专业八级252真题(含答案与解析)交互

专业八级-252100,90SECTIONAInthissectionyouwillhearamini-lecture.YouwillhearthelectureONCEONLY.Whilelistening,takenotesontheimportantpoints.Yournoteswillnotbemarked,butyouwillneedthemtocompleteagap-fillingtaskafterthemini-lecture.Whenthelectureisover,youwillbegiventwominutestocheckyournotes,andanthertenminutestocompletethegap-fillingtaskonANSWERSHEETONE.Usetheblanksheetfornotetaking.At**paniesandindustriesliketosponsorsportsevents.Tworeasonsareputforwardtoexplainthisphenomenon.Thefirstreasonistheyget(1) throughouttheworld.Thesecond (1) reasonis**paniesandindustries(2)(2) money,astheygetreductionsinthetaxtheyoweiftheysponsorsportsorartsactivities.Assponsorshipis(3) ,thinking (3) isrequiredindecidingwhicheventstosponsor.Itisimportantthattheeventtobesponsored(4)(4) theproduct(s)tobepromoted.Thatis,theright(5) andmaximumproductcoveragebe (5) guaranteedintheevent.PointstobeconsideredinsportsPopularityoftheeventInternationalsportseventsarebigevent, (6) whichgetextensivecoverageonTVandinthepress.Smallereventsattractfewerpeople.IdentificationofthepotentialaudienceAimingattherightaudienceismostimportantforsmallerevents. Therightaudiencewouldattractmanufacturers of other related products(7) ,etc.(7) AdvantagesofsponsorshipAdvantagesarelonger-term.Peopleareexpectedtorespond(8) the (8) productspromotedandbemorelikelytobuythem.Advertisingis(9) themind.Sponsorshipis(9) betterthanstraightadvertising:(10)

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(10) tax-freeSSS_FILLSSS_FILL1.该问题分值:1答案:known[听力原文]1-10Itiscommonnowadays**paniesandindustriestosponsorbigsportsevents.Forexample,**paniessponsoredthe8thNationalGamesheldinShanghaiin1997.Then,whatexactlydocompaniesandindustriesgetoutofsponsoringbigsportsevents,suchasinternationalgames7Andwhydotheydoso?There.isanobviousanswerandanotsoobviousone.Theobviousansweristhattheygetknownworldwide,particularlyiftheyaretheprincipalsponsorofanevent.ThisisespeciallyimportantwhenyouconsiderthenumberofcountriesaroundtheworldthatmightshowtheeventonTV.Thenotsoobviousansweristhatsponsorshipcanhelpfirmstosavemoney.Thenhowcantheysavemoneyinthisway?Companiescanclaimexpendituresonsponsorshipor"supporttosportandthwarts"againsttheamountoftaxthattheyowe.So,iftheyaregoingtohavetopaytaxanyway,whynotspendthemoneyonpromotingtheirnameorproduct?However,sponsorshipissurelyaveryexpensivebusiness.So,howdoesonedecidewhicheventsoractivitiestosupport?Companiesspendalotoftimemakingsurethattheyhaveaperfectmatchbetweentheproductstoberepresentedandtheactivitythatneedssponsorship.Basically,companieshavetomakesurethattheimagerightandthattheproductgetsmaximumcoveragethroughtheevent.mean,youwouldn'texpectacompanywhoseproducthasayounginternationalimagetosponsorasportthathasafollowingamongolderpeople.Thereareallsortsofreasonsbehindsponsorship.That'swhatthegame'saboutforthosewhoaretryingtosellit.Therearesomeimportantpointstoconsiderbeforeagreeingtosponsoranevent.Firstandforemost,Isuppose,isthepopularityoftheevent—inglobalterms,Imean.EventsliketheWorldCupandtheOlympicshavebusinessesqueuinguptooffersponsorship.Therearethebigmediaevents:hoursandhoursofTVandsatellitecoverageguaranteedallovertheworld,aswellaspresscoverageandthepossibilityofphotographsthatinsomewayadvertiseyourproduct.Mosteventsaren'tquitelikethat,though.Isupposeyou'vegotthenationalgameseveryfouryearsinChina.Butmosteventsappealtoonlyalimitedproportionofthepotentialaudience—tennis,forexample.Mostoftheaudiencethereisyoung,soproductsfortheyoungaretheonesthatyouwouldassociatewiththeevent.Thenhowdoyoumatchuptheproductwiththeevent?Themostimportantthingwiththesmallereventistoidentifytheaudienceit'sgoingtoappealto—inthisinstance,tennisandyoungpeople.Thatshouldattractdrinksmanufacturers,sportsfashiondesigners,cosmeticsproducers,andsoon.Thenyoulookatthepotentialcoverageinthemedia.It'sthesortofeventthatmightattractCoca-ColaorPepsi—maybeevenMcDonalds.Insponsoringsportsevents,itisnotjustthemediacoveragethatmatters.Theimportantquestioniswhetherthepeoplewho'veeitherbeentotheeventorreadaboutitinthepresswillbemorelikelytobuyyourproductasaresult.Alotoftheadvantagesofinvestmentinsponsorshiparelonger-term. PeoplewhohavereadaboutorwatchedaneventonTVmaynotevenbeabletotellwhowassponsoringtheevent,yetwillreactfavorablyifaskedtocommentonproductsmarketedbythe**pany.Theyhavebeenconditionedinsomeway.Conditioningthemindiswhatadvertisingabout.Believeitornot,straightadvertisingisafarmoreexpensivewayofpromotingyourimagethansponsorship,andwhat'smore,sponsorshipismostlytax-free.Tosumup,todaywehavetalkedaboutsponsorshipofsportseventsbycompanies:thereasonsbehindandafewrelatedpoints.Ihopethiswillhelpyougainsomeinsightintotheissue.SSS_FILLSSS_FILL2.该问题分值:1答案:saveSSS_FILLSSS_FILL3.该问题分值:1答案:expensive/costlySSS_FILLSSS_FILL4.该问题分值:1答案:matchSSS_FILLSSS_FILL5.该问题分值:1答案:imageSSS_FILLSSS_FILL6.该问题分值:1答案:mediaSSS_FILLSSS_FILL7.该问题分值:1答案:cosmetics/drinksSSS_FILLSSS_FILL8.该问题分值:1答案:favorablySSS_FILLSSS_FILL9.该问题分值:1答案:conditioningSSS_FILLSSS_FILL10.该问题分值:1答案:expensive/costlySECTIONBQuestions1to5arebasedonaninterview.Attheendoftheinterviewyouwillbegiven10secondstoanswereachofthefollowingfivequestions.Nowlistentotheinterview.SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL1.WhatwaseducationlikeinProfessorWang'sdays?Studentsworkedveryhard.StudentsfelttheyneededasecondC Educationwasnotcareer-oriented.D Thereweremanyspecializedsubjects.该问题分值:1答案:C[听力原文]1-5Nancy:Goodevening.I'mNancyJohnson:TheguestonourradiothiseveningisProfessorWangGongwu. Hello, ProfessorWang.Wang:Hello.Nancy:ProfessorWang.YouarenowprofessoremeritusofAustralianNationalUniversity,andinyourlongacademiccareer,you'vewornmanyhatsastutor,lecturer,departmenthead,dean,professorandvicechancellor.However,asIknow,youarestillveryfondofyouruniversitydaysasastudent.Wang:That'sright.Thatwasin1949.TheuniversityIwenttowasabrandnewuniversitythenandtheonlyoneinthecountryatthattime.WhenIlookback,itwasanamazinglysmalluniversity,andwekneweverybody.Nancy:Howdidthestudentslikeyou,forexample,studythen?Wang:Wedidnotstudyveryhard,becausewedidnothaveto.Wedidn'thaveallthis**petitionthatyouhavetoday.Nancy:Emm.Wang:Wewerealwaysmadetofeelthatgettingafirstdegreeintheartsfacultywasnotpreparationforaprofession.Itwasageneraleducation.Wewerenotunderanypressuretodecideonourcareers.Andwehadsuchagoodtime.Wewereleftverymuchonourown.Andwewereencouragedtomakethingshappen.Nancy:Whatdoyouseeisthemoststrikingdifferenceinthepresentdayeducationsincethen?Wang:Universityeducation haschangeddramaticallysincedays.Thingsareveryspecializedtoday.Nancy:Yes,definitelyso.Andinyoursubsequentcareerexperienceasaneducator,andlateradministratorinvariousinstitutionsofhighereducationinAsiaandelsewhere,ProfessorWang,youhaverepeatedlynotedthatonehastolookatthedevelopmentofeducationinoneparticularcountryinthebroadcontext.Whatdoyoumeanbythat?Wang:Well,thewholeworldhasmovedawayfromeliteeducationinuniversitiestomeettheneedsofmasseducation.Andenteringuniversitiesisnolongeraprivilegeforthefew.Anduniversitiestodayaremoreconcernedwithprovidingjobsfortheirgraduatesinawaythatuniversitiesinourtimeneverhadtobebotheredabout. Therefore, theemphasisofuniversityprogramstodaynowonthepracticalandtheutilitarianlatherthanonageneraleducationoronpersonaldevelopment.Nancy:Doyouthinkthatisawelcomedevelopment?Wang:Well, Ipersonallyregretthisdevelopment, butthebachelor'seducationnowhastocatertopeoplewhoreallyneedapieceofpapertofindadecentjob.Nancy:Soyouareconcernedaboutthisdevelopment.Wang:Yes,I'mveryconcerned.Withtechnicalchanges,manyofthethingsthatyoulearnaretechnicalskillswhichdon'trequireyoubecomeverywelleducated.Yetifyoucanmasterthoseskills,youcangetverygoodjobs.Sothetechnicalinstitutionsare goingto be increasinglypopularat theseexpensivetraditionaluniversities.Nancy:ProfessorWang,let'slookatadifferentissue.Howdo**mentonthecurrentphenomenonthatmoreandmoreuniversitiesadmitstudentsbecausethefeestheypay?Wang:Well,onceyouacceptstudentsonfinancialgrounds, onewonderswhetheryouhavetopassthemaswell.Butthisisthedevelopmentineducationthatwehavetocontendwith.Yet,ifweconcernedaboutmaintainingstandards,whatwecandoistoconcentrateonimprovingthequalityofeducation.Nancy:Yes,youareright.Auniversityisjudgedbythequalityofeducationitoffers.ProfessorWang,let'sturntothefuture.Whattypeofgraduates,inyourview,theuniversitiesofthefutureneedtoproduceiftheyaretoremainrelevant?Wang:Ithinktheirgraduatesmustbeabletoshiftfromoneprofessiontoanother,becausetheyaretrainedinaveryindependentway.Ifyoucandothat,youraisetheleveloftheflexibilityofthemind.Today'srapidchangesintechnologydemandthisadaptability.Andyousee,thebestuniversitiesintheworldare'alreadytryingtoguaranteethattheirstudentswillnotonlybetechnicallytrained,butcanbethatkindofpeoplethatcanadaptanychangingsituation.Nancy:Iguessmanypeoplewouldagreewithyouonthatpoint.Universityeducationshouldfocusonbothprofessionalandpersonalintellectualdevelopmentofstudents.Butstill,somemightbelievethatthereisadefiniteplaceforeducationinabroadersense,istosay,inpersonalintellectualdevelopment.Wang:Nodoubtaboutthat.Weneedpeoplewhowillthinkaboutthefuture,aboutthepast,andalsopeoplewhowillthinkaboutIfsocietydoesnothavephilosophersorpeoplewhothinkaboutthevalueof'life,it'saverysadsocietyindeed.Nancy:ProfessorWang,mylastquestion.Doyousee**mongroundineducationbetweenyourgenerationandtheyounggenerationnow.'?Wang:Adaptingtonewchallengesisperhapsthetruecornstoneofourgeneration'slegacytoeducation.Andthefutureofeducationinacountryrestsnotsomuchintheconstructionofbetterbuildings,labsetc.,butinthedevelopmentofaneveradaptablemind.Nancy:That'strue.Theessenceofeducationistheeducationofthemind.OK.Thankyouverymuch,ProfessorWang,fortalkingtousontheshowaboutthechangingtrendsineducation.Wang:Youarewelcome.SSS_SIMPLE_SINSSS_SIMPLE_SIN2.AccordingtoProfessorWang,whatisthepurposeofthepresent-dayeducation?Toturnoutanadequatenumberofeliteforthesociety.Topreparestudentsfortheirfuturecareer.[C)Toofferpracticalandutilitariancoursesineachprogram.[D]Tosetupasmanytechnicalinstitutionsaspossible.A答案:B

B C DBCD该问题分值:1SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.InProfessorWang'sopinion,technicalskills .requiregoodeducationaresecondarytoeducationdon'tcallforgoodeducationD don'tconflictwitheducation该问题分值:1答案:CSSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.WhatdoesProfessorWangsuggesttocopewiththesituationcausedbyincreasingnumbersoffee-payingstudents?Shiftingfromoneprogrammetoanother.WorkingoutwaystoreducestudentC Emphasizingbetterqualityofeducation.D Settingupstricterexaminationstandards.该问题分值:1答案:CSSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.FutureeducationneedstoproducegraduatesofallthefollowingcategoriesEXCEPT .A thosewhocanadapttodifferentprofessionsB thosewhohaveahighflexibilityofmindthosewhoarethinkers,historiansandphilosophersthosewhopossessonlyhighlyspecialized该问题分值:1答案:DSECTIONCQuestion6isbossedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven10secondstoanswerthequestion.Nowlistentothenews.Questions9and10arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL6.OnJohnHoward'sagenda, wouldbehisnextstop.DohaHongC LondonD Washington该问题分值:1答案:C[听力原文]9-10AustralianPrimeMinisterJohnHowardarguedforcefullyfornationstoteardowntheirtradeharriersasthemosteffectivewayoftransformingthefortunesoftheworld'spoor.SpeakingaheadofsummittalkswithUSPresidentGeorgeW.BushhereTuesday,Howardalsosaidthatnationsmustnotretreatinthe"waronterror"inlightoftheJuly7attacksinLondon,whichhesettovisitlaterintheweek.Inawide-rangingspeechtotheUSChamberof.Commerce,theprimeministersaidafreetradeagreementbetweentheUnitedandAustraliathattookeffectonJanuary1wassolidproofofthenations'"specialrelationship".ButHowardalsohadaveiledmessagetotradingpowerssuchastheUnitedStatesandEuropeanUnionasliberalizationnegotiationsattheWorldTradeOrganizationcountdowntoacrunchministerialgatheringoftheWTOinHongKonginDecember."Itisbeyondargumentthatthevaluetodevelopingcountriesof'removingthemostperniciousofthetradebarriersmaintaineddevelopedcountrieswoulddoinfinitelymoretohelpthosecountries,thanwouldincreasesinoverseasaid,"hesaid.HowardsaidhesympathizedwithLive8organizerBobGeldofanddebt-reliefsupporters"thattheworlddoeshaveamoralobligation"."Butithastobeamoralobligationthatisdeliveredcalmlyandwiththeproperunderstandingthatviecandoalotmorebyaddressingtradeimperfections,andwehaveeveryrighttoinsistthatstandardsofgovernanceareproperlydelivered,"hesaid.itwascrucialthattheWTOachieveabreakthroughinits"Doharound"oftalksthatwillclimaxinDecember,"Becauseifwedon't,Ithinkthere'llbeasignificantcollapseofconfidenceinthecapacityoftheworldactingmultilaterallytosolvesomeofourmostdeep-seatedproblems,"theAustralianleadersaid.Asaleadinglightinthe"Cairnsgroup"ofagriculturalexporters,Australiahasbeeninthevanguardofcallsforliberalization,especiallyinfarmingproduce.ThathascontrastedwiththeapparentreluctanceoftheUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUniontogodramaticallyfartherintheirowngeneroussubsidiestotheirfarmers.SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL7.AccordingJohnHoward,itwouldbemoreimportant inorderhelpthepoorcountries.A fortherichcountriestoincreasetheiroverseasB fortherichcountriestoraisetheirmoralstandardsC fortherichcountriestoremovetiletradebarriersD fortherichcountriestoincreasetheirmeansubsidiespooroverseasfarmers该问题分值:1答案:CQuestions7and8arebasedonthefollowingnews.Attheendofthenewsitem,youwillbegiven20.secondstoanswerthequestions.Nowlistentothenews.SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL8.BeforeSpainwithdrewitstroopsfromIraq, Latincountrieshadhadtroopsstationedinthecountry.1234该问题分值:1答案:D[听力原文]7-8SalvadoranPresidentTonySacasaidTuesdayhewouldbewillingtosendmorehumanitariantroopstoIraqdespitetheongoingthreatofterrorattacksagainstU.S.alliesthere.EISalvadoristheonlyLatinAmericancountrywithtroopsinIraqfollowingthewithdrawalofHonduran,NicaraguanandDominicansoldierswhohadservedundertheUltra-PlusBrigadeformerlyledbySpain.SpainwithdrewtroopsafterterroristattacksonMarch11,2004,inMadrid.Theattackskilled191peopleon**mutertrains,promptingvoterstoelectanewprimeministerwhoopposedthewarinIraq.ElSalvadorhasbeensendinghumanitariantroopstoIraqAugust2003. Thefourthcontingentisscheduledtoreturnhomenextmonth."Withorwithouttroops"inIraq,theterrorismdanger"forthecountryandfortheworldisenormous,"Sacasaid."Wecannotbowdowninthefaceofterrorism,orbeafraid."Sacasaidifhedoessendafifthcontingent,itwouldbewiththeunderstandingthattheywouldcontinuetoserveinahumanitarianlashion,helpingwithpostwarreconstruction.Despitethepeacefulnatureoftheirwork,Salvadoranshavebeendrawninvoluntarily**batsituations.Onesoldierdiedand12otherswerewoundedduringanattackbyIraqiinsurgentsinApril2004.Asecondsoldierdiedlastmonthafteracarhithimwhilehewaschangingatire.SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL9.HowmanySalvadoransoldiershavediedinIraqsofar?None.1.2.3.该问题分值:1答案:C10.SSS_SINGLE_SEListhepresidentoftheKhartoumgovernmentisthevicepresidentoftheKhartoumgovernmentC isthevicepresidentofthesouthernstatesD usedtobeNo.2oftheSudanPeople'sLiberation该问题分值:1答案:B[听力原文]InhisfirstdecreesasSudan'sNo.2leader,formerrebelchiefJohnGarangdissolvedhisguerrillamovementanddismissedallgovernmentofficialsin10southernstates.Themovesimplementmeasurescalledforunderaninterimconstitutionandpeaceagreementthatendeda21-yearcivilwarbetweentheMuslimnorthandmainlyChristianandanimistsouth.ThesettlementmadeGatingfirstvicepresident—secondonlytoPresidentOmarel-Bashir—aswellaspresidentofsouthernSudan,lettinghimsetupaninterimadministrationthereuntilareferenduminsixyearsonsecession.Thedecreeswereannouncedbystate-runOmdurmanradio,whichusedtoseverelycriticizetheformerrebelleader.GarangledtheSudanPeople'sLiberationArmyinthewaragainsttheKhartoumgovernment.ThewarinAfrica'slargestcountryendedinJanuarywiththesigningof**prehensivepeaceagreement,andhewassworninasfirstvicepresidentJuly9.Garang'sdecreesreplacedthegovernorsinthesouthwhohadbeenappointedbyel-Bashir.Theedictsalsodissolvedallthelegislativecouncilsintheregion.Garangsetupanewadministration,namingSalvaKiirMayarditasvicepresulentofthesoutherngovernment.KiirwasGarang'ssecondintheSudanPeople'sLiberationArmy.PARTⅡREADINGCOMPREHENSIONInthissectiontherearefourreadingpassagesfollowedbyatotaloftwentymultiple-choicequestions.Readthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersonyourcoloredanswersheet.TEXTAWesometimesthinkhumansareuniquelyvulnerabletoanxiety,butstressseemstoaffecttheimmunedefensesofloweranimalstoo.Inoneexperiment,forexample,behavioralimmunologistMarkLaudenslager,attheUniversityofDenver,gavemildelectricshocksto24rats.Halftheanimalscouldswitchoffthecurrentbyturningawheelintheirenclosure,whiletheotherhalfcouldnot.Theratsinthetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeoneratturnedthewheelitprotectedbothitselfanditshelplesspartnerfromtheshock.Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.Whathehasdemonstrated,hebelieves,isthatlackofcontroloveranevent,nottheexperienceitself,iswhatweakenstheimmunesystem.Otherresearchersagree.JayWeiss,apsychologistatDukeUniversitySchoolofMedicine,hasshownthatanimalswhoaretocontrolunpleasantstimulidon'tdevelopsleepdisturbancesorchangesinbrainchemistrytypicalofstressedrats.Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover,theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol.Suchfindingsreinforcepsychologists'suspicionsthattheexperienceorperceptionofhelplessnessisoneofthemostharmfulfactorsindepression.Oneofthemoststartlingexamplesofhowthemindcanalterimmuueresponsewasdiscoveredbychance.In1975psychologistAderattheUniversityofRochesterSchoolofMedicineconditionedmicetoavoidsaccharinbysimultaneouslyfeedingthemthesweetenerandinjectingthemwithadragthatwhilesuppressingtheirimmunesystemscausedstomachupsets. Associatingthesaccharinwith stomachpains,themicequicklylearnedtoavoidthesweetener.Inordertoextinguishthisdislikeforthesweetener,Aderreexposedtheanimalstosaccharin,thistimewithoutthedrug,andwasastonishedtofindthatthosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamountsofsweetenerduringtheirearlierconditioningdied.Heonlyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyconditionedtheratsthatsaccharinalonenowservedtoweakentheirimmunesystemsenoughtokillthem.SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL11.Laudenslager'sexperimentshowedthattheimmunesystemofthosewhocouldturnofftheelectricity .AwasBwasnotCwasalteredDwasweakened该问题分值:1答案:B文章第一段倒数第二句“Laudenslagerfoundthattheimmuneresponsewasdepressedbelownormalinthehelplessratsbutnotinthosethatcouldturnofftheelectricity.”明确说明切断不了电流的老鼠(无助的老鼠)免疫功能被削弱，而能够切断电流的老鼠则不受影响，所以[B)是正确答案。SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL12.Accordingtothepassage,theexperienceofhelplessnesscausesto .A trytocontrolunpleasantB turnofftheelectricitybehavepassivelyincontrollablesituationsbecomeabnormallysuspicious该问题分值:1答案:C文章第二段第三句“Butiftheanimalsareconfrontedwithsituationstheyhavenocontrolover，theylaterbehavepassivelywhenfacedwithexperiencestheycancontrol．”的情况，以后即使在自己能够控制的情况下，其反应也是消极被动的，所以是正确答案。SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL13.ThepassagetellsusthatthemostprobablereasonforthedeaththemiceinAder'sexperimentwasthat .A theyhadbeenweakenedpsychologicallybythesaccharinB thesweetenerwaspoisonoustothemtheirimmunesystemshadbeenalteredbythemindtheyhadtakentoomuchsweetenerduringearlier该问题分值:1答案:C作者写第三段的目的是为了证明他在第三段第一句里的论点"themindcanaltertheimmuneresponse'’，Ader了培养老鼠的条件反射，AderSSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL14.ItcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethattheimmunesystemsofmalcanheweakenedbyconditioningcanbesuppressedbydruginjectionscanbeaffectedbyfrequentdosesofsaccharinD canbealteredbyelectricshocks该问题分值:1答案:AAder射就能削弱其免疫功能，所以[A]正确。TEXTBThebiographerhastodancebetweentwoshakypositionswithrespecttothesubject.Tooclosearelation,andthe'mitermayloseobjectivity.Notcloseenough,andthewritermaylackthesympathynecessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind,asoul—thequalityoflife.Whoshouldwritethebiographyofafamily,forexample?Becauseoftheirclosenesstothesubject,familymembersmayhavespecialinformation,butbythesametoken,theymaynothavethedistancethatwouldallowthemtobefair.Similarly,aking'sservantmightnotbethebestonetowriteabiographyof'thatButaforeignermightnothavetheknowledgeandsympathynecessarytowritetheking'sbiography—notforareadershipfromwithinthekingdom,atanyrate.Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask.Thebiographerhastoworkwiththepositionheorshehasintheworld,adjustingthatpositionasnecessarytodealwiththesubject.Everypositionhasstrengthsandweaknesses:tothrive,awritermusttrytobecomeawareofthese,evaluatethemintermsofthesubject,andselectapositionaccordingly.Whentheirsubjectsareheroesoffamousfigures,biographiesoftenrevealademocraticmotive:theyattempttoshowthattheirsubjectsarconlyhuman,nobetterthananyoneelse.Otherbiographiesaremeanttochangeus,toinviteustobecomebetterthanweare.ThebiographiesofJesusfoundintheBibleareinthisclass.Biographersmayclaimthattheiraccountisthe"authentic"one.Inadvancingthisclaim,theyarehelpedifthebiographyis"authorized"bthesubject;thispresumablyallowsthebiographerspecialaccesstoprivateinformation. "Unauthorized"biographiesalsohavetheirappeal,however,sincetheycansuggestanindependenceofmindinthebiographer.Inbookpromotions,the"unauthorized“characterizationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress.Asubjectmighthaveseveralbiographies,evenseveral"authentic"ones.Wesenseintuitivelythatnooneisinapositiontotell"the"storyofalife,perhapsnoteventhesubject,andthishasbeenprovedbythehistoryofbiography.SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL15.Accordingtotheauthor,anidealbiographerwouldbeonewho .knowsthesubjectverywellandyetmaintainsadistancefromhimisclosetothesubjectandknowsthetechniquesofbiographywritingisindependentandtreatstilesubjectwithfairnessobjectivitypossessesspecialprivateinformationandissympathetictowardthesubject该问题分值:1答案:A文章第一段指出“Tooclosearelation，andthewritermayloseobjectivity．Notcloseenough，andthewritermaylackthesympathynecessarytoanyefforttoportrayamind，asoul-thequalityoflife．”，这说明与研究对象太密切或太远都有不足之处，由此可以推断出[A]是正确答案。SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL16.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue,accordingtothepassage?Ailauthenticbiographyseldomappealstoitsreaders.Anauthenticbiographyisoneauthorizedbythesubject.Noonecanwriteaperfectbiography.Authorizedbiographieshaveawiderleadership.该问题分值:1答案:C第二段第一句"Thereisnoidealpositionforsuchatask．”说明作为传记作家既非常了解研究对象又能与之保持适当的距离是不可能的，所以[C]“没有人能够写出完美的传记作品”是正确答案。SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL17.Anunauthorizedbiographyislikelytoattractmorebecause .itportraysthesubjectbothfaithfullyandvividlyitcontainsinterestinginformationaboutthesubject'sprivatelifeitrevealsalotofaccuratedetailsunknowntooutsidersitusuallygivesasympatheticdescriptionofthesubject'scharaster该问题分值:1答案:B文章最后一段“Inbookpromotions，the‘unauthorized’characterizationusuallysuggeststheprospectofjuicygossipthatthesubjecthadhopedtosuppress．”说明“未经授权”的传记往往意味着描写了一些研究对象想掩饰的内幕消息，所以[B]与文意相符，是正确答案SSS_SINGLE_SELSSS_SINGLE_SEL18.Inthispassage,theauthorfocuseson .thedifficultyofabiographerinfindingtheperspectivetodohisjobthesecretofabiographertowinmorereadersthetechniquesrequiredofabiographertowriteabiographythecharacteristicsofdifferentkindsofbiographies该问题分值:1答案:A文章主要介绍传记作家所面临的选择合适位置的问题，对作家来说没有一个完美的距离使得他写出传记作品，所以[A]是文章的焦点。TEXTCClothesplayacriticalpartintheconclusionswereachbyprovidingcluestowhopeopleare,whotheyarenot,andwhotheywouldliketob