文学名词解释版寓言用诗歌或散文讲的故事在这个中人物、背景往往代表抽象

英美文学Allegory:Ataleinverseorproseinwhichcharacters,actions,orsettingsrepresent ideasormoralqualities.Anallegoryisastorywithtwomeanings,alilmeaningandasymbolicmeaning.、、Allition:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.Allusion:Areferencetoa ,ace,anevent,oraliryworkthatawriterexpectsthereadertorecognizeandrespondto.Anallusionmaybedrawnfromhistory,geography,liture,orreligion.学或AmericanNaturalism:Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism.Americannaturalismhadbeenshapedbythewar;bythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage.America’slirynaturalistsdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruths.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredeterminedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.Inpresentingtheextremesoflife,thenaturalistssometimesdisyedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticism,butunliketheirromanticpredecessors,thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnowill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.Althoughnaturalistlituredescribedtheworldwithsometimesbrutalrealism,itsometimesalsoaimedatbetteringtheworldthroughsocialreform.：。自然主义自然主义是一种新的、更具性的现实主义自然主义是在和影响人们早期信念的社：。的影响之下形成的的自然主义者往往否定了广为接受的道德真理的正确性他们想达到的客观与直率更为苛刻的现实主义手法来展现，但是他有时也是为了通过社会来改善。AmericanPuritanism:PuritanismisthepracticesandbeliefsofthePuritans.ThePuritanswereoriginallymembersofadivisionoftheantChurch.ThefirstsettlerswhobecamethefoundingfathersoftheAmericannationwerequiteafewofthem.Theywereagroupofserious,religiouspeople,advocatinghighlyreligiousandmoralprinciples.Astheworditselfhints,Puritanswantedtopuritytheirreligiousbeliefsandpractices.Theyacceptedthedoctrineofpredestination,originalsinandtotaldepravity,andlimitedatonementthroughaspecialinfusionofgraceformGod.Asacultureheritage,PuritanismdidhaveaprofoundinfluenceontheearlyAmericanmind.AmericanPuritanismalsohadaenduringinfluenceonAmericanliture.清教主义：清教主义是新的原来的一个分支——清的行为和信仰。在的第一批居民中有很多就是深刻的影响，他对文学的影响也是颇为持久的。AmericanRealism:InAmericanliture,theCivilWarbroughttheRomanticPeriodtoanend.TheAgeofRealismcameintoexistence.Itcameasareactionagainstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Realismturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrenderingoftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitisreallylived.Itexpressestheconcernforcommonceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.AmericanRomanticism:TheRomanticPeriodcoversthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury.ArisingAmericawithitsidealsofdemocracyandequality,itsindustrialization,itswestwardexpansion,andavarietyofforeigninfluenceswereamongtheimportantfactorswhichmadeliryexpansionandexpressionnotonlypossiblebutalsoinevitableintheperiodimmediayfollowingthenation’spoliticalindependence.Yet,romanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinvalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman’ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.RomanticvalueswereprominentinAmericanpolitics,art,andphilosophyuntiltheCivilWar.Theromanticexaltationoftheindividualsuitedthenation’srevolutionaryheritageanditsfrontieregalitarianism.化的发展、西北的不断扩展和国外的各种影响使浪漫主义作家文学不但成为一种可能，而且使它成为政治独术、和哲学等领域，浪漫主义者对个人的赞扬正好迎合了的遗风和开拓者的品均主义。AmericanTranscendentalism:theemergenceoftheTranscendentalistsasanidentifiablemovementtookceduringthelate1820sand1830s,buttherootsoftheirreligiousphilosophyextendedmuchfartherbackintoAmericanreligioushistory.Transcendentalismandevangelical antismfollowedseparateevolutionarybranchesfromAmericanPuritanism,takingastheircommonancestortheCalvinismoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies.TheyspokeforculturalrejuvenationandagainstthematerialismofAmericanspirit,ortheOversoul,asthemostimportantthingintheUniverse.Theystressedtheimportanceoftheindividual.Tothem,theindividualwasthemostimportantelementofsociety.TheyofferedafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.Naturewas,tothem,alive,filledwithGod’soverwhelmingpresence.Transcendentalismisbasedonthebeliefthatthemostfundamentaltruthsaboutlifeanddeathcanbereachedonlybygoingbeyondtheworldofthesenses.Emerson’sNaturehasbeencalledthe“ManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”andhisTheAmericanScholarhasbeenrightlyregardedasAmerica’s“DeclarationofInlectualIndependence”.超验主义：超验主义出现的19世纪20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在史上要远得多。超验主义和派新教分别是清教主义的两个分支，他们的祖先是17世纪和18世纪的神教。超验主义者主张文化生与死最基本的真理可以感官的世界而获得。艾默生的《自然》被称为是“超验主义的他的《学ogy:(afigureofspeech)Acomparisonmadebetweentowthingstoshowthesimilaritiesbetweenthem.ogiesareoftenusedforillustrationorforargument.（Anapest:It’smadeupoftwounstressedandonestressedsyllables,withthetwounstressedonesin oropposingtheprotagonistinanarrative;arivaloftheheroorAntithesis:(afigureofspeech)Thebalancingoftwocontrastingideas,wordsphrases,orsentences.Anantithesisisoftenexpressedinabalancedsentence,thatis,asentenceinwhichidenticalorsimilargrticalstructureisusedtoexpresscontrastingideas.（Aphorism:Aconcise,pointedstatementexpressingawiseorcleverobservationaboutApostrophe:Afigureofspeechinwhichanabsentoradead ,an quality,orsomethingnonhumanisaddressed顿呼：或诗歌等中对,常为死者或不在场者,或对拟人的事物所说的话Argument:Aformofdiscourseinwhichreasonisusedtoinfluenceorchangepeople’sideaoractions.Writerspracticeargumentmostoftenwhenwritingnonfiction,particularlyessaysorspeeches.Aside:Indrama,linesspokenbyacharacterinanundertoneordirectlytotheaudience.Anasideismeanttobeunheardbytheothercharactersonstage.Assonance:Therepetitionofsimilarvowelsounds,especiallyinpoetry.Assonanceisoftenemployedtopleasetheearoremphasizecertainsounds.Atmosphere:Theprevailingmoodorfeelingofalirywork.Atmosphereisoftendeveloped,atleastinpart,throughdescriptionsofsetting.Suchdescriptionshelptocreateanemotionalclimateforthewriterstoestablishthereader’sexpectationsandattitudes.Autobiography:A ’saccountofhisorherownlife.Anautobiographyisgenerallywritteninnarrativeformandincludessomeintrospection.Ballad:Astorytoldinverseandusuallymeanttobesung.Inmanycountries,thefolkballadwasoneoftheearliestformsofliture.Folkballadshavenoknownauthors.Theyweretransmittedorallyfromgenerationtogenerationandwerenotsetdowninwritinguntilcenturiesaftertheywerefirstsung.Thesubjectmatteroffolkballadsstemsfromtheeverydaylifeofthecommonpeople.Devicescommonlyusedinballadsaretherefrain,incrementalrepetition,andcodelanguage.Alaterformofballadistheliryballad,whichimitatesthestyleofthefolkballad.Balladstanza:Atypeoffour-linestanza.Thefirstandthirdlineshavefourstressedwordsorsyllables;thesecondlineshavethreestresses.Balladmeterisusuallyiambic.Thenumberofunstressedsyllablesineachlinemayvary.Thesecondandlinesrhyme.Biography:Adetailedaccountof ’slifewrittenby Blankverse:VersewritteninunrhymediambicCaesura:AbreakorpauseinalineofCanto:AsectionordivisionofalongCaricature:Theuseofexaggerationordistortiontomakeafigureappearcomicorridiculous.Aphysicalcharacteristic,aneccentricity,a alitytrait,oranactmaybeexaggerated. Character:Inappreciatingashortstory,charactersareanindispensableelement.Charactersarethe spresentedinadramaticornarrativework.Forstdividescharactersintotwotypes:flatcharacter,whichispresentedwithoutmuchindividualizingdetail;androundcharacter,whichiscomplexintemperamentandmotivationandisrepresentedwithsubtleparticularity.。。Characterization：themeansbywhichawriterreveals Classicism:Amovementortendencyinart,liture,ormusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Classicismemphasizesthetraditionalandtheuniversal,andcesvalueonreason,clarity,balance,andorder.Classicism,withitsconcernforreasonanduniversalthemes,istraditionallyopposedtoRomanticism,whichisconcernedwithemotionsandalthemes.秩序。因为古典主义强调理性和普遍，在传统上强调感情和个人的浪漫主义。Climax:Thepointofgreatestintensity,interest,orsuspenseinastory’sturningpoint.Theactionleadingtotheclimaxandthesimultaneousincreaseoftensionintheplotareknownastherisingaction.Allactionaftertheclimaxisreferredtoasthefallingaction,orresolution.Thetermcrisisissometimesusedinterchangeablywithclimax.Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlinglydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovidestheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandinlectualkindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.:Astrugglebetweentwoopposingsorcharactersinashortstory,novel,y,ornarrativepoem.Usuallytheeventsofthestoryareallrelatedtothe ,andthe isresolvedinsomewaybythestory’send.Connotation:Alltheemotionsandassociationsthatawordorphrasemayarouse.Connotationisdistinctfromdenotation,whichisthelilor“dictionary”meaningofawordorphrase.Consonance:TherepetitionofsimilarconsonantsoundsinthemiddleorattheendofCouplet:Twoconsecutivelinesofpoetrythatrhyme.AheroiccoupletisaniambicpentameterCriticalRealism:Thecriticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandinthebeginningoffifties.Therealistsfirstandforemostsetthemselvesthetaskofcriticizingcapitalistsocietyfromademocraticviewpointanddelineatedthecryingcontradictionsofbourgeoisreality.Buttheydidnotfindawaytoeradicatesocialevils.现实主义：现实主义在19世纪40年代达到。现实主义作家们往往把从的角度批评和资Dactyl:It’smadeupofonestressedandtwounstressedsyllables,withthestressedinDenotation:The lor“dictionary”meaningofaDenouement:The eofaplot.Thedenouementisthatpartofay,shortstory,novel,ornarrativepoeminwhichsareresolvedorunraveled,andmysteriesandsecretsconnectedwiththeplotareexined.Diction:Awriter’schoiceofwords,particularlyforclarity,effectiveness,andDissonanceAharshordisagreeablecombinationofsounds;discord.Dramaticmonologue:Akindofnarrativepoeminwhichonecharacterspeakstooneormorelistenerswhoserepliesarenotgiveninthepoem.Theoccasionisusuallyacrucialoneinthespeaker’salityaswellasthethatisthesubjectofthepoem.Elegy:Apoemofmourning,usuallyoverthedeathofanindividual.Anelegyisatypeoflyricpoem,usuallyformalinlanguageandstructure,andsolemnorevenmelancholyintone.Emblematicimage:AverbalpictureorfigurewithalongtraditionofmoralorreligiousmeaningattachedtoEnlightenmentWiththeadventofthe18thcenturyinEngland,asinotherEuropeancountriestheresprangintolifeapublicmovementknownastheEnlightenmentTheEnlightenmentonthewholewasanexpressionofstruggleofthethenprogressivetoceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankindbyconnectingthemwiththeactualdeedsandrequirementsofthepeople.Epic:Alongnarrativepoemlingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichoriginated.ManyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittenEpigramAshortwittypointedstatementoftenintheformofapoem.EpilogueAshortadditionorconclusionattheendofa rywork.Epiphany:Amomentofillumination,usuallyoccurringatorneartheendofaEpitaph:AninscriptiononagravestoneorashortpoemwritteninmemoryofsomeonewhohasEpithet:AdescriptivenameorphraseusedtocharacterizesomeoneorEraofModernism:Theyearsfrom1910to1930areoftencalledtheEraofModernism,forthereseemstohavebeeninbothEuropeandAmericaastrongawarenessofsomesortof“break”withthepast.Thenewssharedadesiretocapturethecomplexityofmodernlife,tofocusonthevarietyandconfusionofthe20thcenturybyreshaandsometimesdiscardingtheideasandhabitsofthe19thcentury.TheEraofModernismwasindeedtheeraoftheNew.现代主义时期：从1910到1930年这一段时间被称作现代主义时期，因为在这一时期，不论是在还是在欧洲人都认识到一种与过去的“决裂新艺术家们都渴望反映现活的复杂性，都渴望通过重新构建，有时候甚至1920世纪的多样性和困惑之上。Essay:Apieceofprosewriting,usuallyshort,thatdealswithasubjectinalimitedwayandexpressesaparticularpointorofessayaretheinformalessayandtheformalessay.Aninformalessayisusuallybriefandiswrittenasifthewriteristalkinginformallytothereaderaboutsometopic,usingaconversationalstyleandaalorhumoroustone.Bycontrast,aformalessayistightlyorganized,dignifiedinstyle,andseriousintone.Exemplum故事:Atale,usuallyinsertedintothetextofasermonthatillustratesamoralFable:Afableisashortstory,oftenwithanimalsasitscharacters,whichillustrateaFarce:Atypeofcomedybasedonaridiculoussituation,oftenwithstereotypedcharacters.Thehumorinafarceislargelyslapstick—thatis,itofteninvolvescrudephysicalaction.Thecharactersinafarceareoftenthebuttsofpracticaljokes.Figurativelanguage:Languagethatisnotintendedtobeinterpretedinalilsense.Byappealingtotheimagination,figurativelanguageprovidesnewwaysoflookingattheworld.Figurativelanguageconsistsofsuchfiguresofspeechashyperbole,metaphor,metonymy,oxymoron, ification,si,andsynecdoche.Flashback:Asceneinashortstory,novel,y,ornarrativepoemthatinterruptstheactiontoshowaneventthathappenedFoil:AcharacterwhosetsoffanothercharacterbyFoot:Itisarhythmicunit,aspecificcombinationofstressedandunstressedForeshadowing:Theuseofhintsorcluesinanarrativetosuggestwhatwillhappenlater.Writersuseforeshadowingtocreateinterestandtobuildsuspense.Sometimesforeshadowingalsopreparesthereaderfortheendingofthestory.Verse:Versethathaseithernometricalpatternoranirregular美差距。20世纪初，在英国诗法中自由诗已经流行。Hyperbole:Afigureofspeechusingexaggeration,oroverstatement,forspecialIamb:ItisthemostcommonlyusedfootinEnglishpoetry,inwhichanunstressedsyllablecomesfirst,followedbyastressedIambicpentameter:Apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootaniamb—thatis,anunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable.IambicpentameteristhemostcommonverselineinEnglishpoetry.Imagism:It’sapoeticmovementofEnglandandtheU.S.flourishedfrom1909to1917.Themovementinsistsonthecreationofimagesinpoetryby“thedirecttreatmentofthething”andtheeconomyofwording.TheleadersofthismovementwereEzraPoundandAmyLowell.意象主义：意象主义是在1909到1917年之间在英国和的一次诗歌运动。意象主义主张在诗歌通过“直接描写Incrementalrepetition:Therepetitionofapreviousline,orlinesbutwithaslightvariationeachtimethatadvancesthenarrativestanzabystanza.Thisdeviceiscommonlyusedinballads.Inmediasres:Atechniqueofplungingintothemiddleofastoryandonlylaterusingaflashbacktolwhathashappenedpreviously.isLatinfor“inthemiddleofthings”.Inversion:Thetechniqueofreversing,orinverting,thenormalwordorderofasentence.Writersmayuseinversiontocreateacertaintoneortoemphasizeaparticularwordoridea.ApoetmayinvertalinesothatitfitsintoaparticularmeterorrhymeIrony:Acontrastoranincongruitybetweenwhatisstatedandwhatisreallymeant,orbetweenwhatisexpectedtoandwhatactuallyhappens.Threekindsofironyare(1)verbalirony,inwhichawriterorspeakersaysonethingandmeanssomethingentirelydifferent;(2)dramaticirony,inwhichareaderoranaudienceperceivessomethingthatacharacterinthestoryorydoesnotknow;(3)ironyofsituation,inwhichthewritershowsadiscrepancybetweentheexpectedresultsofsomeactionorsituationanditsactualresults.（2）（3）Kenning代称:InOldEnglishpoetry,anelaboratephrasethatdescribes s,things,oreventsinametaphoricalandindirectway.LocalColorism:ThedefinitionoflocalcolorismismadeclearbyHamlinGarlandinhisCrumbleIdols,heclaimsthatithas“suchqualityandtextureandbackgroundthatitcouldnothavebeenwritteninanyotherceoranyoneelsethananative.”Here“text”referstotheelementswhichcharacterizesalocalculture,elementssuchasspeech,customs,andmorespeculiartooneparticularce.Andhis“background”coversphysicalsettingandthosedistinctivequalitiesoflandscapewhichconditionhumanthoughtandbehavior.Theultimateaimofthelocalcolorismistocreatetheillusionofanindigenouslittleworldwithqualitiesthatdiffersfromtheworldoutside.LostGeneration:Thistermhasbeenusedagainandagaintodescribethepeopleofthepostwaryears.ItdescribesthewriterslikeHemingwaywholivedinpoverty.ItdescribestheAmericanswhoreturnedtotheirnativelandwithanintenseawarenessoflivinginanunfamiliarchangingworld.TheyoungEnglishandAmericanexpatriates,menandwomen,werecaughtinthewarandcutofffromtheoldvaluesandyetunabletocometotermswiththenewerawhencivilizationhadgonemad.Theywanderedpointlesslyandrestlessly,enjoyingthingslikefishing,swimming,bullfightandbeautiesofnature,buttheywereawareallthewhilethattheworldiscrazyandmeaninglessandfutile.Theirwholelifeisundercutanddefeated.的洗礼，他们和旧的价值观完全的然而又无法融入这个社会文明疯狂发展的。他们漫无目的不停地游Lyric:Apoem,usuallyashortone,thatexpressesaspeaker’s althoughtsorfeelings.Theelegyodeandsonnetareallformsofthelyric.抒情诗：一种比较短小的用来表达作者个人思想或感情的诗。挽歌、颂歌、和十四行诗都是抒情诗。Masque:AnelaborateandspectaculardramaticentertainmentthatwaspopularamongtheEnglisharistocracyinthelate16thandearly17thcenturies.Masqueswerewrittenasdramaticpoemsandmakeuseofsongs,dances,colorfulcostumes,andstartlingstageeffects.绚丽的舞台效果来观众Melodrama:Adramathathasstereotypedcharacters,exaggeratedemotions,andathatpitsanall-goodherooreagainstanall-evilvillain.Thegoodcharactersalwayswinandtheevilonesarealwayspunished.Also,eachcharacterinamelodramahadathememelody,whichwasyedeachtimeheorshemadeanappearanceonstage.后好人总是取胜而总会得到惩罚。每一个人物在剧中都有一个曲，这个曲子在他或她每次出场的时候都会演Metaphor:Afigureofspeechthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwothingsthatarebasicallydissimilar.Unlikesi,ametaphordoesnotuseaconnectivewordsuchaslike,as,orresemblesinmakingthecomparison.“like“asMetaphysicalpoetry:ThepoetryofJohnDonneandother17thcenturypoetswhowroteinasimilarstyle.poetryischaracterizedbyverbalwitandexcess,ingeniousstructure,irregularmeter,colloquiallanguage,elaborateimagery,andadrawingtogetherofdissimilarideas.玄学诗：•多恩的诗或17世纪其他诗人写的相同风格的诗。玄学诗多使用巧智，结构精巧，韵律多变，语言口Meter:Agenerallyregularpatternofstressedandunstressedsyllablesin音语言中，如日耳曼语。它只计诗行内重音或重读音节的数目。重音-音节诗体是英文诗的常见格式，它把音节一抑扬都是一个非重读音节后面跟一个重读音节。自由诗则没有遵循规则的韵律形式。Metonymy:Afigureofspeechinwhichsomethingverycloselyassociatedwithathingisusedtostandfororsuggestthethingitself.Miracley:ApopularreligiousdramaofmedievalEngland.MiracleyswerebasedonstoriesofthesaintsoronsacredMockepic:Acomicliryformthattreatsatrivialsubjectinthegrand,heroicstyleoftheepic.Amockepicisalsoreferredtoasamock-heroicpoem.Moralityy:Anoutgrowthofmiracleys.Moralityyswerepopularinthe15thand16thcenturies.Inthem,virtuesandviceswere Motivation:Thereasons,eitherstatedorimplied,foracharacter’sbehavior.Tomakeastorybelievable,awritermustprovidecharacterswithmotivationsufficienttoexinwhattheydo.Charactersmaybemotivatedbyoutsideevents,ortheymaybemotivatedbyinnerneedsorfears.MultiplePointofView:ItisoneofthelirytechniquesWilliamFaulknerused,whichshowswithinthesamestoryhowthecharactersreacteddifferentlytothesame orthesamesituation.Theuseofthistechniquegavethestoryacircularformwhereinoneeventwasthecenter,withvariouspointsofviewradiatingfromit.Themultiplepointsofviewtechniquemakesthereaderrecognizethedifficultyofarrivingatatruejudgment.做出不同的反应。这种技巧使得故事中以一个为中心向四周辐射的圆周结构，多角度叙述法使读者很难做出真正Myth:Astory,oftenaboutimmortalsandsometimesconnectedwithreligiousrituals,thatisintendedtogivemeaningtothemysteriesoftheworld.Mythsmakeitpossibleforpeopletounderstandanddealwiththingsthattheycannotcontrolandoftencannotsee.Narration:Likedescription,narrationisapartofconversationandwriting.Narrationisthemajortechniqueusedinexpositorywriting，suchasautobiography.Successfulnarrationmustgrowoutofgoodobservation,to-the-pointselectionfromobservation,andcleararrangementofdetailsinlogicalsequence,whichisusuallychronological.Narrationgivesanexactpictureofthingsastheyoccur.Narrativepoem:Apoemthatlsastory.Onekindofnarrativepoemistheepic,alongpoemthatsetsforththeheroicidealsofaparticularsociety.Narrator:Onewhonarrates,orls,astory.Astorymaybetoldbyafirst- narrator,someonewhoiseitheramajororminorcharacterinthestory.Orastorymaybetoldbyathird- narrator,someonewhoisnotinthestoryatall.Thewordnarratorcanalsorefertoacharacterinadramawhoguidestheaudiencethroughthey,oftencommentingontheactionandsometimesparticipatinginit.Naturalism:Anextremeformofrealism.Naturalisticwritersusuallydepictthesordidsideoflifeandshowcharacterswhoareseverely,ifnothopelessly,limitedbytheirenvironmentorheredity.Nonfiction:Itreferstoanyprosenarrativethatlsaboutthingsastheactuallyhappenedorthatpresentsfactualinformationaboutsomething.Thepurposeofthiskindofwritingistogiveapresumablyaccurateaccountingofa ’slife.Writersofnonfictionusethemajorformsofdiscourse:description(animpressionofthesubject);narration(thelingofthestory);exposition(exnatoryinformation);persuasion(anargumenttoinfluencepeople’sthinking).Forms:autobiography,biography,essay,story,editorial,letterstotheeditorfoundinnewspaper,diary,journal,travelliture.形式：自传，传记，小品文，故事，，报纸中致编辑的信，，期，游记文学。Novel:Abook-lengthfictionalprosenarrative,havingmanycharactersandoftenacomplexOde:Acomplexandoftenlengthylyricpoem,writteninadignifiedformalstyleonsomeloftyorserioussubject.Odesareoftenwrittenforaspecialoccasion,tohonora oraseasonortocommemorateanevent.Oxymoron:afigureofspeechthatcombinesoppositeorcontradictoryideasorterms.Anoxymoronsuggestsaparadox,butitdoessoverybriefly,usuallyintwoorthreewords.，，Paradox:Astatementthatrevealsakindoftruth,althoughitseemsatfirsttobeself-contradictoryandParallelism:(afigureofspeech)Theuseofphrases,clauses,orsentencesthataresimilarorcomplementaryinstructureorinmeaning.Parallelismisaformofrepetition.（Parody:Thehumorousimitationofaworkofliture,art,ormusic.Aparodyoftenachievesitshumorouseffectthroughtheuseofexaggerationormockery.Inliture,parodycanbemadeofaplot,acharacter,awritingstyle,orasentimentorPastoral:AtypeofpoemthatdealsinanidealizedwaywithshepherdsandrusticPathos:Thequalityinaworkoflitureorartthatarousesthereader’sfeelingsofpity,sorrow,orcompassionforacharacter.Thetermisusuallyusedtorefertosituationsinwhichinnocentcharacterssufferthroughnofaultoftheirown.怜悯：文学或艺术作品中的人物激起读者惋惜、悲伤或同情的性质，这个术语通常指的人忍受不白之冤的那些Pictorialism:It’sanimportantpoeticdevicecharacterizedbyeffortstoachievestrikingvisualeffects.Amongitsfeaturesareirregularityofline,contrastorenchantmentoflight,colorandimage.Othermeansofpictorialisminclude juxtapositionandthematchingofcolorswithverbsofaction.Plot:Plotisthefirstandmostobviousqualityofastory.Itisthesequenceofeventsoractionsinashortstory,novel,y,ornarrativepoem.Forthereader,theplotistheunderlyingpatterninaworkoffiction,thestructuralelementthatgivesitunityandorder.Forthewriter,theplotistheguidingprincipleofselectionandarrangement. ,astruggleofsomekind,isthemostimportantelementofplot.Eacheventintheplotisrelatedtothe ,thestrugglethatthemaincharacterundergoes.maybeexternalorinternal,andtheremaybemorethanoneformof inawork.Astheplotadvances,welearnhowthe isresolved.Actionisgenerallyintroducedbytheexposition,informationessentialtounderstandingthesituation.Theactionrisestoacrisis,orclimax.Thismovementiscalledtherisingaction.Thefallingaction,whichfollowsthecrisis,showsareversaloffortunefortheprotagonist.Thedenouementorresolutionisthemomentwhenthe endsandthe eoftheactionisclear.则。(一种)是情节最重要的元素。情节中的每一个都是和相联系的，是主要人物所以经历。矛而后的回落有展现了主人公命运的逆转。结局或收尾是的得以解决并交代事情的结果的时刻。Poetry:Themostdistinctivecharacteristicofpoetryisformandmusic.Poetryisconcernedwithnotonlywhatissaidbuthowitissaid.Poetryevokesemotionsratherthanexpressfacts.Poetrymeanshavingapoeticexperience.Imaginationisalsoanessentialqualityofpoetry.Poetryoftenleadsustonewperceptions,newfeelingsandexperiencesofwhichwehavenotpreviouslybeenaware.Pointofview:Thevantagepointfromwhichanarrativeistold.Therearetwobasicpointsofview: and.Inthefirst- pointofview,thestoryistoldbyoneofthecharactersinhisorherownwords.Thefirst- ofviewislimited.Inthethird- pointofview,thenarratorisnotacharacterinthestory.Thenarratormaybeanomniscient.Ontheotherhand,thethird- narratormightlastoryfromthepointofviewofonlyonecharacterinthestory.Pre-Romanticism:ItoriginatedamongtheconservativegroupsofmenandlettersasareactionagainstEnlightenmentandfounditsmostmanifestexpressioninthe“Gothicnovel”.Protagonist:Thecentralcharacterofadrama,novel,shortstory,ornarrativepoem.Theprotagonististhecharacteronwhomtheactioncentersandwithwhomthereadersympathizesmost.Usuallytheprotagoniststrivesagainstanopposing,orantagonist,to plishsomething.的人物。主人公通常在故事中与人物作以得到某个东西。PsalmAsongorlyricpoeminpraiseofGod.PsychologicalRealism:Itistherealisticwritingthatprobesdeeplyintothecomplexitiesofcharacters’thoughtsandmotivations.HenryJamesisconsideredthefounderofpsychologicalrealism.HisnovelTheAmbassadorsisconsideredtobeamasterpieceofpsychologicalrealism.Pun:Theuseofawordorphrasetosuggesttowormoremeaningatthesametime.PunsaregenerallyQuatrain:Usuallyastanzaorpoemoffourlines.Aquatrainmayalsobeanygroupoffourlinesunifiedbyarhymescheme.Quatrainsusuallyfollowanabab,abba,orabcbrhymescheme.RealismTheattemptinlitureandarttorepresentlifeasitreallyis,withoutsentimentalizingoridealizingit.RealisticwritingoftendepictstheeverydaylifeandspeechofordinarypeopleThishasled,sometimes,toanemphasisonsordiddetails.Refrain:Awordphrase,lineorgroupoflinesrepeatedregularlyinapoem,usuallyattheendofeachstanza.Refrainsareoftenusedinballadsandnarrativepoemstocreateasonglikerhythmandtohelpbuildsuspense.Refrainscanalsoservetoemphasizeaparticularidea.Rhyme:It’soneofthethreebasicelementsoftraditionalpoetry.Itistherepetitionofsoundsintwoormorewordsorphrasesthatappearclosetoeachotherinapoem.Iftherhymeoccursattheends