高分子双语课单体命名课件

单体有机物的命名数字：NamingnonmetaloxidesUsingtheGreekprefixesforboththenumberofoxygenatomandthatoftheotherelementinthecompounds一氧化碳、carbonmonoxide，氢化钠、sodiumhydride,Silicondioxide、Silica,Sulfurtrioxide,Carbontetrachloride,五氯化磷、phosphoruspentachloride,二硫化碳、Carbondisulfide,五氧化二氮、nitrogenpentoxide,氟化氢、hydrogenfluoride,Ammoniumbromide,trifluoromethane、fluoroform,Carbontrifluoride,碘化钾、Potussiumiodide,硼氢化钠、钠硼氢、Sodiumborohydride,硼、boron1/2123456HemiSemi-MonoUni-dibisTri-TerTetra-QuadricPentaQuinqueHexaSexi-78910111213HeptaSepti-octananoDecaHendecaUndecadodecaTrideca14151617181920tetradecapentadecahexadecaheptadecaoctadecananodecaEi’cosa21222330405060Heni’cosaDocosaTricosaTriacontaTetracontaPentacontaHexaconta70809010013251HeptacontaOctacontaNonacontaHectaDotriacontahectaHenpentacontaNamesofnormalalkanes(n=totalnumberofcarbonatoms)100:Hectane;132:Dotriacontahectane51:henpentacontaneCnH2n+1radicals(alkyls)CH4methane;CH3—methylethyl-“ane”→“yl”propane→propyl;Butane→butylPentane→pentyl;hexane→hexylHeptane→heptyl;octane→octylNonane→nonyl;decane→decylC33：tritriacontane三十三烷,三十三碳烷CnH2nradicals(alkylidenes,alkylenes)(1)“ane”→“ylidene”(叉，亚基)H3C-CH=Ethylidene(乙叉，亚乙基)H3C-CH2-CH=Propylidene(2)Adivalentradicalwithtwoterminal‘yl’(撑):“ane”→“ylene”-CH2-:methylene;-CH2-CH2-:Ethylene（乙撑）(3)CnH2n-1radicalsCH≡（ylidyne，次基，“川”）methylidyneCH3C≡ethylidyne（次乙基，乙川）1.2Unsaturated1.2.1CnH2nAlkenes(Alkadienesetc)CnH2n-2Alkynes(Alkadiynesetc)Alkane→alkene(alkadiene):“ane”→“ene”(adiene)Alkane→alkyne(alkadiyne):“ane”→“yne”(adiyne)RetainedtrivialnamesRadicalsCyclichydrocarbons在相同碳原子数的烷烃名称前面加“cyclo”(饱和单环化合物)FreevalenceEther(醚)（Prefix:…oxy;ether）Aldehyde(醛)Suffixes:-al,…aldehyde,(Prefix:oxo,formyl)Carbo’xylicAcids(a)Theatom=Oandthegroup–OHononeandthesamecarbonatomaretogetherdenotedbyasuffix“-oic”attachedtothenameoftheparentaliphaticchainandtheword“acid”isaddedthereafter.“ane”→“anoicacid”常见有机酸在英文中常用俗名，系统名称反而不被采用。Acidanhydrides“acid”→“anhydride”(CH3CO)2O:Aceticanhydride;Acylhalides(酰卤)“ic”→“yl”;“Carboxylic”→“Carbonyl”CH3－COClAcetylchlorideC6H5－COFBenzoylfluorideButanoicacid→butanoylhalide(butyrylchloride)Ester(酯)Theestersarenamedbythe“yl/ate”method.First,thealcoholintheformofthehydrocarbonradicalremainingaftereliminationoftheOH-groupisnamed,followedbytheacidinitsanionform.Theproceduregivesrisetoanameoftheform:radical+anion.Alcohol(yl)+Acid(ate)(oicacid→oate;