunZubert-Skerrit

TowardsaTypologyofLiteraryTranslation:DramaTranslationScienceGostandgivesamoredetaileddefinitioninVerbalandNon-verbalCommunication:Dramaastranslationbelievestheaspectsandprocessesofthebroadterm“dramatranslation”are:◆

onelanguagetoanother(difficultiesofidiom,slang,tone,style,irony,word-playorpuns)◆

oneculturetoanother(customs,assumptions,attitudes)◆

oneage/periodtoanother(asabove)◆

onedramaticstyletoanother(e.g.realisticornaturalistictoexpressionisticorsurrealistic)◆

onegenretoanother(tragedyorcomedyorfarce)◆

onemediumtoanother(stageplaytoradio,TVorfilm)◆straightplay-scripttomusical/rock,opera/dancedrama◆

printedpagetostage◆

emotion/concepttohappening◆

verbaltonon-verbalpresentation◆oneactiongrouptoanother◆oneaudiencetoanother(dramaforschoolsorthedeaf)CharacteristicsofDramaTranslation1.ForaudienceratherthanforreadersDramacompriseschieflyofdialoguesbetweencharactersanditsfinalpurposeisstagepresentation(withclosetdramaastheonlyexception),so,itismostlywrittenforaudienceratherthanreaders..2.NoannotationsallowedTheaudio-visualqualityofadramadeterminesthattheaudienceataperformancehasnoaccesstofootnotesorexplanations.Thatiswhythetranslateddramashouldalsocontainnoannotationsasithastobeunderstooddirectlyandimmediately3.Commonlanguage

Usuallylanguageindramasisderivedfromdailylife,soitisverycommon.Intheprocessofdramatranslation,translatorsshouldmakethelineseasierfortheactorstoperformonthestage,also,theyshouldstandinthepositionofaudienceandmakethelanguageeasiertounderstand.LanguageFeaturesofDramaandits

ImplicationsforDramaTranslation

1.Colloquialism

Comparedwithotherliteraryforms,dramamakesmoreuseofcolloquialrhythm,vocabularyandsentencestructures.Also,sayingsandproverbsareoftenseeninadramabecausetheyarepopularamongthepublic.

Allliteratureismadeupofwords,butdramasaremadeupofspokenwords.(所有的文学都由文字组成，但戏剧是由口语化的文字组成)Boulton（戏剧研究学家）

ToAchieveColloquialism①pletesentencespleteandsimplesentenceshelptoestablishtheplaywright’scolloquialstyle.Ifthetranslatorwantstokeepthisstyle,hemustmakethecharactersspeaksimplelanguageinhistranslation.Example:吴祥子:逃兵，是吧?有些现大洋,想在北京藏起来，是吧?有钱就藏起来,没钱就当土匪，是吧？—老舍《茶馆》

WuXiangzi:Deserters,right?TryingtohideinBeijing,withafewsilverdollarsinyourpocket,right?Whenthemoneyrunsout,ebandits,right?—英若城WuXiangziz:You’redeserters.Right?You’vescrappedafewsilverdollars,andyouwanttoholeupinBeijing.Right？Ifyou’vegotmoney,youholeup;ifyouhaven’t,youturntobanditry.Right?Howard-Gibbon②Simplesentencestructure

Example:常四爷:是呀，您的眼力不错!戊戌年我就在这说了句“大清国要完”，叫您二位给抓了走，坐了一年多的牢!宋恩子:您的记性可也不错!混得还好吧?—老舍《茶馆》Chang:Yes,youhaveagoodmemory.In1898Imadetheremarkhere,“theGreatQingEmpireisaboutdonefor!”ForthatIwasarrestedbyyoutwo,andimprisonedformorethanayear!SongEnzi:Yourmemory’snotbadeither.Doingallrightthesedays?—英若城FourthElderChang：Itis.Youreyesight’sfine.Iwasarrestedbyyougentlemenherein1898,andspentmorethanayearforsayingthat“theGreatQingEmpireisaboutdonefor”.SongEnzi:Youhavearemarkablememory.Lifetreatingyouwellthesedays?Howard-Gibbon

2.Conciseness

Comparedwithnovels,thedevelopmentofplotsaremuchfasterandthelanguageismuchmoreconciseindramatictexts.Thisismainlybecausedramaperformanceisundergreatpressureoftime.

戏剧艺术受演出时间和空间的限制，它要求在有限的时间内，在人物有限的语言里，完美地展现广阔的斗争画面，深刻地表现丰富的思想内容，生动地刻画人物性格，因此戏剧语言比起其他文学语言，更要讲究精炼，最忌讳沉闷、啰嗦。

——马威《戏剧语言》ToAchieveConciseness①OmissionTomaketheaudienceunderstandbetterandeasier,afrequentlyusedmeasureisomissionofcomplicatedmeaningswhichareconsideredunimportantandlessimportantforimmediateaudienceunderstanding.Example:Linda:There’salittleattachmentontheendofit.Iknewrightaway.Andsureenough,onthebottomofthewaterheaterthere’sanewlittlenippleonthegaspipe.

DeathofASalesman林达：管子的一头安着个接头儿。我一看就明白了。他打算用煤气自杀。——英若城林达：在橡皮管的一头有个小附件。我马上就明白了。果然，在烧水的煤气灶底肚上有个新的小喷头接在煤气管上。

——陈良延②AdditionSometimes,whentranslatingomittedsentences,weprovidesadditionalusefulinformationtofacilitateunderstandingoftheaudience.Example:Biff:I’llseeOlivertomorrow.Hap,ifwecouldworkthatout…Linda:Maybethingsarebeginningto

DeathofASalesman比夫：我明天去见奥利弗。哈皮，咱们要是能计划周全了一林达：也许咱们真该转运了———英若城

3.Personalization

Forthecharactersinadrama,wordsarethesignsoftheirpersonalities.Theonlywayfortheplaywrighttocreatepeoplewithdistinctivecharacteristicsistowritepersonalizedlinesforthem.

剧作者须在人物头一次开口，便显出他的性格来。这很不容易。剧作者必须知道他的人物的全部生活，才能三言两语便使人物站立起来，闻其声，知其人。

—老舍

ToAchievePersonalization

Peoplewithdifferentidentitiesindifferentclasseswillusedissimilarlanguages.Dramadialoguesagreewiththeidentitiesofthecharacters.Thedialoguesofcharactersarecloselyassociatedwithotherfactors,suchasage,socialstatus,andeducation.Indramatranslation,translatorshouldfullyconsiderthesefactors.Example:

小唐铁嘴:哎哟，他妈的是你，小刘麻子!来，叫爷爷看看!(看前看后)你小子行，洋服穿的像那么一回事，由后面看哪，你比洋人还更像洋人!—老舍《茶馆》TangtheOracleJr:Oh,shit!It’syou,Pock-markJr!Come,letmegiveyoutheonce-over!(Lookinghimover,frontandback)Youlittlebastard!Inthatwesterngear,frombehindyoulookmoreforeignthanaforeigner.

英若城4.Playability

Playabilityofdramaticlanguagemeansgestureorientation.Thenatureisofsignificancetostageperformance.Itisgesture-containeddramaticlanguagethatmakesthewordsonpagesalive,maketheperformancestereoscopic,makethoughtsleap,,makethemovementsprofound.

动作化的语言即指从个性化的语言中，“看”出其相应的特定动作、行为意图、心理意图、心理状态和情感流动，并与人物语言的个性化因素协调统一，形成有机的暗示信息—艺术景象的基调，以便创造出生动突出的舞台艺术景象。

ToAchievePlayability

thecharmoftheatremainlycomesfromactions,andthiskindoflanguagecanpushforwardthedevelopmentoftheplotaswellasrevealtheinneractivityofthecharacters.Sinceplayabilityindramalanguageisindispensabletothetotalityofmeaning,theyshouldneverbeignoredindramatranslation.

Example:康六：刘大爷，把女儿给太监作老婆，我怎么对得起人呢？

—老舍《茶馆》

KangLiu:butMasterLiu,please,howcouldIeverfacemydaughteragainifIsoldhertobethewifeofaeunuch?

英若城Sixth-bornKang:howcouldIfacemydaughterifIsoldhertobeaeunuch’swife?Howard-Gibbon5.Musicality

Indrama,acousticelementsaccountmuch.Dramaisakindofcomprehensiveartthatisendowedwithaestheticfunction,andtheaestheticvaluesofdramapartiallylieinthemusicaleffectsofitslanguage.

话剧中的对话是要拿到舞台上，通过演员的口，送到听众的二中去的。由口到耳，必涉及语言的音乐性。……我们应将文字的意、形、音三者联合运用，一齐考虑……把文字的潜力都挖掘出来。这样，文字才能既有意思，又有响声，还有光彩。

——老舍

TOAchieveMusicality

Indramatranslation,thereproductionofacousticbeautyisabigchallengetothetranslator,whoisexpectedtocreatethebeautyofsoundsoastobeappropriateforpronunciationandpleasanttotheear.Thelanguageofdramaischaracterizedbyrhyme,rhythm,stress,intonation,pitch,loudness,speedofdelivery,allelementthatcancreateacousticbeauty.

Example:

大傻杨(我)大傻杨，打竹板儿，一来来到大茶馆儿。大茶馆，老裕泰，生意兴隆真不赖。茶座多，真热闹，也有老来也有少;有的说，有的唱，穿着打扮一人一个样;……—老舍《茶馆》SillyYangI’mSillyYang,andfromshoptoshop,ImakemyroundstillhereIstop.Thisgreatteahouse,Yutaibyname,Abooingbusiness,fortuneandfame.Tradeisbrisk,lotsofteasold,Everyonee,youngandold.Somesingorhum,otherssitandchat.Eachinhisgown,eachinhishat.…

英若城Culture-loadedWordsinDramaTranslation1.WordsconcerningreligionReligionisanindispensableconstituentofhumansocietyandhumancivilization.ItisacceptedthattheBuddhismandTaoismhaveaprofoundinfluenceonChineseculture.Incontrast,intheEnglish-speakingcountries,Christianityisthedominantreligion,itsimpactupontheEnglishculturehasfounditswayintothelanguage.

Example1:秦仲义：不能这么说，我那点威风在您面前可就施展不出来了！哈哈哈！庞太监：说得好，咱们就八仙过海，各显其能吧！哈哈哈！

—老舍《茶馆》

QinZhongyi:Well,Iwouldn’tsaythat.WhatlittleinfluenceImaywieldwon’tgofarinyourpresence.Ha!Ha!Ha!EunuchPang:Wellsaid!Let’sbothtryourbest.Andseewhathappens.Ha!Ha!Ha!

英若城QINZHONGYI:Notso,notso.WhatlittleprestigeIhavepalesinyourpresence.(laughsheartily)EUNUCHPANG：Nicelysaid.Liketheeightimmortalscrossingthesea,weeachhaveourownstrength,eh?(laughsheartily)Howard-GibbonExample2:王淑芬:三爷，你说的对!可是呀，这兵荒马乱的年月能有个事儿做也就得念佛!咱们都得忍着点—老舍《茶馆》

WangShufen:You’requiteright,MasterLi,butthesedaysyoucanthankyourluckystarsifyouhaveajobatall.Weallhavetobeabitpatient.

英若城WANGSHUFEN:Iagree,ThirdElder,butinthesehectictimesweshouldbethankfultohaveajobatall.We’veallgottopracticealittleforbearance.Howard-Gibbon2.IdiomsBothEnglishandChineseareveryrichinidiomaticexpressionscloselyrelatedtotheirowncultureandconveydifferentculturalfeaturesandmessage.Whentranslatingidioms,thetranslatorisentitledtomakecertainculturaladaptationstomakethemonolingualreaderunderstandthetranslatedmessagewithease.Example:康六:我，唉!我得跟姑娘商量一下!刘麻子:告诉你，过了这个村可没有这个店，耽误了事别怨我!快去快来!

老舍《茶馆》KangLiu:I,well,I’llhavetotakeitoverwithmydaughter.Pock-MarkLiu:I’mtellingyou,youwon’tfindanotherchancelikethis.Ifyouloseit,don’tblameme!You’dbettergetamoveon.

英若城SIXTH-BORNKANG:I…ah!...I’vegottotakeitoverwithmydaughter.POCKFACELIU:I’mtellingyou,thisisyouronlychance.Ifyoumissit,don’tblameme.Hurryup.Howard-Gibbon3.WordsaboutmateriallifeFood,asonesubcategoryofmaterialculture,isessentialtothesurvivalofhumanbeings.Chinesepeopleandwesternpeoplelivequiteadifferentlife,wordsrelatedtofoodmayhavequitedifferentconnotations.Socorrectunderstandingoftheoriginalmeaningisofvitalimportance.Thetranslatormustcompletelycomprehendtheoriginalintermsofthedesignativemeaningaswellastheassociativemeaning.Example:丁宝:老掌柜，你硬朗啊?王利发:嗯!要有炸酱面的话，我还能吃三大碗呢，可惜没有!

老舍《茶馆》DingBao:Oldmanager,youlookprettyfit!WangLifa:Yes.Ifthereweresomenoodleswithfriedbeansaucearound,Icouldpackawaythreehugebowls.Onlytherearen’tany.

英若城DINGBAO:Oldproprietor,you’reingoodhealth?WANGLIFA:Mmmh.IfIsatdownwithsomenoodleswithmeatsauce,Icouldstilltuckawaythreebigbowlsorso.Toobadtherearen’tany.Howard-Gibbon4.WordswithspecialhistoricalbackgroundLanguageisalwayschangingwiththedevelopmentofhumansociety.Sothereexistnumerousuniqueexpressionsaboutthethingsorphenomenasolelyappearinginspecialhistoricalperiod.WesternaudiencewhohavenoideaaboutChinesehistorymaybecompletelyconfusedbythesewords.Therefore,whentranslatingthesewords,“acceptance”onthepartofthewesternreceptorsshouldbeputintoprimaryposition.Example:松二爷:这号生意又不小吧?刘麻