初中英语语法-现在完成时与过去完成时

现在完成时与过去完成时一、现在完成时过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果,过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。1.构成现在完成时是由助动词have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词,说明句子的意义。2.用法(1)表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet等副词修饰。如:-Haveyouhadlunchyet?-Yes,Ihave.I'vejusthadit.你(已经)吃午饭了吗?我刚刚吃过。(现在我不饿了)(2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。如:Hehastaughtheresince1981.他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教)Ihaven'tseenherforfouryears.我有四年没见到她了。(3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”,常带有twice,ever,never,threetimes等时间状语。如:IhavebeentoBeijingtwice.我去过北京二次。3.结构1).陈述句结构:主语+have(has)(not)+过去分词+其它。havenot=haven’thasnot=hasn’t.2).一般疑问句结构:Have(Has)+主语+过去分词+其它?3).特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+have(has)+主语+过去分词+其它?eg.Hehasalreadyfinishedhishomework.Hehasn’tfinishedhishomeworkyet.Hashefinishedhishomeworkyet?--Yes,hehas./No,hehasn’t./No,notyet.4.现在完成时的时间状语(1)现在完成时属于现在时范围,故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday,lastSunday,in1990,threeyearsago等。但是,在强调动作产生的后果和影响时,可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。a.用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。如:Wehavealreadyfinishedourhomework.我们已完成作业了。Theyhaven'tfinishedtheirhomeworkyet.他们还没有完成作业。b.用ever和never。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”或“从未“等。如:-HaveyoueverbeentotheGreatWall?你曾经去过长城吗?IhaveneverbeentotheGreatWall.我从未去过长城。c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如just,before,uptonow,thepastfewyears等。如:Ihaveseenherbefore,butIcannotrememberwhere.我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过。Hehasbeentherethreetimesthepastfewyears.近几年他去过那里三次了。d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语,如:now,today,thismorning(month,year,term)等。例如:-Haveyoumethimtoday?-No,Ihaven't.今天你见过他吗?我没有。Howmanytimeshaveyoubeentherethisyear?今年你去过那里多少次?(2)现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在。如:Ihaven'tseenhimfortwoyears.但是,像come,arrive,buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用,必须改为“be(在)”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换:arrive→beherebegin(start)→beondie→bedeadcomeback→bebackleave→beawayfallill(sick,asleep)→beill(sick,asleep)getup→beupgoout→beoutfinish→beoverputon→wear或beonopen→beopenjoin→bein或beamemberof…close→beclosedgotoschool→beastudentborrow→keepbuy→havecatch(acold)→have(acold)gettoknow→knowbegintostudy→studycometowork→work等如:Hehasbeenasoldierforthreeyears.他参军三年了。Hisfatherhasbeendeadfortwoyears.他父亲去世二年了。Thefilmhasbeenonfortenminutes.电影已开始十分钟了。WehavestudiedEnglishforthreeyears.我们(开始)学英语已三年了。典型例题1、---Doyouknowourtownatall?---No,thisisthefirsttimeI___here.A.wasB.havebeenC.cameD.amcoming2、---Haveyou____beentoourtownbefore?---No,it'sthefirsttimeI___here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome3、Youdon'tneedtodescribeher.I___herseveraltimes.A.hadmetB.havemetC.metD.meet4、---I'msorrytokeepyouwaiting.---Oh,notatall.I___hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe二、过去完成时1、定义①表示发生在过去的动作对过去晚些时候造成的影响或结果②过去某一动作一直持续到过去晚些时候将来可能还要延续。句中的动作发生在过去之前(过去的过去),即过去完成时动作发生在过去的过去。HesaidhehadbeentoBeijingtwice.他说他已经去过北京两次。(因为“说”said就是过去式,而去北京的动作发生在说said的过去,所以用过完而不用现完。过去完成时常用的时间状语有(1)、bytheendoflastyear.Bytheendoflastterm,wehadlearned5000newwords.(2)、Bythetimesb.+动词过去式ThebushadalreadyleftbythetimeIgotthere.2、基本结构主语+had+过去分词vpp.(done)①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词.②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词.③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词?肯定回答:Yes,主语+had.否定回答:No,主语+hadnot.④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(Had+主语+过去分词)?3、基本用法(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作以前完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可能通过上下文来表示。例如:Bynineo’clocklastnight,wehadgot200picturesfromthespaceship.(2)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for,since构成的时间状语连用。例如:Ihadbeenatthebusstopfor20minuteswhenabusfinallycame./Hesaidhehadworkedinthatfactorysince1949.(3)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。例如:Mr.Smithdiedyesterday.Hehadbeenagoodfriendofmine./Ididn’tknowathingabouttheverbs,forIhadnotstudiedmylesson.(4)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。例如:IreturnedthebookthatIhadborrowed./Shefoundthekeythatshehadlost.(5)过去完成时常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。例如:Hesaidthathehadknownherwell./IthoughtIhadsenttheletteraweekbefore.(6)状语从句:在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在前,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。如when,before,after,assoonas,till/until引导的。例如:WhenIwokeup,ithadalreadystoppedraining./Shedidn’tgotobeduntilshehadfinishedherwork.注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,这时可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。例如:AfterhearrivedinEngland,MarxworkedhardtoimprovehisEnglish.(7)动词think,want,hope,mean,plan,intend等用过去完成时来表示过去未曾实现的想法,希望,打算或意图等。例如:Theyhadwantedtohelpbutcouldnotgetthereintime./Wehadhopedtobeabletocomeandseeyou.(8)过去完成时还可用在hardly…when…,nosooner…than…,Itwasthefirst(second,etc)time(that)…等固定句型中。例如:Hardlyhadhebeguntospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim./Nosoonerhadhearrivedthenhewentawayagain./Itwasthethirdtimethathehadbeenoutofworkthatyear.4、过去完成时-语法判定A、由时间状语来判定。一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:(1)by+过去的时间点。如:Ihadfinishedreadingthenovelbynineo'clocklastnight.(2)bytheendof+过去的时间点。如:WehadlearnedovertwothousandEnglishwordsbytheendoflastterm.(3)before+过去的时间点。如:TheyhadplantedsixhundredtreesbeforelastWednesday.B、由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:C、根据上、下文来判定。ImetWangTaointhestreetyesterday.Wehadn'tseeneachothersincehewenttoBeijing.单项选择。1、Bothhisparentslooksad.Maybethey_________what'shappenedtohim.(呼和浩特)A.knewB.haveknownC.mustknowD.willknow2、Hehas_______beentoShanghai,hashe?A.alreadyB.neverC.everD.still3、HaveyoumetMrLi______?A.justB.agoC.beforeD.amomentago4、Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyear.A.iswritingB.waswritingC.wroteD.haswritten5、—Ourcountry______alotsofar.—Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven______.A.haschangedwellB.changedgoodC.haschangedbetterD.changedbetter6、ZhaoLan______already______inthisschoolfortwoyears.A.wasstudyingB.willstudyC.hasstudiedD.arestudying7、We______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.A.knowB.hadknownC.haveknownD.knew8、HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I_______ittwice.A.willseeB.haveseenC.sawD.see9、—ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.—Really?When_____there?A.willtheygoB.didtheygoC.dotheygoD.havetheygone10、—______you___yourhomeworkyet?—Yes.I_____itamomentago.A.DiddofinishedB.HavedonefinishedC.HavedonehavefinishedD.willdofinish11、Hisfather______thePartysince1978.A.joinedB.hasjoinedC.wasinD.hasbeenin12、—Doyouknowhimwell?—Sure.We_________friendssincetenyearsago.A.wereB.havebeenC.havebecomeD.havemade13、—Howlonghaveyou____here?—Abouttwomonths.A.beenB.goneC.comeD.arrived14、Hurryup!Theplay__________fortenminutes.A.hasbegunB.hadbegunC.hasbeenonD.began15、It_____tenyearssinceheleftthearmy.A.isB.hasC.willD.was16、MissGreenisn'tintheoffice.she_______tothelibrary.A.hasgoneB.wentC.willgoD.hasbeen17、Myparents______Shandongfortenyears.A.havebeeninB.havebeentoC.havegonetoD.havebeen18、Thestudentshavecleanedtheclassroom,?A.sotheyB.don’ttheyC.havetheyD.haven’tthey19、hasMrWhitebeenamemberofGreenerChinasincehetoChina?A.Howsoon,comesB.Howoften,gotC.Howlong,cameD.Howfar,arrived20、Hisuncleformorethan9years.A.hascomehereB.hasstartedtoworkC.haslivedthereD.haslefttheuniversity二、句型转换。1、Hehasneversurfed,?(改成反意疑问句)2、Theyhavebeenheresince2000.(对划线部分提问)havetheybeenhere?3、Theoldman_________lastyear.Heforayear.(die)(动词填空)4、Thisfactoryopenedtwentyyearsago.(同义句转换)Thisfactory________fortwentyyears.5、MissGaoleftanhourago.(同义句转换)MissGao_______________________________anhourago.6、HermotherhasbeenaPartymemberforthreeyears.(同义句)Hermother_______thePartythreeyears________.7、TheGreenFamilymovedtoFrancetwoyearsago.(同义句转换)_______twoyears________theGreenfamilymovedtoFrance.8、Thebushasarrivedhere.Itarrivedtenminutesago.(把两个句子合并成一个句子)___________________________________________1.单项选择1.Heaskedme_____duringthesummerholidays.A.whereIhadbeenB.whereIhadgoneC.wherehadIbeenD.wherehadIgone2.What____Jane____bythetimehewassever?A.did,doB.has,doneCdid,did.D.had,done3.I______900EnglishwordsbythetimeIwasten。A.learnedB.waslearningC.hadlearnedD.learnt4.She______livedherefor______years.A.had,afewB.has,severalC.had,alotofD.has,agreatdealof5.Bythetimemyparentsreachedhomeyesterday,I_____thedinneralready.AhadcookedB.cookedC.havecookedD.wascooked6.Shesaidshe__________theprinciplealreadyA.hasseenB.sawC.willseeD.hadseen7.Shesaidherfamily_______themselves______thearmyduringthewar.A.hashidden,fromB.hadhidden,fromC.hashidden,withD.hadhidden,with8.Bythetimehewastenyearsold,he_________.A.hascompleteduniversityB.hascompletedtheuniversityB.hadcompletedanuniversityD.hadcompleteduniversity9.Shehadwrittenanumberofbooks______theendoflastyear.A.forB.inC.byD.at10.He_____toplay____beforehewas11yearsold.Ahadlearned,pianoB.hadlearned,thepianoC.haslearned,thepianoD.learns,piano.11.What_______Annie____bythetimehewasten?A.did,doB.did,didC.has,doneD.haddone12.He___inthefactoryforthreeyearsbeforehejoinedtheArmy.A.hasworkedB.worksC.hadworkedD.willwork13.Bytheendoflastweek,they____thebridge.A.hascompletedB.completedC.willcompleteD.had