高三专题讲义：十一选十

十一选十五年考情分析—选词填空年份题材类别字数难度2012关于食品与健康社会文化类251中2013关于面部识别社会文化类324中2014关于健康、饮食社会生活类280中2015关于办公室设计社会生活类344中2016关于好设计的黄金法则社会生活类283中选词填空考查词性趋势统计时间名词动词形容词副词单数复数dodoingdoesdone201222000330201310203013201411410022201512201320201612400220主要考查实词，为名词，动词，形容词，副词；动词是考查重点，考察数量较多，动词的变形都有所涉及；动词时态语态与非谓语是高中语法学习的重点。名词与形容词为次重点，每年都有考查；对于名词与形容词在句中所起作用与相互修饰须要学生熟练掌握。副词用于调整题目的难易度与词汇的考查。它在句中的位置灵活，功能强大，一般是学生学习的难点与弱点。知识精讲一、十一选十基础知识点1、选词填空的特点1)文章不会太长(300词左右)；一般来说第一句是文章主题句并且不设空；一般每隔15－30个词会有一个空；空与空之间有完整意群。2)方框中词汇难度不高，文章难度要略低于阅读理解难度。实际上是将词汇的使用和阅读紧密结合的一种题型。2、选词填空的考点1)词汇方面以实词为主也就是指名词、动词、形容词、副词。2)语法方面考察词性之间关系和句子结构分析能力。3)逻辑方面考察上下文联系。3、解题点拨：1)最关键要改变孤立记忆单词的不良学法，做到词不离句，句不离篇，做到词汇的情景使用。2)不要孤立的看文章，一定注意句子的上下文衔接和本句的语法结构。3)要专门记忆些高频词汇，比如：constantly,alternative之类。4)要注意积累“一词多义”、“一词多性”和“熟词生义”的用法。二、十一选十解题思路第一步：详读选项，词分类选项中的11个词是考查的关键，考生应该详细的理解这11个单词。熟悉的单词标明词性和词义，不熟悉的单词或者不认识的单词只需标明词性，然后根据名词、动词、形容词、副词四大类按规律排列在试卷上。这样做考生就可以不再是11选1了，只要根据上下文的逻辑关系或者语法结构，有时候可以是3选1甚至2选1，缩小了选择的范围，降低了试题的难度。注意：1.动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。非谓语动词包括：动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。过去分词有两种可能性(形容词和动词的过去分词),无法确定时标问号。2.不认识的词要看后缀。构词法中,前缀区分意思,后缀区分词性。所以看词尾往往能大致分出词性。词性无法确定的,暂时搁置。3.做出相应的标记。在英文中有的单词不只有一个词性，比如大家常见的visit,access,approach,challenge,change等就即有名词词性又有动词词性。

这时两个都要标出来。5．以-ing或-ed

结尾的词既可能是动词，也可能是由现在分词或过去分词转变而成的形容词。例如：sleeping“She

is

sleeping.”中就是动词。而在“sleeping

beauty”中就是形容词。建议同学们在供选择的词旁将两种词性都标注上，答题时以动词为首选进行判断。第二步：略读全文，定中心考生拿到题目以后，由于考查考生对篇章的理解，应该略读整篇文章，确定文章的中心或主要说明的问题。文章大概在220词--250词左右，用1分钟左右的时间略读即可。要抓住文章首句，迅速找到文章的主题词或主题。和完型填空一样，一般文章第一句不设空格，以便让考生知道本文的相关主题词或主题。在此，建议大家使用略读的方法，以快速掌握文章大意。第三步：瞻前顾后，灵活选词性分类之后，回到原文中，根据原文中空格的前后单词或者前后语句确定所要填的词性，然后从分类好的单词中选择出词性、意思、语法都符合要求的最佳选项。首先，根据语法知识确认可以被填入此空的词性，然后按第一步中标注出的词性进行筛选，最后将备选词逐个代入空中细读句意，考虑上下问逻辑关系做出选择。第四步：复核检查，定结果篇章词汇理解题目类似于完型填空，这需要考生不仅要迅速的确定答案，还要在确定答案之后迅速的复查。检查上下文是否通顺、上下文的逻辑结构是否正确、文章的意思是否出现偏差等等，复查无误后即可确定为最后答案。三、“十一选十”选词填空解题技巧（一）判断词性的技巧前面提到的“瞻前顾后”就是需要考生根据空格的前后来决定所填词的词性以及应填的正确选项，我们可以根据一些简单的语法知识确定答案。应该说语法知识是解词汇理解题的基础。1.确定空格为名词(1)a/an/the+n.,adj.+n.,vt.+n.,即空格处前面为冠词、形容词或者及物动词的，空格处应填入名词；(2)n.+v.,即空格处后面是动词的，空格处应填入该动词的主语(名词)；(3)prep.+n.,即空格处前面是介词的，空格处充当介词宾语，用填入一个名词或动名词。2.确定空格为动词(1)n./pron.vt.n./pron.,即空格前面已有名词/代词作主语，后面又有名词/代词作为动词的宾语，空格处应为及物动词；(2)n./pron.vi.,即空格处前面是名词/代词，后面没有宾语，空格处应填不及物动词；(3)n./pron.vi.adv./prep.,即空格处前面是名词/代词，空格处后面是副词/介词，空格处应填入不及物动词，与副词/介词构成固定搭配；(4)n./pron.linkv./be.adj.,即空格处前面是名词/代词，后面是形容词，空格处应填入系动词或be动词；(5)tov.,即空格处前有不定式标志to，空格处应填入动词原形；另一种情况to是介词，后面应填入动名词。3.确定空格为形容词(1)adj.+n.或n.+adj.,即空格处前面或者后面为名词的，空格处应填入形容词；(2)adv.+adj.,即空格处前面是副词的，空格处应填入形容词；(3)link/bev.+adj.,即空格处前面是系动词或be动词的，空格处应填入形容词作表语。4.确定空格为副词(1)adv.+v.或v.+adv.,即空格处前面或者后面为动词的，空格处应填入副词；(2)adv.+adj.,即空格处后面是形容词的，空格处应填入副词。（二）利用逻辑关系词确定答案在篇章词汇理解题目中，文章的逻辑关系对于考生把握整篇文章是很重要的，文章的逻辑关系通过一些逻辑关系词体现的，考生可以通过逻辑关系词来确定出一些答案。常见的逻辑关系词如下：(1)并列关系：and,or,aswellas等(2)对比关系：but,however,onthecontrary,ratherthan等(3)比较关系：as…as,like,similar等(4)因果关系：because,for,since,asaresultof,therefore,thus等(5)举例关系：forexample,forinstance,suchas,andsoon等(6)递进关系：and,what’smore,moreover,inaddition等（三）比较填词将词性分类后，如何确定哪个选项是正确答案呢？这就需要考生进行选项间的比较，比较同词性的词汇哪一个是最佳答案。这里提示考生可以通过词义判断(即通过同词性词汇的中文意思是否符合文章的整体意思，由此判断是不是最合适的选项)和逻辑判断(即根据文章的逻辑顺序和逻辑结构，确定同词性的词汇中的哪个是最佳答案)两种方法确定答案。这里还要提示考生，填入一个词就划掉一个，为下面的选词缩小范围。2015-2016学年高三英语二模汇编十一选十高频词汇总选项高频词汇：名词：interview、launch、facility、condition、warn、reaction、alternative、property、connection、description、naturalist、diagnosis、dominance、emergence、impact、conclusion、model、balance、honor、spread、symbol、touch、priority、potential、trick、prospect、experience、term、operation、majority、deposit、standard、victim、suspect、target、support、breed动词：venture、quote、sponsor、trace、lower、conduct、maintain、evaluate、appeal、activate、differ、energize、fascinate、preserve、specialize、accompany、contribute、evolve、focus、suffer、abandon、acknowledge、boast、honor、cheer、reflect、gather、replace、fail、potential、trick、experience、compare、scan、predict、employ、limit、estimate、identify、address、owe、suspect、contain、support、breed形容词：historical、professional、inconclusive、unreasonable、outstanding、marine、unspoiled、academic、relevant、close、spread、frustrating、minor、unrepaired、similar、evident、typical、maximum、fertile、tricky副词：relatively、regularly、seemingly、frequently、interestingly、practically、elsewhere、partially、properly、immeasurably、orderly、extremely、environmentally一词多性：interview、launch、trace、lower、warn、alternative、mix、increase、appeal、benefit、focus、claim、charge、close、cause、honor、spread、touch、potential、trick、experience、estimate、company、address、cure、suspect、alarm、support、breed、一词多义：lower、conduct、appeal、claim、charge、acknowledge、close、cause、honor、potential、experience、employ、company、address、owe、breed活用及固定搭配实例解析：一词多性：例1：虹口二模：“Iandmyhusbandhavebeentravelingaroundtheworldinthepast20years,”Bakersaidata(n)__45__withShanghaiDaily.解析1：interview在此处译为“采访”，interview作为动词还有“面试、”以及名词“面试、采访”等义项。例2：虹口二模：BakerfirstlandedinShanghaiin2011withherhusband,anengineerwithFord,whowassenttoworkinShanghaitoprepareforthe__44__oftheLincolnbrandinChina.解析2：launch在这里译为“成立、建立”，launch还可以做动词表示“发射、发动”以及名词“发行、投放市场”等意思。例3：黄浦二模：Essentialoilsandrealfragranceoilsprovideawonderful___49____tocommercialfragrances.解析3：alternative在这里译为名词“可供选择的食物”，还有形容词“供选择的，选择性的，交替的”例4：宝山/嘉定/长宁/青浦二模：Learningabouttheenvironmentandtheworldaroundusisthe41ofanecotourbecauseyougettoexperiencethenaturalworldfirsthand.解析4：appeal在这里译为“吸引”，appeal还可以做动词，表示“呼吁、恳求、上诉、迎合爱好”以及名词“呼吁、请求；上诉”例5：宝山/嘉定/长宁/青浦二模：ThiscanincludelearninghowtheplantsandanimalsonyourOrlandoairboatrides45fromeachother,oryoucanbesimplybecomingmoreawareofpreservationeffortstowardstheEverglades,thelargestwetlandinNorthAmerica.解析5：benefit在这里是用作动词，表示“收益”，benefit还可以做名词表示“利益”。例6：徐汇/松江/金山二模：Thesepsychologists50basicresearchthatseekstoexpandourtheoreticalknowledgewhileotherresearchersdoappliedresearchthatattemptstosolveeverydayproblems.解析6：conduct在这里用作动词，表示“实施,执行”，conduct还可以做名词“进行，行为”例7：闵行二模：Thedecisionputsthe159-year-oldnewspaperonthe44sideofanincreasinglywidechasm(鸿沟)inthemediaindustry.解析7：charge在这里做形容词，所以跟本身做动词的意思差不多，在这里是“收费性的”，charge还可以表示“收费；充电；控告”等意思。例8：闵行二模：However,America’smostpopularnewspaperwebsiteannouncedthattheeraoffreeonlinejournalismisdrawingtoa41.解析8：close在这里的意思是：接近；drawtoaclose表示快要接近；close还可以做形容词，意思是“近的”；动词“关闭”等。例9：奉贤二模：One__49_forthankfulnessthissummerwasmarkingseventyyearssincetheendoftheSecondWorldWar.解析9：cause在这里做名词，表示“原因”；cause还可以做动词，表示“导致”。例10：静安二模：Butthereal__48__atthemomentliesinthefieldofstemcellsspecialcellsthatallowlizards(蜥蜴)togrownewtailsandhumanstogrownewskin……解析10：potential在这里用作名词，表示“可能性”，potential还可以做形容词，表示“潜在的；可能的”。例11：普陀二模：JohnSpenseroftheSpaceTourismSocietysaysthatamorerealistic43forregularspacetravelis50years.解析11：estimate在这里作名词，表示“估计”，estimate还可以做动词，表示“估计；估算”。例12：杨浦二模：Withno__48__orvaccine(疫苗)forZika,theonlywaytodealwiththevirusatpresentistoreducethepopulationoftheAedesmosquito.解析12：cure在这里做名词，表示“疗法”；cure还可以用作动词表示“治疗；加工处理”。一词多义：例1：宝山/嘉定/长宁/青浦二模：OrlandoairboatridescanhelpyoulearnaboutFloridahistory,observealligators(短吻鳄)andotherwildlife,andexperiencethe46natureofthemuddywilderness.解析：unspoiled在这里的意思是“没有收到污染的”，spoil还可以做动词表示“溺爱、宠爱”的意思，这里是spoil的过去分词做形容词的用法。例2：闵行二模：WhilemostUSpapersfocusonasinglecity,TheNewYorkTimesisamongthefewthatcan47nationalscope—aswellas16bureaus(办事处)intheNewYorkarea……解析：claim可以做动词，也可以做名词；该单词的意思也比较多，结合语境这里的意思是“宣告，声称”的意思，值得是NewYorkTimes是为数不多的从国家角度思考的的报纸，claim的意思还有“提出要求；认领；夺去”例3：闵行二模：TheNewYorkTime’spublisher,ArthurSulzberger,45thattheideawasagamble.解析3：acknowledge在这里的意思是:承认，还有别的意思是“致谢”。例4：闵行二模：However,America’smostpopularnewspaperwebsiteannouncedthattheeraoffreeonlinejournalismisdrawingtoa41.解析4：close在这里的意思是：接近；drawtoaclose表示快要接近；close还可以做形容词，意思是“近的”；动词“关闭”等。例5：静安二模：The__45__,then,istohelpthebodyrepairthedamagedonebywearandtear.解析5：trick用作名词的时候意思是“诡计；恶作剧；窍门；花招；骗局；欺诈”等，在这里的意思是窍门。例6：普陀二模：Thesehotelswould49morethan100,000people,whowouldworkmonth-longshifts.解析6：employ用作动词的时候的意思是：剥削；利用；雇佣，在这里用作雇佣的意思，不难理解。例7：闸北二模：Typeintheamountoftheentirebillatthetop,tipincluded,andthesoftwarewillbegincalculatingthesplitbasedonwhoyour___48____is.解析7：company在这里的意思是：陪伴，伙伴；company还可以表示“公司”。例8：闸北二模：Typeintheamountoftheentirebillatthetop,tipincluded,andthesoftwarewillbegincalculatingthesplitbasedonwhoyour___48____is.解析8：address在这里的意思是：地址，在句子当中理解为目的地，目标比较好；address还可以做名词表示“演讲；致辞；说话的技巧”。固定搭配：例1：宝山/嘉定/长宁/青浦二模：ThiscanincludelearninghowtheplantsandanimalsonyourOrlandoairboatrides45fromeachother,oryoucanbesimplybecomingmoreawareofpreservationeffortstowardstheEverglades,thelargestwetlandinNorthAmerica.解析1：考察benefitfromeachother的固定搭配。例2：宝山/嘉定/长宁/青浦二模：WildFloridaprovidestheperfectopportunityforaschooltripthatsatisfiesthose48withlearningmoreaboutenvironmentalsciences,ortothosejustcuriousabouttheEverglades.解析2:考察befascinatedwith的固定搭配。例3：宝山/嘉定/长宁/青浦二模：WildFloridaisreputablefor50increatinganexcitinganduniqueecotourthat’sfunforeveryoneinyourfamily!解析3：考察bespecializein的固定搭配，表示“在…….方面精通”例4：闵行二模：However,America’smostpopularnewspaperwebsiteannouncedthattheeraoffreeonlinejournalismisdrawingtoa41.解析4：考察drawtoaclose接近的固定用法。例5：闵行二模：Itsparentcompany,theNewYorkTimesCompany,has15papers,but49alossof$70millionintheninemonthstoSeptemberandrecentlyaccepteda$250millionloanfromaMexicanbillionaire,CarlosSlim,tostrengthenits50sheet.解析5：考察balancesheet收支平衡表的固定用法。例6：普陀二模：SpaceAdventuresistakingreservationsfortheflights,41tothefirstmannedspaceflights.解析6：考察besimilarto的固定用法。例7：闸北二模：Anewappaimstoanswerthisquestion,andforotherswhofall41toincomeinequality,bydividingthecheckupaccordingtoeachperson'sraceandgender,bydividingthecheckupaccordingtoeachperson’sraceandgender.解析7：考察fallvictimto“成为……的受害者”固定用法。三、例题精讲例1：（选自上海市七宝中学2018年高三第二学期英语5月质量检测卷）III.Vocabulary(10’) Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Donotethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.indefinitelyB.mysteriousC.constantlyD.departureAB.concreteAC.bearAD.addressBC.reunitedBD.assumeCD.inevitablyABC.interpretationMyReflectiononJohnnieTo’sRunningonKarma(大隻佬)RecentlyIhaveseenthefilmRunningonKarmaagain,acontroversialfilmthathaslongbeentakenasacourageousattemptofJohnnieTo’sandalsoasignificant[41]________fromhisotherworks.Those[42]________plotswhichusedtolimitmyunderstandingofthefilmnowstarttomakesense.ItjustfeelsasifIwere[43]________withanoldacquaintancewhomIoncemisunderstood.IfthereisonelinethatcanrepresentwhatToreallywantsto[44]________tohisaudience,itmustbethesayingthatallbutone’skarma(佛教用语：业)canbecastaway,which[45]________appearsinthefilm.Asthetheme’sfinishingtouch,notonlydoestheabovesayingrevealsome[46]________thoughtshiddeninthefilm,butitalsothrowsalightonTo’s[47]________ofresponsibility.Karmameans“actordeed.”Whatwassownbeforeisnowreaped.Butassowingalsotakesplaceinthepresent,it[48]________involvesresponsibilitytowardsthefuture.Sincenothingcanbedonetoalterthepast,whatoneshouldbeconcernedaboutisnotyesterday’scause,buthowtosowhisorherkarmatoday—whichwill[49]________fruittomorrow.Toputitinanotherway,theideaofthefilmisthatnomatterwhatonehasdone,onceithasbeendone,itjustbecomeswaterunderthebridge.Sowhattrulymattersisto[50]________theresponsibilityforthefuture,sincethatissomethingonecanmakeadifferenceto.Key:41-45DBBCADC46-50ABABCCDACBD例2：2018年3月十三校联考高三英语试卷SectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.astonishingB.processingC.ensureD.blameE.virtuallyF.routinelyG.occursH.consequencesI.admittedJ.decentK.estimatedAsmanysitdowntoenjoyplentifulholidaymealsthisseason,it’salsoagoodtimetonotethegrowingproblemoffoodwaste.AccordingtotheFoodandAgricultureOrganization(FAO)oftheUnitedNations,itis___41___thatone-thirdoffoodproducedforhumanconsumptionworldwideannuallyislostorwasted.Theeconomicandenvironmentalimplicationsoffoodlossandwasteare___42___.Morethanaquarteroftheworld’sagriculturallandisbeingworkedtogrowfoodthatnobodyeats.What’sthedifferencebetweenfoodlossandfoodwaste?Wastehappenstowardthebackendofthefoodchain,attheretailandconsumerlevel.Loss,ontheotherhand,mostly___43___atthefrontofthefoodchain—duringproduction,post-harvest,and___44___—andit’smorecommoninthedevelopingworld,whichtendstolackthebasetodeliverallofitsfood,in___45___shape,toconsumers.Indevelopednations,extreme-efficientfarmingpractices,plentyofrefrigeration,andfirst-ratetransportationandstorage___46___thatmostofthefoodtheygrowmakesittotheretaillevel.Butthingsgorapidlysouthfromthere.Storemanagers___47___over-order,forfearofrunningoutofaparticularproduct.TheBritishsupermarketchainTesco,forexample,___48___throwingoutnearly50,000tonsoffoodwithintheirUKstoresduringthelatestfinancialyear.Consumersarealsoto___49___.Weoftenordertoomuchfoodinrestaurantswithouttakingleftovershome.Weoverbuywhenthereisadiscountforinvitinglypackagedfood.Whenwestorefood,manyofustake“useby”datesliterally,andwesufferno___50___fordumpingeatablefoodintoabin.41-50KAGBJCFIDH巩固练习I.基础题（60%）1、2013年上海高考真题A.restoreB.recall C.processingD.previouslyE.necessaryF.locatingG.insteadH.fascinatingI.elsewhereJ.compositionK.analysisAsinfants,wecanrecognizeourmotherswithinhoursofbirth.Infact,wecanrecognizethe___41___ofourmother’sfacewellbeforewecanrecognizeherbodyshape.It’s___42___howthebraincancarryoutsuchafunctionatsuchayoungage,especiallysincewedon’tlearntowalkandtalkuntilweareoverayearold.Bythetimeweareadults,wehavetheabilitytodistinguisharound100,000faces.Howcanweremembersomanyfaceswhenmanyofusfinditdifficultto___43___suchasimplethingasaphonenumber?Theexactprocessisnotyetfullyunderstood,butresearcharoundtheworldhasbeguntodefinethespecificareasofthebrainandprocesses___44___forfacialrecognition.ResearchersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologybelievethattheyhavesucceededin___45___aspecificareaofthebraincalledthefusiformfacearea(FFA),whichisusedonlyforfacialrecognition.Thismeansthatrecognitionoffamiliarobjectssuchasourclothesorcars,isfrom___46___inthebrain.Researchersalsohavefoundthatthebrainneedstoseethewholefaceforrecognitiontotakeplace.Ithadbeen___47___thoughtthatweonlyneededtoseecertainfacialfeatures.Meanwhile,researchatUniversityCollegeLondonhasfoundthatfacialrecognitionisnotasingleprocess,but___48___involvesthreesteps.Thefirststepappearstobea(n)___49____ofthephysicalfeaturesofaperson’sface,whichissimilartohowwescanthebarcodesofourgroceries.Inthenextstep,thebraindecideswhetherthefacewearelookingatisalreadyknownorunknowntous.Andfinally,thebrainfurnishestheinformationwehavecollectedaboutthepersonwhosefacewearelookingat.Thiscomplex___50___isdoneinasplitsecondsothatwecanbehavequicklywhenreactingtocertainsituations.【答案】JHBEFIDGKC2、2014年上海高考真题A.alertB.classifyC.commitD.delicatelyE.gentleF.imposeG.labelsH.moderationI.relieve J.signalsK.simplyLet'ssayyou'vedecidedyouwanttoeatmorehealthfully.However,youdon'thavetimetocarefullyplanmenusformealsorreadfood__41__atthesupermarket.Sinceyoureally__42__yourselftoahealthierlifestyle,alittlehelpwouldcomeinhandy,wouldn'tit?Thisiswherea"choicearchitect"canhelp__43__someoftheburdenofdoingitallyourself.Choicearchitectsarepeoplewhoorganizethecontextsinwhichcustomersmakedecisions.Forexample,thepersonwhodecidesthelayoutofyourlocalsupermarket-includingwhichshelfthepeanutbuttergoeson,andhowtheorangesarepiledup—isachoicearchitect.Governmentsdon'thaveto__44__healthierlifestylesthroughlawsforexample,smokingbans.Rather,ifgivenanenvironmentcreatedbyachoicearchitectonethatencouragesustochoosewhatisbest-wewilldotherightthings.Inotherwords,therewillbedesignsthatgentlypushcustomerstowardmakinghealthierchoices,withoutremovingfreedomofchoice.Thisideacombinesfreedomtochoosewith__45__hintsfromchoicearchitects,whoaimtohelppeoplelivelonger,healthier,andhappierlives.TheBritishandSwedishgovernmentshaveintroducedaso-called"trafficlightsystem"to__46__foodsashealthyorunhealthy.Thismeansthatcustomerscanseeataglancehowmuchfat,sugar,andsalteachproductcontains__47__bylookingatthelightsonthepackage.Agreenlight__48__thattheamountsofthethreenutrientsarehealthy;yellowindicatesthatthecustomershouldbe__49__;andredmeansthatthefoodishighinatleastoneofthethreenutrientsandshouldbeeatenin__50__.Thecustomerisgivenimportanthealthinformation,butisstillfreetodecidewhattochoose.参考答案：GCIFEBKJAH3、2015年上海高考真题A.access B.alternatives C.assigned D.confirmed E.conflicting F.elementsG.function H.innovative I.prospective J.separate K.supportingConsideringhowmuchtimepeoplespendinoffices,itisimportantthatworkbewelldesigned.Well-designedofficespaceshelpcreateacooperation‘simage.Theymotivateworkersandtheymakeanimpressiononpeoplewhovisitandmightbepotentialor,41,customer.Theymakebusinessesworkbetter,andtheyareapartofthecorporateculturewelivein.Aswemoveawayfromanindustrial-basedeconomytoaknowledge-basedone,officedesignershavecomeupwith42tothetraditionalworkenvironmentsofthepast.Thedesignindustryhasmovedawayfromafixedofficesetupandcreatedmoreflexible“strategicmanagementenvironments.”These43solutionsaretomeanttosupportbetterorganizationalperformances.Asemployeehierarchies(等级制度)haveflattenedordecreased,officedesigners’responsetothischangehasbeentomoveopen-plainareastomoredesirablelocationswithintheoffice,andcreatefewerformalprivateoffices.Theneedforincreasedflexibilityhasalsobeen44bychangesinworkstationdesign.Officesandworkspacesareoftennot45toagivenpersononapermanentbasisbecauseofchangestomethodofworking,newdesignsallowforexpansionormovementofdesks,storage,andequipmentwithintheworkstation.Anotherimportantdesigngoaliscommunication,whichdesignershaveimprovedbyloweringthewallsthatheavilytraffickedareassuchascopyandcoffeerooms.Corporateandinstitutionalofficedesignersoftenstruggletoresolveanumberofcompetingandoften48demandsincludingbudgetarylimits,employeehierarchies,andtechnologicalinnovation(especiallyinrelationtocomputerization).Thesedemandsmustalsobebalancedwiththeneedtocreateinteriors(内饰)thatinsomewayenhance,establish,orpromoteacompany’simageandwillenableemployeesto49

attheirbest.Allthese50ofofficedesignarerelated.Themostsuccessfulofficedesignsarelikeagoodmarriage—thewell-designedofficeandtheemployeesthatoccupyitareseeminglymadeforeachother.参考答案：I42.B43.H44.D45.C46.J47.A48.E49.G50.FII.提高题（40%）（中级英语)arouarouseB.authorityC.awkwardD.complimentE.respectF.dependingG.exhaustedH.momentI.miserablyJ.respectivelyK.vagueWeallseeandhearaboutextraordinarypeoplearoundusandwonderwhycan’twebemorelikethem？It’snotthebigthingsthatmakesomeoneextraordinary,butthesmallones.Herearesomeofthethingsextraordinarypeopledoeveryday:They’reopentocriticismJustbecauseyou’retheboss,doesn’tmeanyouarerighteverytime.Itdoesn’tmeanyouhavethebestideas.Learntobackupyourideasordecisionswithreason.Uselogictoexplainthings,not1._________.Bydoingthisyourdecisionsmight2.________criticism,butyouwillalsogetanopportunitytoimprove.TheyadmittheirmistakesMyfriend’sbossmadeahugemistakebytyingupwithaneventmanagementcompany.Thewholepurposeofthetie-upwastopromotehiscompanybutitfailed3.__________.Insteadof4.__________hisideaandcarryingonasifnothinghappened,heapologizedtotheteamfornotincludingtheminthedecisionmaking.It’sOKtoadmityouwerewrong.Youwillnotonlygainthe5.________ofyourteammates,youwillalsogaincredibility.They’resensitivetoothersSupposeyou6._______someonebuttherecipientchangesthetopic.Itmaybebecauseheorsheisuncomfortable.Similarly,whenyoufeel7.________receivingapraiseoranaward,remainincontrolandgivethepersoninfrontofyouagenuinesmileandthankhimorher.Don’tmakethe8._________sourbyactingonyourinsecurities.TheyarehelpfulNeverhesitatetohelpsomeone.Don’tbenon-committal(态度不明的)andsaysomething9.________like,“CanIhelpyou?”becausetheymightjustsay,”No,I’mgood.”Bespecific.“Ihadthesameproblemwiththiscoffeemachineinthemorning.IthinkIhavefiguredawaytomakeitwork.”Offerinawaythatfeels10.________beneficia