雅思阅读机经真题解析NoviceandExpert

经典word整理文档，仅参考，双击此处可删除页眉页脚。本资料属于网络整理，如有侵权，请联系删除，谢谢！雅思阅读机经真题解析-NoviceandExpert雅思阅读机经真题解析-NoviceandExpert症的烤鸭，请看这里。小站精心整理了一批雅思阅读机经真题。如果真的很适合你，搭配上绝对原创的讲解，还有全文的中文翻译，这等阅读大餐，还等什么!Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestion14-26whicharebasedonReadingPassagebelow.BecominganExpertExpertiseiscommitmentcoupledwithcreativity.Specifically,itisthecommitmentoftime,energy,andresourcestoarelativelynarrowfieldofstudyandthecreativeenergynecessarytogeneratenewknowledgeinthatfield.Ittakesaconsiderableamountoftimeandregularexposuretoalargenumberofcasestobecomeanexpert.AAnindividualentersafieldofstudyasanovice.Thenoviceneedstolearntheguidingprinciplesandrulesofagiventaskinordertoperformthattask.Concurrently,thenoviceneedstobeexposedtospecificcases,orinstances,thattesttheboundariesofsuchheuristics.Generally,anovicewillfindamentortoguideherthroughtheprocess.Afairlysimpleexamplewouldbesomeonelearningtoplaychess.Thenovicechessplayerseeksamentortoteachhertheobjectofthegame,thenumberofspaces,thenamesofthepieces,thefunctionofeachpiece,howeachpieceismoved,andthenecessaryconditionsforwinningorlosingthegame.BIntime,andwithmuchpractice,thenovicebeginstorecognizepatternsofbehaviorwithincasesand.thus,becomesajourneyman.Withmorepracticeandexposuretoincreasinglycomplexcases,thejourneymanfindspatternsnotonlywithincasesbutalsobetweencases.Moreimportantly,thejourneymanlearnsthatthesepatternsoftenrepeatthemselvesovertime.Thejourneymanstillmaintainsregularcontactwithamentortosolvespecificproblemsandlearnmorecomplexstrategies.Returningtotheexampleofthechessplayer,theindividualbeginstolearnpatternsofopeningmoves,offensiveanddefensivegame-playingstrategies,andpatternsofvictoryanddefeat.CWhenajourneymanstartstomakeandtesthypothesesaboutfuturebehaviorbasedonpastexperiences,shebeginsthenexttransition.Onceshecreativelygeneratesknowledge,ratherthansimplymatchingsuperficialpatterns,shebecomesanexpert.Atthispoint,sheisconfidentinherknowledgeandnolongerneedsamentorasaguide―shebecomesresponsibleforherownknowledge.Inthechessexample,onceajourneymanbeginscompetingagainstexperts,makespredictionsbasedonpatterns,andteststhosepredictionsagainstactualbehavior,sheisgeneratingnewknowledgeandadeeperunderstandingofthegame.Sheiscreatingherowncasesratherthanrelyingonthecasesofothers.DThechessexampleisarathershortdescriptionofanapprenticeshipmodel.Apprenticeshipmayseemlikearestrictive18thcenturymodeofeducation,butitisstillastandardmethodoftrainingformanycomplextasks.Academicdoctoralprogramsarebasedonanapprenticeshipmodel,asarefieldslikelaw,music,engineering,andmedicine.Graduatestudentsenterfieldsofstudy,findmentors,andbeginthelongprocessofbecomingindependentexpertsandgeneratingnewknowledgeintheirrespectivedomains.EPsychologistsandcognitivescientistsagreethatthetimeittakestobecomeanexpertdependsonthecomplexityofthetaskandthenumberofcases,orpatterns,towhichanindividualisexposed.Themorecomplexthetask,thelongerittakestobuildexpertise,or,moreaccurately,thelongerittakestoexperienceandstorealargenumberofcasesorpatterns.FThePowerofExpertiseAnexpertperceivesmeaningfulpatternsinherdomainbetterthannon-experts.Whereanoviceperceivesrandomordisconnecteddatapoints,anexpertconnectsregularpatternswithinandbetweencases.Thisabilitytoidentifypatternsisnotaninnateperceptualskill;ratheritreflectstheorganizationofknowledgeafterexposuretoandexperiencewiththousandsofcases.Expertshaveadeeperunderstandingoftheirdomainsthannovicesdo,andutilizehigher-orderprinciplestosolveproblems.Anovice,forexample,mightgroupobjectstogetherbycolororsize,whereasanexpertwouldgroupthesameobjectsaccordingtotheirfunctionorutility.Expertscomprehendthemeaningofdataandweighvariableswithdifferentcriteriawithintheirdomainsbetterthannovices.Expertsrecognizevariablesthathavethelargestinfluenceonaparticularproblemandfocustheirattentiononthosevariables.GExpertshavebetterdomain-specificshort-termandlong-termmemorythannovicesdo.Moreover,expertsperformtasksintheirdomainsfasterthannovicesandcommitfewererrorswhileproblemsolving.Interestingly,expertsgoaboutsolvingproblemsdifferentlythannovices.Expertsspendmoretimethinkingaboutaproblemtofullyunderstanditatthebeginningofataskthandonovices,whoimmediatelyseektofindasolution.Expertsusetheirknowledgeofpreviouscasesascontextforcreatingmentalmodelstosolvegivenproblems.HBetteratself-monitoringthannovices,expertsaremoreawareofinstanceswheretheyhavecommittederrorsorfailedtounderstandaproblem.Expertschecktheirsolutionsmoreoftenthannovicesandrecognizewhentheyaremissinginformationnecessaryforsolvingaproblem.Expertsareawareofthelimitsoftheirdomainknowledgeandapplytheirdomain'sheuristicstosolveproblemsthatfalloutsideoftheirexperiencebase.ITheParadoxofExpertiseThestrengthsofexpertisecanalsobeweaknesses.Althoughonewouldexpectexpertstobegoodforecasters,theyarenotparticularlygoodatmakingpredictionsaboutthefuture.Sincethe1930s,researchershavebeentestingtheabilityofexpertstomakeforecasts.Theperformanceofexpertshasbeentestedagainstactuarialtablestodetermineiftheyarebetteratmakingpredictionsthansimplestatisticalmodels.Seventyyearslater,withmorethantwohundredexperimentsindifferentdomains,itisclearthattheanswerisno.Ifsuppliedwithanequalamountofdataaboutaparticularcase,anactuarialtableisasgood,orbetter,thananexpertatmakingcallsaboutthefuture.Evenifanexpertisgivenmorespecificcaseinformationthanisavailabletothestatisticalmodel,theexpertdoesnottendtooutperformtheactuarialtable.JTheoristsandresearchersdifferwhentryingtoexplainwhyexpertsarelessaccurateforecastersthanstatisticalmodels.Somehavearguedthatexperts,likeallhumans,areinconsistentwhenusingmentalmodelstomakepredictions.Anumberofresearcherspointtohumanbiasestoexplainunreliableexpertpredictions.Duringthelast30years,researchershavecategorized,experimented,andtheorizedaboutthecognitiveaspectsofforecasting.Despitesuchefforts,theliteratureshowslittleconsensusregardingthecausesormanifestationsofhumanbias.Questions1-5CompletetheflowchartChooseNoMoreThanThreeWordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.FromanovicetoanexpertNovice:↓needtostudy1undertheguidanceofa23↓starttoidentify4forcaseswithinorbetweenstudymore5waysofdoingthingsExpert:createnewknowledgeperformtaskindependentlyQuestions6-10DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Inboxes6-10onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementistrueFALSEifthestatementisfalseNOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage6.Novicesandexpertsusethesamesystemofknowledgetocomprehendandclassifyobjects.7.Thefocusofnovices'trainingisnecessarilyonlongtermmemory8.Whenworkingouttheproblems,noviceswanttosolvethemstraightaway.9.Whenhandlingproblems,expertsarealwaysmoreefficientthannovicesintheirfields.10.Experttendtoreviewmorethannovicesoncaseswhenflawsorlimitonunderstandingtookplace.Questions11-13CompletethefollowingsummaryoftheparagraphsofReadingPassage,usingNoMoreThanTwoWordsfromtheReadingPassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes11-13onyouranswersheet.Whileexpertsoutperformnovicesandmachinesinpatternrecognitionandproblemsolving,expertpredictionsoffuturebehaviororeventsareseldomasaccurateassimpleactuarialtables