2013年2月16日雅思阅读考题回顾

2013年2月16日雅思阅读考题回顾来源：朗阁培训中心编辑：xm发布日期:2013-02-21摘要：厦门朗阁培训中心为烤鸭们整理了2月16日雅思阅读考题回顾以及备考建议。考试日期：2013年2月16日ReadingPassage1Title:新手，熟练工和专家Questiontypes:判断True/False/NotGiven;填空文章内容回顾第一篇是说一个“novice”怎么成为一个“expert”,并且举例说明两者在看待及解决问题上的差别。还讲述对expertise掌握程度研究，从novice到journeyman然后蜕变到expert的过程。另外也提到了一些researchers和theorists,theyarebetterinmakingpredictionsthanexperts.旧文P1=V070908英文原文阅读Expertiseresearchshowsquiteambiguousresultsontheabilitiesofexpertsinjudgmentanddecisionmaking(JDM)classicmodelscannotaccountfor.Thisproblembecomesevenmoreaccentuatedifdifferentlevelsofexpertiseareconsidered.Wearguethatparallelconstraintsatisfactionmodels(PCS)mightbeausefulbasetounderstandtheprocessesunderlyingexpertJDMandthehithertoexisting,differentiatedresultsfromexpertiseresearch.ItisoutlinedhowexpertisemightinfluencemodelparametersandmentalrepresentationsaccordingtoPCS.Itisdiscussedhowthisdifferentialimpactofexpertiseonmodelparametersrelatestoempiricalresultsshowingquitedifferentcoursesinthedevelopmentofexpertise;allowing,forexample,topredictunderwhichconditionsintermediatesmightoutperformexperts.Methodologicalrequirementsfortestingtheproposedunifyingtheoryundercomplexreal-worldconditionsarediscussed.Insupportonetheory,astudydemonstratesthatentrepreneurialexpertsframedecisionsusingan“effectual”logic(identifymorepotentialmarkets,focusmoreonbuildingtheventureasawhole,paylessattentiontopredictiveinformation,worrymoreaboutmakingdowithresourcesonhandtoinvestonlywhattheycouldaffordtolose,andemphasizestitchingtogethernetworksofpartnerships);whilenovicesusea“predictiveframe”andtendto“gobythetextbook.”Weasked27expertentrepreneursand37MBAstudentstothinkaloudcontinuouslyastheysolvedtypicaldecision-makingproblemsincreatinganewventure.Transcriptionswereanalyzedusingmethodsfromcognitivescience.ResultsshowedthatexpertentrepreneursframedproblemsinadramaticallydifferentwaythanMBAstudents.题型难度分析判断题难度不大，区分FALSE和NOTGIVEN是关键题型难度分析Heading题考察skim能力，难度不大，但得分率不高。题型技巧分析标题配对题（Listofheadings）是雅思阅读中的一种重要题型，要求给段落找小标题。它一般位于文章之前，由两部分组成：一部分是选项，另一部分是段落编号，要求给各个段落找到与它对应的选项，即表达了该段中心思想的选项，有时还会举一个例子。当然，例子中的选项是不会作为答案的。解题思路：1.将例子所对应的选项及段落标号划去2.划出选项中的关键词及概念性名词3.浏览文章，抓住各段的主题句和核心词（尤其是反复出现的核心词），重点关注段落首句、第二句与末句4.与段落主题句同义或包含段落核心词的选项为正确答案剑桥雅思推荐原文练习剑7AntIntelligenceReadingPassage3Title:音乐的起源和影响Questiontypes:判断Yes/No/NotGiven配对文章内容回顾主要是一个专家的研究成果，关于音乐的起源和影响。描述音乐和语言之间的联系和关系。BlackingMitten是其中一个重要人物。英文原文阅读Wecanonlyguessastohowmusicwascreatedintheprimitivepsycheofthetime.Whatfollowsisprettymuchmyguess.Earlymanmostlikelytooksomeinterestinthesoundsaroundhim,insomecasesitmeantlifeordeath,asintheroarofatiger,oritwaspleasingtotheear,asinabirdsingingaway.Icanimaginethatafterasuccessfulhunt,thehunterswouldpranceandgrowlaroundafireemulatingthesoundsofthefiercebeasttheyhadjustslain.Theymightevenhavestartedhittingstickstogetherinanattempttoemulatethesoundsoftheirclubsthumpingdullyupontheheadofsomeprey,orthehollowmelonsoundofaneighbor’sskullwhentheywerefightingamongstthemselvesoversomechunkofmeat,orforthebestlookingmate.Theformermostlikely,duetothefactthatthelatterwouldbeasixofonehalfdozenoftheotherproposition,cosmeticshavingyettobeinvented.Inanycase,asfarastheoriginofmusicisconcerned,drumswereprobablythefirstprimitivemusicinstrumentifweremovethehumanvoicefromtheequation.TheEncyclopediaBritannicastates"DrumsappearwithwidegeographicdistributioninarchaeologicalexcavationsfromNeolithictimesonward;oneexcavatedinMoraviaisdatedat6000BC.Earlydrumsconsistedofasectionofhollowedtreetrunkcoveredatoneendwithreptileorfishskinandwerestruckwiththehands.Later,theskinwastakenfromhuntedgameorcattle,andstickswereused.Thedouble-headeddrumcamelater,asdidpotterydrumsinvariousshapes”.Basically“Bangin'onthebongoslikeachimpanzee¹”wasprobablyourfirstartisticexpressionintherealmofmusic.(¹MoneyforNothing—DireStraits)Thenextlogicalstepupfrompercussioninstrumentsmayhavebeeninthewoodwindorstringfamily.Imagineaprimitivemanfascinatedbythesoundofthewindblowingoversomehollowreed,thenrecreatingtheeffectforhisfellowvillagersatthenextlogbashingparty,whatahithewouldhavebeen!Regularlifeoftheparty,suchasitwas.Panpipeswouldhavebeenaneasyprogressionfortheprimitivemindofthetime,stickabunchofvaryinglengthreedstogetherandvoila,letthegoodtimesroll.Themovefromthepanpipetotheflutemusthavetakenamuchgreaterleapoffaithfortheperiod,yetwoodenandboneflutesdiscoveredinchinahavebeendatedasfarbackas9,000yearsago,andoneboneflutemadefrommammothbonedatesback35,000yearsandhasa4notescalecomparabletotheDo,Re,Mi,Fa,scalethatwassoadamantlydrummedintoourlittlegradeschoolheads.Sosomeconceptofamusicalscaleexistedevenifthedesignermerelychosesoundsthatwerepleasingtohim.Stillthejumpfromblowingoverahollowreedtoblowingdownatubewithgraduatedfingeringholeswasalargeone.Thestringsectionmostlikelystartedwhensomebravesoulrealizedthatthesinewsgarneredfromtheanimalstheyhuntedhadusesbeyondthetraditionalbindingandstitchingfunctions.Fromthesimple,primitivemusical“twang”ofastringstretchedonabowasintheBrazilian“berimbau”tothemyriadofcomplexstringedinstrumentsinusetoday,fromviolins,toguitars,topianos,andthemanyculturalvariationsthereof.Pythagoraswascreditedwiththemathematicsofmusicasweknowittoday.Hisfollowers“ThePythagoreans”wereallmusiciansaswellasmathematicians.Accordingtolegend,Pythagorasdiscoveredthatmusicalnotescouldbetranslatedintomathematicalequationswhenpassingblacksmithsatwork,andthoughtthatthesoundsoftheiranvilsbeinghitwereharmoniousanddecidedthatthescientificlawcausingthistohappenmustbemathematicalandcouldbeappliedtomusic.Hewenttotheblacksmithsanddiscoveredthattheanvilsweresimpleratiosofeachother,onewashalfthesizeofthefirst,anotherwas2/3thesize,andsoon.Themusicofthetimebeingun-harmoniousinhisopinion,(probablyduetoinstrumentmakersusingscalepleasingtothemwithnoregardforwhatothersweredoing).ThelegendalsohasPythagorasstudyingthevibrationsofastringstretchedtightlybetweentwoposts,andbasinghismusicalscaleonthefrequencyofthevibrationwhenthestringlengthwaschanged.Whenyouattachastringbetweentwopostsandpullittight,youcancreatesoundormusicalnotesbypluckingonthestring.Thevibrationofthestringwillcreateafundamentalfrequency,accordingtothelength,tensionandmassofthestring.Thestringcanalsovibrateatmultiplesofitsfundamentalfrequency.Thesearecalledharmonics.Ifthedimensionsofthestringorwirearecorrect,thesoundmadefrompluckingthestringwillbeapleasantmusicalsound,iftheyareslightlydifferent,thesoundmaynotbemusicalandjustbeasound.Inmostcases,thestringwillvibrateatthefundamentalfrequencyor1stharmonic.Butifyoupullthestringharder,itcanbemadetovibratewithashorterwavelengthandhigherfrequencyorthe2ndharmonic,3rdharmonicor