解读公司财务报表分析的实用技巧

财务报表分析的对象是企业的各项基本活动。公司财务报表分析技巧可以分为四种,包括横向分析、纵向分析、趋势百分率分析、财务比率分析Objectoffinancialstatementanalysisisthebasicactivitiesofenterprises.Company/financialstatementanalysistechniquescanbedividedintofourtypes,includinganalysisofhorizontalanalysis,verticalanalysis,trendanalysis,thepercentageoffinancialratios.一、财务报表横向分析Ahorizontalanalysis,financialstatements横向分析的前提，就是采用前后期对比的方式编制比较会计报表，即将企业连续几年的会计报表数据并行排列在一起，设置"绝对金额增减”和“百分率增减”两栏，以揭示各个会计项目在比较期内所发生的绝对金额和百分率的增减变化情况Horizontalanalysisisthepremise,preandpostcontrastmethodtomakecomparativeaccountingstatements,parallelarrangedtogethertoenterprisesforseveralconsecutiveyearsof/accountingdata,setup"theabsoluteamountofchange"and"percentageincreaseordecreasein"twocolumn,torevealthevariousaccountingitemintheratiochangeofaperiodtheabsoluteamountandpercentageof.二财务报表纵向分析Two,thelongitudinalanalysisofthefinancialstatement横向分析实际上是对不同年度的会计报表中的相同项目进行比较分折而纵向分析则是相同年度会计报表各项目之间的比率分析。纵向分析也有个前提，那就是必须采用"可比性"形式编制财务报表，即将会计报表中的某一重要项目（如资产总额或销售收入）的数据作为100%，然后将会计报表中其他项目的余额都以这个重要项目的百分率的形式作纵向排列，从而揭示出会计报表中各个项目的数据在企业财务报表中的相对意义。采用这种形式编制的财务报表使得在几家规模不同的企业之间进行经营和财务状况的比较成为可能。由于各个报表项目的余额都转化为百分率，即使是在企业规模相差悬殊的情况下各报表项目之间仍然具有“可比性“。但是，要在不同企业之间进行比较必须有一定的前提条件，那就是几家企业都必须属于同一行业，并且所采用的会计核算方法和财务报表编制程序必须大致相同。Horizontalanalysisisactuallyonthesameprojectdifferentannualaccountingstatementswerecomparedandanalyzed;andthelongitudinalanalysisistheanalysisoftheratiobetweenthesameannualaccountingstatementitems.Longitudinal/analysisisaprerequisite,thatismustbe"comparable"formofthepreparationoffinancialstatements,animportantprojecttobeintheaccountingstatements(suchastotalassetsandsalesrevenue)dataasapercentageof100%,thenthebalanceofotheritemsinthefinancialstatementsonthisimportantprojectintheformoflongitudinalarrangement,whichrevealstherelativesignificanceofeachiteminthefinancialstatementsdatainthefinancialstatementsofcompanies.Usethisformtopreparationofthefinancialstatementsthatthecomparisonhasbecomeabusinessoperationandfinancialstatusinseveralenterprisesofdifferentsizesmaybe.Becausethebalanceofeachreportitemintopercentage,evenintheenterprisescaledifferencebetweendifferentsituationofeachreportitemisstill"comparability".But,tobecomparedmusthavecertainprerequisitesinbetweendifferententerprises,itisafewenterprisesmustbelongtothesameindustry,andtheaccountingmethodandthepreparationofthefinancialstatementsshouldberoughlythesameprogram.三、趋势百分率分析Three,thepercentageoftrendanalysis趋势分析看上去也是一种横向百分率分析，但不同于横向分析中对增减情况百分率的提示。横向分析是采用环比的方式进行比较，而趋势分析则是采用定基的方式，即将连续几年财务报表中的某些重要项目的数据集中在一起，同期年的相应数据作百分率的比较。这种分析方法对于提示企业在若干年内经营活动和财务状况的变化趋势相当有用。趋势分析首先必须选定某一会计年度为基年，然后设基年会计报表中若干重要项目的余额为100%，再将以后各年度的会计报表中相同项目的数据按基年项目数的百分率来列示.Analysisoftrendanalysislooksisatransversepercentage,butdifferentfromthehorizontalanalysisofincreaseordecreaseinpercentagetips.Horizontalanalysisiscomparedwithsequentialmanner,andtrendswArauraOss<uuura.EM-enou.^ss,5.«=£we£"%MqEnu011二oEepmMasraq»£%0胃uvuMdra%£C0E£2M5.E》lmouuff-seen0£E"sp.aaldVES0£G0£京OOTSZ5E8B1SsuwnouueM*asraqsp.aaldwwodul-%MqEnue%wC0£pue8ue(Dqes>vsraq导sks>muSKraBvas》SJK«nEswAmuePU9JI-.£s>«M>0sc"uo》ws-.suuwpueS0£>t5<uss0.Esnq3SMd」0》u0puvb0£」£-lyasnm"POIISEsmAraueSEJ..备gu8MdspoMdVES0£5.E.mpgep5.Epuodsau8ln.MPEedEOu<l0ln05o》gep%£3>s^suvmcou」££C0E£2M<5UU<U.E」vq£^p.£2d隹BlJodE-0EOS、A<UM(UU.PE0£w"smAraura0£szelngsMaJBEequ«q里MEErasrallsmA-euraO》E(uuurauiz-UOSU0P》u0E05eu<uEpuraam&nbs》u0uqs0A.E0£惕nfpra」0p」oc"arSM&,8版»£%uo》*w«ulm.E』8ueuuot®dv£A-tJv-uou£5.Enmouu(u%SJ^Sndvll£uruosuvuqpsnoMAP8<snu-euuqP3OLISOss-.SUU<U.E』%smA<5ue0>》E<udE8vln.!2》ue3JodE-£OE^£»E»-AJV>w"VO.Ivlnv-oWO92-.2uue.Ey-snoMA»£%u.2》<2nu«u0£>_coevAOJMOHO.ZSU.2常-E-eu&o5UPS.X00£v-o5.E》lm8u<u5.E》lm8u<uWEVEPsvEesv£,EE§oldMal-VEPu$M!o)qsp.aOJdP3IU更u8M4vqs=工sraUPArauraera«055ns£P0.E£OS.2W(uuuw5.ESI1e.2.!2>pv£soqragep^escsouuraOM10LHw"S.SA-eu<u0430」-ra»ucracz-euu<uUKll-os.2》MOMd^COEraBMOMd0£w"smA-rauraO》E-.Euuraulz、K^^s聚置TMS委笙燮匡、SI-i。Musfr¥^IIIKH«KSKsWCQIs着卷雇wsg蚩se专Iff菖E锻w。毒留i芸«卷如H着n^OBEO&OUvdds辱咪群E£ttDnff«f8wffil£IBI、iflii&3&SSK>£SE、.ffieconomicinformationstandarddeliveredfinancialdataofdifferentscaleenterprises.Itisbecauseofthischaracteristic,comparedtomakehorizontalcomparisonbetweenenterprisesandindustrystandardpossible.Forexample,theInternationalBusineMachinesCorp(IBM)andAppleCorp(AppleCorporation)isafamousenterpriseUSAproductionandsaleofcomputer.Fromthesalesandprofitsoftheaccountingstatementsofthetwo,IBMwillbehigherthantheAppleCorpmanytimes.However,thelightisnotgenerallycomparedtotalmuchsignificance,becausethetotalassetsofIBMismuchlargerthanthelatter.Therefore,compariso