营林机械的发展要以“生态效益优先”为原则

营林机械的发展要以“生态效益优先”为原则现代化的林业是和谐发展的生态林业，生态林业的建设与发展，是一个系统工程，它离不开营林机械。现就营林机械在我场林业发展中的作用予以重新审视。Modernforestryistheharmoniousdevelopmentofecologicalforestry,ecologicalforestryconstructionanddevelopment,isasystemsengineering,anditcannotleavetheforestrymachinery.Regardingtheroleofforestrydevelopmentofforestrymachineryinmyfieldforreview.1基本情况1basicsituation我场有18万亩土地，除去职工住宅和经营道路外，全部为林业用地。生态建设是核心，因此，林业生产由单一的采伐木材转向多种经营，参与到林业生态建设中来。森林资源的保护与开发利用成为林业发展的主旋律，建设人与自然和谐相处的“绿色文明"。营林机械恰是加速这一篮图实现的最行之有效的手段。Ihave180000acresofland,toremovetheworkerhousingandmanagementway,allthelandforforestry.Ecologicalconstructionisthecoreand,therefore,forestryproductionbysinglecuttingtimberturnedtodiversification,involvedintheforestryecologicalconstruction.Protectionanddevelopmentandutilizationofforestresourcesbecomeathemeofforestrydevelopment,constructionofthehumanandthenatureharmoniousgetalongwith"greencivilization".Basketofforestrymachineryisacceleratetherealizationofthemosteffectivemeans.2营林机械在林业发展中的作用2theroleofforestrymachineryinforestrydevelopment建国初期，我场的营林机械，品种单一，而且数量少，主要机具就是油锯，都是从国外进口，多数为前苏联产品。苗圃作业机具及病虫害防治机具，直接引用农业机具，没有自已的定型机具产品，防火机具更是一片空白。从1984年开始，生态林业建设的理念，使人们对林业有了更深层次的理解，营林机械也被赋予了新的使命，营林机械产品系列化、种类多样化及其在林业生产中的作用具有不可替代作用。Early,Ifieldofforestrymachinery,singlevariety,andquantityisless,themainmachineisthechainsaw,allimportedfromabroad,mostlyintheformerSovietunionproduct.Nurseryoperationequipmentsandpestcontrolequipmentsanddirectreferencetoagriculturalmachinery,notfromalreadyfinalizethemachineryproducts,fireprotectionequipmentisablank.Since1984,theconceptofecologicalforestryconstruction,makepeoplehavedeeperunderstandingtoforestry,forestrymachineryalsohavebeengivenanewmission,forestrymachineryproductsseriation,varietyhasirreplaceablefunctionanditsroleinforestryproduction.2.1营林机械的种类按照传统的营林生产先后程序，可把营林机械分为：整地机具、播种机具、造林机具、抚育机具、病虫害防治机具、采伐机具等。太阳能热水器做为主要动力及运输必备的拖拉机和汽车更是营林生产的主角。kindsofforestrymachineryinaccordancewiththetraditionalmethodsofproductionprocess,canbedividesintotheforestrymachinery,machinery,plantmachinery,forestrymachinery,tendingofmachinery,plantdiseasesandinsectpestspreventionandcontrolofmachinesandtools,cuttingtools,etc.Asamajorpowerandtransportessentialoftractorsandcarsintheroleofforestryproduction.整地机具主要是犁和耙，播种机具主要有播种机，植树机泛指栽植苗木的营林机械，按作业的机械化程度分为简单植树机、半自动植树机、自动植树机，按作业的立地条件分为采伐迹地植树机、沙地植树机、选择植树机、大苗植树机、容器苗植树机，以及连续开沟、间断开沟、选择挖坑植树机等。抚育机具主要是割灌机以及喷灌设施等。病虫害防治机具、防火机具、钢塑土工格栅采运机具等在营林生产中的种类都是比较单一的。Soilpreparationmachinemainlyploughandharrow,sowingmachinemainlyincludetheseeder,machinereferstoplanttreesplantingseedlingsofforestrymachinery,accordingtohomeworkmechanizationdegreeisdividedintosimpleplanttreesplantingtreesplantingmachine,semi-automaticmachine,automaticmachine,accordingtothejobsiteconditionscanbedividedintocuttingblankstree-plantingmachine,sandmachine,choosetoplanttreestoplanttrees,wenttoplanttrees,containerseedlingplantingmachine,trenchingandcontinuous,discontinuousfurrowing,selectdiggingholestoplanttreesmachine,etc.Tendingmachinesmainlycuttingmachineandasprinklerirrigationfacilities,etc.Plantdiseasesandinsectpestspreventionandcontrolofmachinesandtools,firepreventionofforestrymachinery,transportequipment,etc.Intheproductionofvarietiesarerelativelysingle.营林机械的运用，除部分专用机具外，如：植树机、割灌机、油锯、风力灭火机等，其余机具与农业生产都是通用的。营林机械的种类具有不确定性，飞机的应用，飞播造林和森林防火，双梁起重机已远远的超出人们界定的类别。在营林生产中，各机具应用的轻重比例，由其经营目的及生产模式而定。Theuseofforestrymachinery,besidessomespecialtools,suchas:plantingmachine,cuttingmachine,chainsaw,windextinguisher,etc.,andtherestiscommonmachineryandagriculturalproduction.Forestrymachinerytypesofuncertainty,applicationoftheplanebyafforestationandforestfireprevention,hasfarbeyondthedefinedcategories.Inforestryproduction,theweightproportionofeachmachineusedbythebusinesspurposeandproductionmode.2.2营林机械的发展方向营林机械的发展要以“生态效益优先”为原则，坚持生态效益、经济效益和社会效益相统一。offorestrymachineryanddevelopmentdirectionofforestrymachinerydevelopmentin"ecologicalpriority"fortheprinciple,adheretotheecologicalbenefit,economicbenefitandsocialbenefitareunified.坚持适用性和专业性相结合的原则。针对营林生产的特点，机具的适用性要考虑地区的林地立地条件、林木特性等综合因素，立足专业，发挥林业优势，幕墙使三种效益和谐发展。例如林木育种及播种不同于农业生产，有些林木种子休眠期长，按林业生产要求生产播种的机具要有较强的专业性。还有植树机具，是否在山地、平原、采伐迹地、荒地等都能适用。所以营林机具的生产，不但针对性要强，适用性也要强。Adheretotheprincipleofapplicabilityandthecombinationofprofessional.Inviewofthecharacteristicsofforestryproduction,theapplicabilityofthemachinerytoconsiderareasofforestlandcomprehensivefactorssuchassiteconditions,thecharacteristicsofforesttrees,basedonprofessional,givingfullplaytotheadvantagesofforestry,theharmoniousdevelopmentofthreebenefits.Foresttreebreedingandplantingdifferentfromagriculturalproduction,forexample,someforesttreeseeddormancy,accordingtotherequirementsofforestryproductionintheproductionofsowingmachinetohavestrongprofessional.Andplantingmachine,whetherinthemountains,plains,cutoverland,wasteland,etcallcanapply.Forestrymachineryproduction,sonotonlytargetedstronger,betterapplicability.坚持通用性和专业性相结合的原则。在满足营林生产需要的同时，扩大机具的通用性，以满足其它产业的需求，并能提高经济效益。例如通用性较强的整地机具，营林生产和农业生产所用的机具是一样的，只是型号的不同。还有喷灌设施，营林生产、农业生产都是必用的机具。割灌机不仅用于营林抚育，城市园林绿化也大有用武之地。Adheretotheprincipleofcombinationofversatilityandprofessionalism.Fortheneedsofforestproductioninordertoexpandmachineversatility,tosatisfytheneedsofotherindustries,andcanimprovetheeconomicbenefit.Generalsoilpreparationmachine,forexample,forestmachinesandtoolsusedintheproductionandagriculturalproductionisthesame,justdifferentmodels.Andsprinklerirrigation,forestryproduction,agriculturalproductioniswithmachinesandtools.Cuttingmachinenotonlyusedinaforesttending,citygardengreeningalsocomesin.营林机械的生产注重专业性和通用性并举，坚持多元化，面向社会，生态效益，经济效益和社会效益就能谐调发展。十几年来，随着国家对林业政策的调整，营林机械的发展也呈现出了新的生机。Forestrymachineryproductiononprofessionalismandgenerality,adheretothediversified,gearedtotheneedsofsociety,ecologicalbenefit,economicbenefitandsocialbenefitcanbehumorous.Fordecades,withtheadjustmentofthenationalpolicyonforestry,forestrymachinerydevelopmentalsopresentedthenewlife.2.3营林机械的作用从人类社会发展的角度看，林业的历史发展可以划分为原始林业、传统林业、现代林业三个阶段。原始林业和传统林业把木材生产视为主要产业，只注重经济效益，林区经济发展主要依赖于过度消耗森林资源，致使林木过度采伐，导致了现在森林资源锐减和生态环境严重恶化的局面。特别是油锯在林区普遍使用以后，这种局面更是每况愈下，采伐机具在提高生产率的同时，也为我们敲响了警钟：山秃了，灾多了。theroleofforestrymachineryfromthehumanpointofviewofsocialdevelopment,thehistoricaldevelopmentofforestrycanbedividedintooriginalforestryandtraditionalforestry,modernforestrythreestages.Originalforestryandtraditionalforestryandtimberproductionasthemainindustry,focusingoneconomicefficiency,economicdevelopmentmainlyreliesontheexcessiveconsumptionofforestresources,causingover-harvestingoftrees,ledtoasharpdecreaseofforestresourcesandtheseriousdeteriorationofecologicalenvironmentnow.Especiallythechainsawaftertheincommonuse,thissituationhasgonefrombadtoworse,thecuttingtoolstoimproveproductivityatthesametime,alsoisawake-upcallforus:mountainbald,disaster.现代化的林业标志之一就是林业生产的机械化，生态林业的建设与发展离不开营林机械，没有营林机械的现代化就没有林业的现代化。造林规划和施工，营林机械是实现其目的必要手段。造林地的清理、除草除灌，整地直至造林。相适应的作业机具：割灌机，整地机具，植树机，甚至拖拉机、汽车都将投入使用。造林是一项季节性很强的工作，时间短任务重，如果没有足够的机具保证，大量的造林工作是不能实现的，造林生产的机械化势在必行。幼林抚育，林分改造，病虫害防治，森林防火，自然保护区及野生动植物保护，这一系例林业生产环节，任何一项工作如果离开了相应的生产机具，其损失将是不可估量的。经验告诉我们，现代化林业的经营与发展，离不开营林机械的现代化。Oneofthesymbolsofmodernforestryistheforestryproductionmechanization,theconstructionofecologicalforestryandthedevelopmentcannotleavetheforestrymachinery,withoutthemodernizationofforestrymachinery,thereisnomodernizationoftheforestry.Afforestationplanningandconstructionofforestrymachineryisnecessarymeanstoachieveitspurpose.Plantingareacleaning,weedcontrol,irrigation,soilpreparationandforestation.Thatmeettheneedsofoperationequipments:cuttingmachine,soilpreparationmachine,plantingmachine,eventhetractors,carswillbeputintouse.Afforestationisaseasonalwork,shorttimetaskisheavy,ifyoudon'thaveenoughmachinesguarantee,alargenumberofafforestationisnotimplemented,forestationmechanizationofproductionisimperative.Youngforesttending,foresttransformation,pestcontrol,forestfireprevention,naturereserve,wildlifeandplantprotection,thecasesofforestryproduction,anyaworkwith