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Chapter12InternationalBusinessEnvironmentText1BackgroundKnowledgePoliticalriskisatypeofriskfacedbyinvestors,corporations,andgovernments.Itisariskthatcanbeunderstoodandmanagedwithreasonedforesightandinvestment.Broadly,politicalriskreferstothecomplicationsbusinessesandgovernmentsmayfaceasaresultofwhatarecommonlyreferredtoaspoliticaldecisions—or“anypoliticalchangethatalterstheexpectedeandvalueofagiveneconomicactionbychangingtheprobabilityofachievingbusinessobjectives”.Politicalriskfacedbyfirmscanbedefinedas“theriskofastrategic,financial,orpersonnellossforafirmbecauseofsuchnonmarketfactorsasmacroeconomicandsocialpolicies(fiscal,monetary,trade,investment,industrial,e,labour,anddevelopmental),oreventsrelatedtopoliticalinstability(terrorism,riots,coups,civilwar,andinsurrection).”Portfolioinvestorsmayfacesimilarfinanciallosses.Moreover,governmentsmayfacecomplicationsintheirabilitytoexecutediplomatic,militaryorotherinitiativesasaresultofpoliticalrisk.Text1PoliticalRisksofGlobalBusinessPoliticalRisksConfiscation,expropriation,domesticationEconomicrisksExchangecontrolsLocal-contentlawsImportrestrictionsTaxcontrolsPricecontrolsLaborproblemsPoliticalsanctionPoliticalandsocialactivistsViolenceandterrorismcyberterrorismWordsandExpressionsconfiscation

v.（通常作为惩罚）没收，把……充公(Ifyouconfiscatesomethingfromsomeone,youtakeitawayfromthem,usuallyasapunishment.)Thenewlawsallowtheconfiscationofassetspurchasedwithproceedsofthedrugstrade.新的法律允许没收用毒品交易所获收益购置的资产。expropriationn.征用，征收，收用expropriatev.征收，征用（私人财产）(Ifagovernmentorotherauthorityexpropriatessomeone'sproperty,theytakeitawayfromthemforpublicuse.)theexpropriationofproperty

征用财产OwnershipisnotclearbecauseofexpropriationsintheNaziera.纳粹时期的征用致使所有权不明确。recurrent

a.复发的，复现的；周期性的，经常发生的；回归的；循环的(Arecurrenteventorfeelinghappensorisexperiencedmorethanonce.

)Raceisarecurrentthemeinthework.种族问题是该作品里多次出现的主题。...buildingsinwhichstaffsufferrecurrentillness.里面的员工经常生病的建筑。hamstringv.使无能为力；使陷入瘫痪Ifyouhamstringsomeone,youmakeitverydifficultforthemtotakeanyaction.Ifheesthemajoroppositionleader,hecouldhamstringaconservative-ledcoalition.如果他成为主要反对党的领袖，可能会导致保守党领导的联合政府陷于瘫痪。rogue

a.（人或事物）不寻常的，破坏性的Arogueelementissomeoneorsomethingthatbehavesdifferentlyfromothersofitskind,oftencausingdamage.Computersystemsthroughoutthecountryarebeingaffectedbyaseriesofmysteriousrogueprograms,knownasviruses…全国的计算机系统都感染了一系列诡异的流氓程序，即病毒。sentences1.Lessdrastic,butstillsevere,isexpropriation,wherethegovernmentseizesaninvestmentbutsomereimbursementfortheassetsismade.where引导的从句用来修饰expropriation.不激烈的，但仍严重的是征用，在此，政府没收一项投资，但会给所涉及资产一定的补偿。2.Restraintsonbusinessactivitymaybeimposedunderthebannerofnationalsecuritytoprotectaninfantindustry,toconservescarceforeignexchange,toraiserevenue,ortoretaliateagainstunfairtradepractices,amongascoreofotherrealorimaginedreasons.underthebannerof以......的名义infantindustry新生行业retaliateagainst报复Text2TheSocialandEconomicEnvironmentBackgroundKnowledgeThesocialenvironment,socialcontext,socialturalcontext,ormilieu,referstotheimmediatephysicalandsocialsettinginwhichpeopleliveorinwhichsomethinghappensordevelops.Itincludestheculturethattheindividualwaseducatedorlivesin,andthepeopleandinstitutionswithwhomtheyinteract.Theinteractionmaybeinpersonorthroughcommunicationmedia,evenanonymousorone-way，andmaynotimplyequalityofsocialstatus.Thereforethesocialenvironmentisabroaderconceptthanthatofsocialclassorsocialcircle.Text2EconomicEnvironmentTheChangingWorldOutputandWorldTradePictureTheChangingWorldOrderHowGlobalChangesAffectYouDiversityandItsAdvantagesforBusinessGlobalSocialandEconomicEnvironmentWordsandexpressionsupheaval

n.激变；剧变；动乱(Anupheavalisabigchangewhichcausesalotoftrouble,confusion,andworry.)Whereverthereispoliticalupheaval,invariablytherearerefugees.哪里有政治动乱，哪里就一定有难民。entrepreneurship

n.企业家的身份（或活动）(Entrepreneurshipisthestateofbeinganentrepreneur,ortheactivitiesassociatedwithbeinganentrepreneur.)Entrepreneurshipatalllevelsisalsomoreaboutintuitionthanindustry.各个层面上的企业家精神，更大程度上是与直觉、而非勤勉有关。fostera.寄养的；代养的(Fosterparentsarepeoplewhoofficiallytakeachildintotheirfamilyforaperiodoftime,withoutingthechild'slegalparents.Thechildisreferredtoastheirfosterchild.)Thefostermotherwasawonderful,warmperson.寄养母是一个很不错的热心人。v.1.寄养；代养(Ifyoufosterachild,youtakeitintoyourfamilyforaperiodoftime,withoutingitslegalparent.)2.促进；鼓励；培养(Tofostersomethingsuchasanactivityorideameanstohelpittodevelop.)Hesaidthatdevelopedcountrieshadaresponsibilitytofosterglobaleconomicgrowthtohelpnewdemocracies...他说，发达国家有责任促进全球经济增长，以帮助新兴民主国家。demography

n.人口学；人口统计学(Demographyisthestudyofthechangesinnumbersofbirths,deaths,marriages,andcasesofdiseaseinacommunityoveraperiodoftime.)demographer...apoliticallyastuteeconomistanddemographer.有着敏锐政治头脑的经济学家和人口学家makeupn.1.组成成分；构成方式Themake-upofsomethingconsistsofitsdifferentpartsandthewaythesepartsarearranged....thechemicalmake-upoftheoceansandatmosphere.海洋与大气的化学构造2.化妆品(Make-upconsistsofthingssuchaslipstick,eyeshadow,andpowderwhichsomewomenputontheirfacestomakethemselveslookmoreattractiveorwhichactorsusetochangeorimprovetheirappearance.)Normallysheworelittlemake-up.她一般不怎么化妆。sentences1.TheUniversalCommercialCode,forexample,coversthingslikecontractsandwarranties.warrantiesn.保证书，保单(warranty的名词复数)Third,theactdoesnotapplytowarrantiesonservices.第三，这个法案也不适用于对服务的保证。sentences2.Mostforecastsfor20yearsintothefuturepredictarapidriseintheshareofworldoutputaccountedforbydevelopingnationssuchasChina,India,Indonesia,Thailand,SouthKorea,andBrazilandacommensuratedeclineintheshareenjoyedbyrichindustrializedcountriessuchasBritain,Germany,Japan,andtheUnitedStates.本句中rise与decline相关联与对照。commensuratea.（比例）相当的，相称的Employeesarep