社会医学社会因素与健康

社会医学社会因素与健康第1页/共19页Figure3-1CategoryofSocialfactors第2页/共19页ThecharacteristicsofSocialfactorsaffectingthehealthBecauseofthewidespreadexistenceofsocialfactorsandthediversityofthecausallink(Figure3-2),itisoftenintroubleinanalyzingthehealtheffectsofsocialfactors.Therelationshipbetweensocialfactorsandhealth,althoughnotasstraightforwardasthebiologicalfactors,itstillhasitsownregularity.第3页/共19页ThreekindsofcausalconnectionFigure3-2第4页/共19页Non-specific(impact/influence/effect/affect/infect)Modernsocietyismulti-societymulti-factor,multi-metric,multi-level,multi-disciplinary,multi-dimensionalsociety.Differentfrombiologicalfactors,effectofsocialfactorsonthehealthisofnon-specificAsasocialphenomenon,thediseaseisdeterminedbyavarietyoffactors,itisdifficulttofullyexplaintheetiologyofadiseaseinasingle,specificsocialfactor.第5页/共19页Pan-impactonesocialfactormayresultinthefunctionalchangesofmultiplebodyorgansandsystems.Althoughthedisease-causingeffectsorhealth-promotingeffectsofsomesocialfactorshaveamorespecifictargetorganorsystem,theirspecificityarerelative第6页/共19页Thereasonforthenon-specificandpan-impactofsocialfactorsTheimpactofanumberofsocialfactorshaveobviousoverlap,thatis,theroleofconvergenceBut,inareallife,peoplecontactwiththediversityofsocialfactors,eachofthesocialfactorsshowsnon-specificeffectDuetodifferencesingeneticandacquiredgrowth,everyindividualhasdifferenttolerancewiththesametypeandintensityofstimulation,sothattheroleofsocialfactorsandhealtheffectsofdiseasespecificityisnotobviousAsasourceofstress,socialfactorsmainlyplayaslowrolethroughthegradualaccumulation,whichmakestheofstimulationlackofspecificityhavereflectedthepanimpact.第7页/共19页ConstancyoftheimpactSocialfactorsarealwaysarelativelystable,itsimpactonhealthisinvisible,slowandpersistent.Becauseofthewidespreadofsocialfactorsinpeople'sreallife,combinedwithastrongsocialattributesofhuman,socialfactorshavealong-lastingeffectonhumanbeings.Suchwidespreadandpersistentarecalledtheconstancyoftheimpact.第8页/共19页Cumulativeeffectreferstosocialfactorsactingonthehumanbodyinacertainperiodandcanformacumulativeresponse,functiondamageorhealtheffectstoaccumulate第9页/共19页InteractionTheeffectsofavarietyofsocialfactorsonhealtharenotparallel,butbemutuallyconditionedTheimpactofsocialfactorsonhumanhealthoftengenerateeffectsbasedontheinteractionThismainlydeterminedbythediversityofitscausalrelationshipInteractionsareoftenmanifestedasonesocialfactorcandirectlyaffectpopulationhealth,butcanalsobeusedasanintermediaryofothersocialfactors,orotherintermediaryroleofsocialfactorsonhealth.第10页/共19页MechanismofsocialfactorsinfluencehealthAffectinghumanhealth,SocialfactorsplayaroleprimarilythroughthepsychologicalexperiencethecentrallinkThemechanismofSocialfactorsaffectingthehealthistheperceptionofsocialfactorswereincorporatedintothesystem,throughthecentralnervoussystemregulationandcontrol,formapsychologicalrefraction,resultinginpsychologicalreactionsandbehavior,socialadaptationandchangeinphysicalfunction第11页/共19页PopulationPsychologicalCivilizationEnvironmentTraitDevelopmentResponeSocialFactorsPerceptionSystemBrainOtherbrainareasPituitaryHormoneImmunePhysicaldiseaseChangesinbehaviorandemotionalandmentalproblemsHypothalamicStimuluEvaluation第12页/共19页SocioeconomicfactorsandhealthTherearetwo-wayfunctionsbetweenhealthandsocioeconomicdevelopment.第13页/共19页GDPGrossdomesticproduct(GDP)referstothemarketvalueofallofficiallyrecognizedfinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiod.GDPpercapitaisoftenconsideredanindicatorofacountry'sstandardofliving;[第14页/共19页三类经济发展水平国家的居民健康水平国家类别国家数人均GDP（美元）婴儿死亡率（‰）低出生体重（％）期望寿命（岁）发达国家37623019772发展中国家90520941760不发达国家291701603045第15页/共19页部分国家居民健康指标与经济水平的关系国家人均GDP（美元）1998年婴儿死亡率（‰）1998年孕产妇死亡率（1／10万）1980～1998年期望寿命（岁）1995～2000年

日本420814880.0美国296837876.7瑞典277054578.6墨西哥4459284872.2巴西45093616066.8埃及11465117066.3斯里兰卡802176073.1中国727386569.8印度4446941062.6坦桑尼亚1739153047.9第16页/共19页EconomicdevelopmentbringsinthenegativeeffectContaminationanddestroyofcircumstanceHarmfulbehaviorallifestyleSmoking,excessivedrinking,drugaddicts,sexualrandom,irregularfood,drinkandsleepingThesocialnegativeeventsTrafficjam,trafficaccident,violentcrimeModernsocialdi