小马过河新托福阅读文章结构解析汇总

新托福阅读文章结构解析般是对某一学科或的介绍性内容，主要目的是评估考生对“学术性文章”的ETS的目的我们可以看出，托福阅读考试绝不是单单的对词句理解能力的，同时也要考生对学术文章结构框架的理解。文中举例均选自《新托福考试指南一、学术性文章成分Topic:Aspect:TopicAttitude:注意：Topic,AspectAttitudeMainIdeaMI):MainIdeaMainMainIdea显性的MainIdea:作者在文章中明确给出表达主要思想的概括性句子。TopicSentence(TS):涵盖某一Aspect的一段或某几段句，显性段落层面Main注意：在《Merriam-Webster'sCollegiateDictionary》中，TopicSentence的解释为：asentencethatstatesthemainthoughtofaparagraphorofalargerunitofdiscourseandisusuallycedatornearthebeginning。从该定义中可以看出：(1)1TS2)TS也可作为多Detail(D):Detail分为：MajorDetail(MaD)MinorDetail(二、句间关系可以从句子的两个方面来判断句子之间的关系：1.主要意思方面；2.并列关系1：1：1Mostinvestigatorsconcurthatcertainfacialexpressionssuggestthesameemotionsinallpeople2Moreoverpeopleindiverseculturesrecognizetheemotionsmanifestedbythefacialexpressions.句2主要意思方面：人们识别表情表达出的情感。12意思方面不同，并用moreover列关系，如例2。artform.2Theirbodiesaresleekandcompact.常见表并列关系的关联词有：andfurthermore,inadditionadditionally,similarly,likewise,aswellas,besides,also,moreover,even等。概述与详述（抽象与具体）关系how,what,why等问题。详述性或具体的句子相对于概述性或抽象句子具体且明确如例3，例4。istheirabilitytosenseandmakeuseofswirlsandeddies(circularcurrents)inthewater.2Theycanglidepasteddiesthatwouldslowthemdownandthengainextrathrustby"pushingoff"the述地描述为：senseandmakeuseof,2出现具体动作描述glidepast...andthengainextrathrust.4：1LoieFullerwasanimportantandinnovativedancer.2Fullerdevisedatypeofdancethatfocusedontheshiftingyoflightsandcolorsonthevoluminousskirtsordraperiesshewore,whichshekeptinconstantmotionprincipallythroughmovementsofherarms,sometimesextendedwithwandsconcealedunderhercostumes.1中出现形容词importantandinnovative2通过具体事例deviseatypeofdance体现出形容词innovative名词复数:causes,effects,adaptations,aspects,benefits动词:benefit,develop,improve,evolve形容词: despondent等；副词:successfullyhard,bravely,carefully等（往往与动词搭配）转折关系来看有两种关系，(1)52意思的方面不同，如例6。5：1Itmightbethata“stifflipsuppressesemotional--aslongasthelipisnotquiveringwithfearortension.2Butwhentheemotionthatleadstostiffeningthelipismoreintense,andinvolvesstrongmuscletension,facialfeedbackmayheightenemotionalresponse.1：astifflipsuppressesemotionalemotionalresponse。例6：1Thewhaleretainedatailandlackedafluke,themajormeans otioninmoderncetaceans.2Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.句常见转折关系关联词：butyethoweverthoughconverselyincontrast,contrastto,onthecontrary等表示转折，相反的词或短语因果关系7：1Feeding,courtship,reproduction,andeven"rest"arecarriedoutwhileinconstantmotion2Asaresultpracticallyeveryaspectofthebodyformandfunctionoftheseswimmingmachinesisadaptedtoenhancetheirabilitytoswim句2：游泳及其身体形式和功能的每个方面都适于提升游泳能力。2asaresult引导，作者认为句12成因。consequently,so,hence等三、段落结构时，段落内部主要有MainIdea及Detail。显性MainIdeaTopicSentence的位MainIdeaTopicSentence8：1Thereareadaptationsthatincreasetheamountofforwardthrustaswellasthosethatreducedrag.2Againthesefishesaretheenvyofengineers3Theirhighnarrowtailswithswept-backtipsarealmostperfectlyadaptedtoprovidepropulsionwiththeleastpossibleeffort.4Perhapsmostimportantofalltotheseandotherfastswimmersistheirabilitytosenseandmakeuseofswirlsandeddies(circularcurrents)inthewater.5Theycanglidepasteddiesthatwouldslowthemdownandthengainextrathrustby"pushingoff"theeddies.6Scientistsandengineersarebeginningtostudythisabilityoffishesinthehopeofdesigningmoreefficientpropulsionsystemsfor句2：工程师嫉妒这些鱼句4：感知并运用水流的能力最重要句5：他们滑过水流并从中获得额外推进力优越，MaD13与句1为概述与详述关系，为第一个MaD2，意思方面为二个MaD3。54为抽象与具体关系，因此为第一MiD1这一能力，反映出该能力的important含义MiD2。1层次：TS(1)；2层次：MaD1(2MaD2(3MaD3(3层次：MiD1(5MiD2(6)TS在段9。9：1Psychologicalresearchersgenerallyrecognizethatfacialreflectemotionalstates.2Infact,variousemotionalstatesgiverisetocertainpatternsofelectricalactivityinthefacialmusclesandinthebrain.3Thefacial-feedbackhypothesisargues,however,thatthecausalrelationshipbetweenemotionsandfacialexpressionscanalsoworkintheoppositedirection.4Accordingtothishypothesis,signalsfromthefacialmuscles("feedback)aresentbacktoemotioncentersofthebrain,andsoa 'sfacialexpressioncaninfluencethat 'semotionalstate.5ConsiderDarwin'swords:"Theexpressionbyoutwardsignsofanemotionintensifiesit.Ontheotherhand,therepression,asfaraspossible,ofalloutwardsignssoftensouremotions."【福利时间】建议参加保分班，扫描下面可以加入保分QQ80+、90+、（保分低于80分我们是的6Cansmilinggiverisetofeelingsofgoodwill,forexample,andfrowningto句句TS在例10：1AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.2Severalskeletonsofanotherearlywhale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSaharadesert.3Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyearsafterPakicetus.4Many pleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletetoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.6Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblyorvestigial,hind66为TS隐性Main例11：1Exhibitors,however,wantedto izetheirprofits,whichtheycoulddomorereadilybyprojectingahandfuloffi hundredsofcustomersatatime(ratherthanoneatatime)andbycharging25to50centsadmission.2AboutayearaftertheopeningofthefirstKinetoscopeparlorin1894,showmensuchasLouisandAugusteLumiere,ThomasArmatandCharlesFrancisJenkins,andOrvilleandWoodvilleLatham(withtheassistanceofEdison'sformerassistant,WilliamDickson)perfectedprojectiondevices.3Theseearlyprojectiondeviceswereusedinvaudevilletheaters,legitimatetheaters,localtownhalls,makeshiftstorefronttheaters,fairgrounds,andamusementparkstoshowfi toamassaudience.句2：showmen完善projectiondevices。3：projectiondevices被使用在若干地点。句1与句2为并列关系。四、段间关系总分关系Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhaleThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicetusinhonorofthecountrywherethediscoverywasmade.Pakicetuswasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfromriverdepositsthat52millionyearsold.TheriverthatformedthesedepositswasactuallynotfarfromanancientoceanknownastheTethysSea.Thefossilconsistsofacompleteskullofanarchaeocyte,anextinctgroupofan-cestorsofmoderncetaceans.Althoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovidespreciousdetailsontheoriginsofcetaceans.Theskulliscetacean-likebutitsjawboneslacktheenlargedspacethatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.Pakicetusprobablydetectedsoundthroughtheearopeningasinlandm ls.Theskullalsolacksablowhole,anothercetaceanadaptationfordiving.Otherfeatures,however,showexpertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eatingm ls,themesonychids,andcetaceans.Ithasbeensuggestedopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.段1中其他句子为对P化石发现的背景介绍。2第二句为为本段最概述性内容，表明P化石给鲸鱼提供许多宝贵细节。节MaD，其余句子均为详述性细节（未进一步分层次）。并列关系AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.Severalskeletonsofanotherearlywhale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSaharadesert.Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyearsafterPakicetus.Many pleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.Anevenmoreexcitingfindwasreportedin1994,alsofromPakistan.ThenowextinctwhaleAmbulocetusnatans("thewalkingwhalethatswam")livedintheTethysSea49millionyearsago.Itlivedaround3millionyearsafterPakicetusbut9millionbeforeBasilosaurus.Thefossilluckilyincludesagoodportionofthehindlegs.Thelegswerestrongandendedinlongfeetverymuchlikethoseofamodernpinniped.Thelegswerecertainlyfunctionalbothonlandandatsea.Thewhaleretainedatailandlackedafluke,themajormeansof otioninmoderncetaceans.Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.Thelargehindlegswereusedforpropulsioninwater.Onland,whereitprobablybredandgavebirth,undoubtedlyawhalethatlinkedlifeonlandwithlifeatsea1末句最具概述性，并提出：B是完全的鲸并有不起作用或了的后腿。段2中段1与段2意思方面不同，为并列关系。五、篇章结构分析此外，《新托福考试指南》中的所有文章的最后一道题主要有两种类型：1.总结题；2填表题。在实际考试中，还出现过既没有总结题，也没有填表题的情况。因此，我请注意总结题题干第一句话：Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoices意思是：下面给出了文章简短概述的介绍性句若要抓住文章，在有总结题的文章中，须同时关注Topic和总结题介绍句；在无总结题的文章中只须以Topic为主。以《新托福考试指南》中《THEORIGINSOFCETACEANS》为例来分析文章总结题介绍句为：Thispassagediscussesfossilsthathelptoexinthelikelyoriginsofcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphins.THEORIGINSOFItshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphins-are ls.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofafluke1andblowhole2cannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithlanddwelling ls.However,unlikethecasesofseaottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingm landaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandm lsandVeryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.ThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicetusinhonorofthecountrywherethediscoverywasmade.Pakicetuswasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfromriverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold.TheriverthatformedthesedepositswasactuallynotfarfromanancientoceanknownastheTethysSea.Thefossilconsistsofacompleteskullofanarchaeocyte,anextinctgroupofancestorsofmoderncetaceans.Althoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovidespreciousdetailsontheoriginsofcetaceans.Theskulliscetacean-likebutitsjawboneslacktheenlargedspacethatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.Pakicetusprobablydetectedsoundthroughtheearopeningasinlandm ls.Theskullalsolacksablowhole,anothercetaceanadaptationfordiving.Otherfeatures,however,showexpertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eatingm ls,themesonychids,andcetaceans.Ithasbeensuggestedopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthonland.AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.Severalskeletonsofanotherearlywhale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedintheSaharadesert.Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyearsafterPakicetus.Many pleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoosmalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orv