CET写作培训讲座

CET-4Writing

TheoryandPractice林新明第一页，共一百九十六页。大学英语四级写作：评分原则与评分标准

1.CET–4检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。2.CET–4作文题采用总体评分（GlobalScoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（RewardScores）,而不是按语言点的错误数量扣分。3.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而恰当地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否会造成理解上的障碍。4.避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。5.字数不足以应酌情扣分：（1）如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写字数。（2）只写一段者：0~4分；只写两段者：0~9分。（指规定三段的作文）第二页，共一百九十六页。评分标准满分为15分，分5个等级，即14、11分、8分、5分、和2分，阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，即可加一分（即9分）或减一分，不得加或减半分。具体评分标准为：14分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本无语言错误。漂漂亮亮11分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。清清爽爽8分：基本切题。表达思想比较清楚，文字上连贯，但语言错误较多，其中有少量严重错误。马马虎虎5分：基本切题。表达思想不够清楚，文字连贯性差，有较严重的语言错误。乱七八糟2分：条理不清，思想紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数有严重错误。不知所云交白卷者，或作文与题目毫不相关，或只写几个单词，则以零分计算。评分中对字数有要求。第三页，共一百九十六页。4.四级作文命题规律第四页，共一百九十六页。4.1.历年四级作文题目1995.1CanMoneyBuyHappiness?1995.6AdvantagesofaJobInterview1996.1TheTwo–DayWeekend1996.6GlobalShortageofFreshWater1997.1PracticeMakesPerfect1997.6GettingtoKnowtheWorldOutsideCampus1998.1HarmfulnessofFakeCommodities1998.6Do“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?第五页，共一百九十六页。.1999.1Don’tHesitatetoSay“No”1999.6ReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?2000.1HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation2000.6IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?2001.1HowtoSucceedinaJobInterview2001.6ALettertoaSchoolmate2002.1ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampus2002.6Students’UseofComputers2003.1ItPaystoBeHonest2003.6AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTrafficAccident第六页，共一百九十六页。.2003.9TheDayMyClassmateFellIll(orGotInjured)2003.12ALetterinReplytoaFriend2004.6AnIntroductionforTourists2005.1Acampaignspeech2005.6InhonorofTeachersOntheOccasionofTeachers’Day2005.12ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?2006.6AnAnnouncementforaVoluntaryProgram第七页，共一百九十六页。4.2.命题形式4.2.1.提纲作文提纲作文实质上是议论文，其下可分为四种类型：

现象阐释型:2003年1月四级作文考题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicItPaystoBeHonest.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.1.当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象；2.诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实。第八页，共一百九十六页。.问题对策型：分析问题，找出成因，提出解决办法，题目实例如下：1997年6月四级英语作文真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicGettingtoKnowtheWorldOutsidetheCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.大学生了解社会的必要性；2.了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务等）；3.我打算怎么做。第九页，共一百九十六页。.观点对比型：辨析两种对立观点，题目实例如下：1995年1月四级作文真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicCanMoneyBuyHappiness?Youshouldwritenolessthan100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本（sourceofhappiness）2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（rootofallevil）3.我的看法第十页，共一百九十六页。.论说反驳型：支持或驳斥一种观点，题目实例如下：1998年6月四级作文真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicDo“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运；2.我认为数字和运气无关，……第十一页，共一百九十六页。4.2.2.图表作文

近十年来图表作文只考过一次柱状图4.2.3.情景作文的实质是记叙文，主要考过这几种类型：A.书信（1）告知信/建议信:2004年1月四级作文真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealetterinreplytoafriend'sinquiryaboutapplyingforadmissiontoyourcollegeoruniversity.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:1.建议报考的专业及理由；2.报考该专业的基本条件；3.应当如何备考。第十二页，共一百九十六页。.（2）综合信2002年1月四级作文真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampusYoushouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。第十三页，共一百九十六页。.B.演讲致辞2005年1月四级作文真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacampaignspeechinsupportofyourelectiontothepostofchairmanofthestudentunion.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.ACampaignSpeech1.你认为自己具备是什么条件(能力，性格，爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作，2.如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么？第十四页，共一百九十六页。.议论文（共14题）现象阐释型：1995年6月，1996年1月，1997年1月，1998年1月，1999年1月,2003年1月问题对策型：1996年6月，1997年6月，2000年1月，2001年1月，观点对比型：1995年1月，1999年6月，2000年6月论证反驳型：1998年6月图表作文（共1题）柱状图：2002年6月记叙文（共7题）告知信/建议信：2001年6月，2004年1月综合信：2002年1月综合叙事：2003年6月，2003年9月演讲致辞：2004年6月，2005年1月，2005年6月第十五页，共一百九十六页。4.3.命题规律1）新：对传统的三段论式作文提出挑战，新的题型层出不穷。特别是2003年以来，先后考过交通事故目击证词、导游词等首次出现的题目，所以仅仅依靠背诵套句变得越来越行不通。需要同学们重视提高自己的真正写作水平，以不变应万变。2）综合能力考核：纯粹的记叙、说明或议论文的考核被同时考核三种能力的综合性题目所代替，如2003年9月份的考题，就要求考生在第一段叙述你的classmate生病或受伤的过程，第二段要求说明一下各方面对他的关心，第三段要求你对这个事件展开讨论。这要求我们要全面发展自己的写作能力，不可偏废。3）实用：实用文体的写作出现得越来越多，书信作文屡次出现，2004年6月还考了一篇导游词。这体现了四级作文对学生实际运用英语能力的关注，也是四级作文备考训练的重点之一。第十六页，共一百九十六页。4.4.四级作文可能会出现的题目1）考试的命题作文大都是议论文结构，一般来说题目内容应该是考生所熟悉的，能够有话可说的，如那些社会热点问题就是经常出的题目。2）但不是所有的热点问题都会成为考试题目。考试题目还要和考试对象的文化背景，年龄特点相一致，所以有关大学生生活，学习，理想等的题目经常出现。3）作文题目会考虑到考生的语言水平，也就是说学生要求掌握的词汇和结构能否足够表达所考的题目。第十七页，共一百九十六页。.总的来说，根据学生要求掌握的词汇，根据学生的知识结构，年龄特点和文化背景，出题的范围可大致如下：科学技术：计算机，克隆，电视，小汽车等对社会和生活的影响社会问题：如住房，交通，就业，犯罪，婚姻，环境，能源和广告等校园生活：如学习方式，考试，课余活动，体育锻炼，人际交往和兴趣爱好等青少年问题：如父子代沟，抽烟吸毒，个人思想，职业选择，文化教育和成功失败等文化教育：阅读，道德修养，出国留学，学生减负，教育与成长等第十八页，共一百九十六页。四级作文评判内容、结构、语言从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达，要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。内容要求不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人;2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。结构：先写主题句(TopicSentence)，再写分论点(supportingsentences)，最后写总结句(Conclusion)如果有的话。语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。第十九页，共一百九十六页。语言a)书写卷面工整。（作文没有草稿纸，也没有打草稿时间，要训练一次写成功。）b)可以使用模版的句子，但不要全部套模板。c)单词句子要有亮点，比如：Ithink可以写成：inmyeyes;Ifirmlybelieve;personally,Ithink.d)无重大语法错误。如：Somepeoplearebegin…;Therearesomepeoplewant…;Whyhappenthesethings?(Why+助动词+主语)第二十页，共一百九十六页。写完之后修改注意：(内容方面尽量不要修改)1、字母大小写2、标点符号3、单词拼写4、主谓一致5、动词时态6、名词单复数第二十一页，共一百九十六页。5.四级作文中的常见错误5.1.词层面5.1.1.用词搭配不恰当However,thespeedofacarismuchfasterthanthatofabicycle.However,thespeedofacarismuchhigherthanthatofabicycle.Inthepastthepriceofmilkwassoexpensivethatmostfamiliescouldnotaffordit.Inthepastthepriceofmilkwassohighthatmostfamiliescouldnotaffordit.TheopportunitytobepromotedinajointventurewillbesmallerifonecannotspeakEnglish.TheopportunitytobepromotedinajointventurewillbepoorerifonecannotspeakEnglish.第二十二页，共一百九十六页。.Inrecentoneandtwoyears,peoplewhotakeTOEFLhavedecreased.Inrecentoneandtwoyears,thenumberofpeoplewhotakeTOEFLtesthasdecreased.Inthepastfewyears,grainhasdecreasedbynearly20%.Inthepastfewyears,theconsumptionofgrainhasdecreasedbynearly20%.Nowadays,thetrafficinbigcityisgettingmoreandmorecrowded.Nowadays,thetrafficinbigcityisgettingheavierandheavier.第二十三页，共一百九十六页。.5.1.2.修饰语不当HeneitherspeaksEnglishnorChinese.HespeaksneitherEnglishnorChinese.Withouttelevision,peoplecannotgetinformationwhichcomesfromotherpartsoftheworldimmediately.Withouttelevision,peoplecannotimmediatelygetinformationwhichcomesfromotherpartsoftheworld.第二十四页，共一百九十六页。.Attheageofsix,myfatherbegantogivemeEnglishlessons.WhenIwassixyearsold,myfatherbegantogivemeEnglishlessons.Havingcarriedouteconomicreformsinourcountry,people’slivingstandardhasgreatlyimproved.Sinceeconomicreformshavebeencarriedoutinourcountry,people’slivingstandardhasgreatlyimproved.Toimproveone’swritingskill,regularpracticeisessential.Toimproveone’swritingskill,onemustmakearegular.第二十五页，共一百九十六页。5.1.3.把形容词和介词误作动词Thistermwe’llverybusy.Thistermwe’llbeverybusy.Thecavelikearoomverymuch.Thecavelookedverymuchlikearoom.Iverylikethisnovel.Ilikethisnovelverymuch.第二十六页，共一百九十六页。5.1.4.少用连词

Istartedtoplaytable-tennisinmiddleschool,stillplayitnow.Istartedtoplaytable-tennisinmiddleschool,andIstillplayitnow.TVbecomesanimportantpartinoutdailylife.Becausewecannotlivewithoutit.TVbecomesanimportantpartinoutdailylife,becausewecannotlivewithoutit.第二十七页，共一百九十六页。.5.1.5.指代不当PeoplehavebeenfightingagainsttheinfluencesofTVcommercials,butitoftenprovesuseless.PeoplehavebeenfightingagainsttheinfluencesofTVcommercials,butthiseffortoftenprovesuseless.Televisionprovidesuswithavivid,colorfulworld,whichenablesustoenjoylifethoroughly.Byprovidinguswithavivid,colorfulworld,televisionenablesustoenjoylifethoroughly.第二十八页，共一百九十六页。.5.1.6.一致方面的错误Studyhardnowsothatwecancopewiththechangeandchallengeofthetwenty-firstcentury.Studyhardnowsothatyoucancopewiththechangeandchallengeofthetwenty-firstcentury.Oneseriousproblemhumanbeingsarefacedwitharehowtouseournaturalresourceseconomically.Oneseriousproblemhumanbeingsarefacedwithishowtouseournaturalresourceseconomically.Nowfruitandvegetablescanbeseeneverywherewhenitisinseason.Nowfruitandvegetablescanbeseeneverywherewhentheyareinseason.第二十九页，共一百九十六页。.5.1.7.词的误用Withtheindustriousdevelopment,thereisagreatneedfordifferentkindsofenergy.Withtheindustrialdevelopment,thereisagreatneedfordifferentkindsofenergy.TVcommercialshaveaprofoundinfluenceonoureverydaylife.TVcommercialshaveaprofoundinfluenceonoureverydaylife.Firstweshoulduseournaturalresourcesinaneconomicway.Firstweshoulduseournaturalresourcesinaneconomicalway.第三十页，共一百九十六页。5.2.句子层面

5.2.1.中国式英语Havemoneycandomanythings.有钱可以做好多事情。Therearemanypeopledomorningexerciseinthepark.有很多人在公园里面晨练。Hisjokemademelaughtodeath.Iwasquiteamusedbythejokehejusttold.Chinesepeoplearedevotingthemselvestothephysicalexercise.Why?Becausetheythinkitisveryimportanttotheirhealth.Moreandmorepeoplearespendingpartoftheirfreetimeonphysicalexercisebecausetheyrealizetheimportanceofregularphysicalexercise.第三十一页，共一百九十六页。.Thepriceofthedictionaryistooexpensive.Thepriceofthedictionaryistoohigh.Smokingcigarswilldoharmtoourbody.Smokingcigarswilldoharmtoourhealth.Readingbookscanacquireknowledge.Throughreadingonecanacquireknowledge.Nowpeoplegoabroadisnoteasy.Itisnoteasyforpeopletogoabroadnow.Nowadaysyoungpeoplewhoseektogoabroadarebecomingmoreandmore.Nowadaysmoreandmoreyoungpeoplewhoseektogoabroad.Thechiefreasonsforthechangehavefivepoints.Therearefivemainreasonsforthechange.第三十二页，共一百九十六页。.5.2.2.句子结构不完整，不平衡TVbecomesanimportantpartinourdailylife.Becausewecannotlivewithoutit.TVbecomesanimportantpartinourdailylifebecausewecannotlivewithoutit.Aparkisaplacewhereeveryonecanhaveagoodtimeorjusttobesittingarounddoingnothing.Aparkisaplacewhereeveryonecanhaveagoodtimeorjustsitarounddoingnothing.5.2.3.悬垂修饰语Whilereadingthepaperlastnight,anarticleonsolarenergyattractedmyattention.Whilereadingthepaper,Ibecameinterestedinanarticleonsolarenergy.第三十三页，共一百九十六页。.5.2.4.主谓不一致集合名词（army,audience,cabinet,class,company,committee,crew,crowd,family,government,group,party,population,public,staff,team等）作主语，如果指整体，则谓语动词用单数；如果指具体成员，则谓语动词用复数。表示时间、距离、价格等的复数名词或短语，如果强调整体，谓语动词用单数；如果强调具体数量，则谓语动词用复数。单数名词如果跟着alongwith,aswellas,besides,but,combinedwith,except,inadditionto,ratherthan等时，谓语动词用单数。但用either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…,or等连接的名词作主语时，谓语动词需要与最近的那个主语保持一致。Tomisoneofthestudentswhodoesnottakeappliedmathematics.Tomisoneofthestudentswhodonottakeappliedmathematics.第三十四页，共一百九十六页。.5.2.5.赘言问题Inmyopinion,Ibelievethefreemedicalsystemusunneedofreform.Inmyopinion,thefreemedicalsystemusunneedofreform.Ingeneral,youngpeopleinthesedaystendtoremainsingle.Youngpeopleinthesedaystendtoremainsingle.Thereasonwhypeoplechoosetoliveinthecountryisbecausethereisnopollutionnornoisethere.Thereasonwhypeoplechoosetoliveinthecountryisthatthereisnopollutionnornoisethere.Wemustcooperatetogethertomakeourcitiesgreenerandcleaner.Wemustworktogethertomakeourcitiesgreenerandcleaner.第三十五页，共一百九十六页。.5.3语篇层面偏离主题段落缺乏统一性缺少连贯性5.4.语法方面语态，比较级，非谓语形式，冠词用法，可数不可数名词，不定代词单复数，时态5.5.标点用法第三十六页，共一百九十六页。5.6.拼写错误environment（环境，容易写成enviroment）government（政府，容易误拼成goverment）modern（现代的，容易拼成morden）respectable（受人尊敬的），respectful（尊敬别人的），respective（各自的）economic（有关经济的），economical（节俭的）delighted（感到高兴的），delightful（使人高兴的）第三十七页，共一百九十六页。.historic（有历史意义的），historical（关于历史的）considerate（关心别人的），considerable（相当大的，相当多的）sensible（合理的，可感知的），sensitive（敏感的）credible（可信的），credulous（容易轻信的）continual（持续的，中间有间隔），continuous（持续的，中间没有间隔）satisfied（满意的），satisfactory（令人满意的）farther（更远，表示距离），further（更进一步，表示程度）imaginary（虚构的，想象中的），imaginative（想象力丰富的），imaginable（可以想象的）第三十八页，共一百九十六页。评分样卷(1)WomenintheModernWorldWomenareplayinganincreasinglyimportantpartinsocietytoday.Intoday,manywomenhaveawork.Theyworkedaswellasmenplayinganimportantpartinfactories.Therearemanywomeningoveneralso.Theyleadotherpeoplecomtral,andmakeoutplans.Therearemanywomenscientistalso.Theyeventnewthingstoimproveourlife.第三十九页，共一百九十六页。评分样卷(1)

Withthechangesintheirsocialrole,women’spositioninthefamilyhasbeenimprovedaswell.Inancient,women’spositioninfamilyispity.Theyhadtolooksaftertheirchildren,dideveryhowhusbandorderedhertodo.Butnowitischanged.Theyareequaltoherhusband.Theyhavetherightofspeakingofidea,discussionthingswithherhusband,dowhatshewantstodo.第四十页，共一百九十六页。评分样卷(1)

Inspiteofthesechanges,theliberationofwomanhasnotbeencompletelyrealized.Wealsoshouldrealize,women’slikertyarelimited.Forexample,manyfactorieswantmenbecomeitsworkersbutthechanceofwomenislessthanmen.Everyoneshoulddotheirbesttochangethiscondition.I’msure,theliberationofwomenwouldbeincreased.5分基本切题，表达不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多严重错误。第四十一页，共一百九十六页。评分样卷（2）

Womenareplayinganincreasinglyimportantpartinsocietytoday.Manywomentodayareplayinganimportantpartatworksthatwasthoughtonlycouldbedonebythemenbefore.Forexample,somewomenarenotsecretaryintheoffice,instead,theybecomemanagerofacompany.第四十二页，共一百九十六页。评分样卷（2）

Withthechangesintheirsocialrole,woman’spositioninthefamilyhasbeenimprovedaswell.Intheworldtoday,moreandmorewomenhavetheirownjobs.Theygettheirownsalary,andbecomemoreindependentfromtheirhusband.Withtheeconomicsituationimproved,theirfamilypositionisimproving.第四十三页，共一百九十六页。评分样卷（2）

Inspiteofthesechanges,theliberationofwomanhasnotbeencompletelyrealized.Manyhusbandsonlywanthiswifetostayathome,anddosomeworksordosomeshopping.Theyonlywanttheirwifetobeahousewife,butnotamanagerofacompany.8分基本切题，思想表达尚清楚，基本连贯，有个别严重的语言错误及用词不当，但可以理解。第四十四页，共一百九十六页。评分样卷（3）

Womenareplayinganincreasingimportantpartinsocietytoday.Moreandmorewomengotoworktoearnmoneyinsteadofkeepingthehouseorlookingafterthechildren.Womenhaveenteredmanyfieldsofsocietyincludingscientificfield.Asweknow,manywomensportsteamshavewontheworld’schampionsuchasChineseWomen’sVolleyballTeam.第四十五页，共一百九十六页。评分样卷（3）

Withthechangesintheirsocialrole,woman’spositioninthefamilyhasbeenimprovedaswell.Husbandsarenotthemastersofwivesinmanyplaces.Husbandsandwifeareequalnow.Theyjointogethertoovercomedifficultiesandsharehappiness.第四十六页，共一百九十六页。评分样卷（3）

Inspiteofthesechanges,theliberationofwomenhasnotbeencompletelyrealized.Alsoinsomeplaces,womenareconsideredbeing“things”belongtomen.Theyhavelittlechancetofindjobs.Theydon’tgetequalpayforequaljob.Thisisaproblemmustbesolvednotonlybysocietybutalsobywomenthemselves.11分切题，思想表达清楚，连贯。有个别句子结构错误及少量其他语言方面的错误第四十七页，共一百九十六页。评分样卷（4）

Womenareplayinganincreasinglyimportantpartinsocietytoday.Inmanycountries,moreandmorewomenareactingasworkers,farmers,scientistsandevenleaders.Wecansaythatalmostalljobswhichmencandoaredoneperfectlybywomen.Womenarenolongerlookeddownuponbysociety.第四十八页，共一百九十六页。评分样卷（4）

Withthechangesintheirsocialrole,women’spositioninthefamilyhasbeenimprovedaswell.Husbandandwifearenowequalinthefamily.Theycopewithproblemsofdailylifetogether,andsharehappinesswitheachother.Also,youcanhardlyfindoutthatintoday’sfamilies,womenarebeingbusywithdinners,whereasmenarecomfortablysittinginarmchairs,readingnewspapers.第四十九页，共一百九十六页。评分样卷（4）

Inspiteofthesechanges,theliberationofwomanhasnotbeencompletelyrealized.Anumberofmenstilljealouslyguardtheirrights,andregardwomenasincapablecreature.Fewwomenareallowedtoattendimportantinternationalmeetingdominatedbymen.That’sreallytheproblemsweshouldsolveimmediately.14分切题，文章通顺，语言规范。句法有一定变化，用词适当。有个别小错，但不影响理解。第五十页，共一百九十六页。StopSmoking（1）吸烟的问题越来越受到人们的关注（2）吸烟的害处（3）你的想法第五十一页，共一百九十六页。StopSmoking

(1)Therehasneverbeenanagreementastotheissueofsmoking.(2)Recently,however,moreandmorepeoplebegintopayattentiontothisquestion,andsomeevenwritetothegovernmentcallingforpoliciesto

stopsmoking.(3)Theyhaverealizedthatsmokingdoesgreatharmtothehealthofsmokersandnon–smokersaswell.第五十二页，共一百九十六页。StopSmoking

(4)Theharmofsmokingcanbeseenfromthefollowing.(5)First,itcancausecancer.ArecentsurveybytheWHOshows,ofthediseaseswhichcausedeatheveryyear,nearlyonethirdhastodowithsmoking.(6)Second,itpollutestheenvironment.Cigarettesendsmaydirtyour

airandwater.(7)Third,itcausesgreatwasteofmoney.Isitwisetospendnearlythirtyyuaneachdayforsomethingwhichwillkillyoueventually?(8)Inshort,smokingdoesgreatharmtohealth.(9)Itishightimethateffectivemeasuresbetakentostopsmoking.第五十三页，共一百九十六页。写作过程提示★合理的时间分配

（3分钟构思+24分钟写作+3分钟检查）

3分钟构思很重要，你可以：如何开头，如何发展，如何结尾。每一段的主题句topicsentences每一段的如何发展，1，2，3，4；如何举例。确定句型，短语选择等。★对语言和结构的要求

结构清晰，中心明确，逻辑正确，

语句通顺流利，语言丰富地道第五十四页，共一百九十六页。语法检查1.动词—时态，语态是否正确2.名词—单数、复数、可数、不可数，专有名词大小写3.主谓一致—分清主句和从句，使各自的主谓一致4.形容词、副词—用法是否正确，比较级与最高级是否得当5.介词、连词—搭配是否正确6.其他关联词—用法是否正确7.单词拼写8.标点符号?第五十五页，共一百九十六页。00

题型类型现象分析题

（如：10.06/09.12/06.06/03.01/98.01/92.06）对比题（如：06.12/00.06/99.06/98.06/96.01）图表题（如：02.6/1991.6）谚语、熟语、警句题（如：1997.1）应用文题（如：01.06/02.01）第五十六页，共一百九十六页。如何开头？对立法现象法观点法引用法比较法故事法问题法第五十七页，共一百九十六页。开头常用句型1.名言

Youareonlyyoungonce.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatwecannotbeyoungforever.(适用于自编名言)更多经典句型：Aseveryoneknows,Noonecandenythat…2.数据Accordingtoarecentsurvey,about78.9%ofthecollegestudentswantedtofurthertheirstudyaftertheirgraduation.

HonestyTravelbyBikeYouth

Five-dayWorkWeekBetterthanSix-dayWork?

更多句型：Arecentstatisticsshowsthat…第五十八页，共一百九十六页。开头常用句型 1.Alongwiththeadvanceofthesocietymoreandmoreproblemsarebroughttoourattention,oneofwhichisthat....

随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是____________。

2.Astowhetheritisablessingoracurse,however,peopletakedifferentattitudes.

然而，对于它是福是祸，人们持不同的看法。(Holddifferentattitudes持不同的看;Comeupwithdifferentattitudes有不同的看法)

3.Associetydevelops,peopleareattachingmuchimportanceto....

随着社会的发展，人们开始关注............

4.Peopleareattachingmoreandmoreimportancetotheinterviewduringjobhunting

求职的过程中，人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。第五十九页，共一百九十六页。5.Astowhetheritisworthwhile.....,thereisalong-runningcontroversialdebate.Itisquitenaturalthatpeoplefromdifferentbackgroundsmayhavedivergentattitudestowardsit.

关于是否值得___________的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不同的观点。

6.Intheprocessofmodernurbandevelopment,weoftenfindourselvesinadilemma.

在都市的发展中，我们往往会陷入困境。

7.Recentlythephenomenonhasarousedwideconcern,somepeopleareinalarmthat....

最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心___。8.Thehumanracehasenteredacompletelynewstageinitshistory,withtheincreasinglyrapideconomicglobalizationandurbanization,moreproblemsarebroughttoourattention.

人类进入了一个历史的崭新的阶段，经济全球化、都市化的速度不断加快，随之给我们带来了很多问题。第六十页，共一百九十六页。9......playssuchanimportantrolethatitundeniablybecomesthebiggestconcernofthepresentworld,therecomesaquestion,isitablessingoracurse?"

_______显得非常重要而成为当今世界所关注的最大的问题，这是无可厚非的。不过，问题是："我们该如何抉择?"10.Nowweareenteringanewera,fullofopportunitiesandchallenges,

现在我们正在进入一个充满机会和挑战的新时代。第六十一页，共一百九十六页。对立法:先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,适用于有争议性的主题.Whenaskedabout.....,thevast/overwhelmingmajorityofpeoplesaythat.......ButIthink/viewabitdifferently.Whenitcomesto....,somepeoplebelievethat.......Othersargue/claimthattheopposite/reverseistrue.Thereisprobablysometruthinbotharguments/statements,butItendto/prefer...)Now,itiscommonly/generally/widelybelieved/held/acknowledgedthat....

第六十二页，共一百九十六页。现象法引出要剖析的现象或者问题,然后评论

Recentlytheriseinproblemof/(phenomenonof)...hascause/arousedpublic/popular/wide/worldwideconcern.Recentlytheissueof/theproblemof/thephenomenonof...hasbeenbroughtintofocus.(hasbeenbroughttopublicattention)第六十三页，共一百九十六页。

观点法----开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法.

Nowhereintheworld/Chinahastheissue/ideaof..beenmorevisible/popularthan...Nowpeopleingrowing/significantnumbersarebeginning/comingtorealize/accept/(beaware)that...Nowthereisagrowingawareness/recognitionofthenecessityto......Nowpeoplebecomeincreasinglyaware/consciousoftheimportanceof......Perhapsitistimetohaveafreshlookattheattitude/ideathat.......第六十四页，共一百九十六页。引用法-----先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法,来引出文章要展开论述的观点!

"Knowledgeispower."suchistheremarkmadebyBacon.Thisremarkhasbeensharedbymoreandmorepeople."Educationisnotcompletewithgraduation."SuchistheopinionofagreatAmericanphilosopher.Nowmoreandmorepeoplesharehisopinion."........."Howoftenwehearsuchstatements/wordslikethese/this.Inourowndaysweareusedtohearingsuchtraditionalcomplaintsasthis"......".

第六十五页，共一百九十六页。比较法------通过对过去,现在

两种不同的倾向,观点的比较,引出文章要讨论的观点.

Foryears,...hadbeenviewedas...Butpeoplearetakingafreshlooknow.Withthegrowing...,people........Peopleusedtothinkthat...(Inthepast,....)Butpeoplenowsharethisnew…

第六十六页，共一百九十六页。.故事法----先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣,引出文章的主题.

Oncein(anewspaper),Ireadof/learnt....Thephenomenonof...hasarousedpublicconcern.Ihaveafriendwho...Shouldhe....?Suchadilemmaweareoftenconfrontedwithinourdailylife.Onceuponatime,therelivedamanwho...Thisstorymaybeunbelievable,butitstillhasarealisticsignificancenow.第六十七页，共一百九十六页。问题法-----先用讨论或解答的设问,引出自己观点,适用于有争议性的话题.

Should/What......?Optionsof...varygreatly,some...,others...Butinmyopinion,.......Whatwouldyoudoifyouwon5millionyuanbyalotteryticket?Manyofmyfriendsholdsthat…butinmyopinion…第六十八页，共一百九十六页。段落发展方法段落由哪些句子组成？段落发展的方法：列举法举例法因果分析比较和对比定义法第六十九页，共一百九十六页。段落由哪些句子组成？

主题句topicsentence一般出现在句首，是对全段的概括。也可出现在段末。扩展句supportingdetails对主题句进行举例说明论证，或进行详细解释。结尾句concludingsentence对主题句的呼应，中肯切要。例如：（主题句）Booksareourteachers.（扩展句1）Theyhanddownknowledgefromgenerationstogenerations.（扩展句2）Theyteachushowtodothingsandhowtoliveausefullife.（结尾句）Therefore,weshouldreadasmanybooksaspossible.第七十页，共一百九十六页。段落连贯妙招1)反复提及主题，但切忌简单重复。2)发展观点时，使用正确的衔接手段。A说明先后次序First,second,third;(firstly,secondly,thirdly)tobeginwith,moreover,finally;firstofall,next,then,eventually;Whatcomesfirstis…Thencomes…meanwhile;inthemeantimeinthefirstplace,nextB.因果介词短语：becauseof,dueto,owingto,thanksto介词短语或副词做状语：asaresult,forthisreason,consequently,accordingly,thus,hence,therefore,inthisway第七十一页，共一百九十六页。C.比较和对比：unlike,incontrast,onthecontrary,despite,inspiteof,ontheotherhand,otherwise,while,whereas,nevertheless,although,but,yet,still,likewise,inlikemanner,similarly,inthesameway,justasD.附加：again,inaddition,and,also,furthermore,moreover,what’smore,notonly…butalso…,besides,apartfrom,foronething…foranother…E.举例：forexample,forinstance,acaseinpoint,toillustrate,asanillustration,justas,take…forexample,asfollows第七十二页，共一百九十六页。F.让步，转折：though,although,aswhile,despite,inspiteof,regardlessof,eventhough,forallthat,yet,but,however,incontrast,still,nevertheless,otherwise,whereas,onthecontrary,ontheotherhandG.解释同位关系:thatis(tosay),…roughlymeans,inotherwords,bydefinition,namely,asamatteroffact,as…suggests,asregards,withregardto,concerning,asfor,intermsofH.选择:or,orrather,instead(of),ratherthan,whether…or,either…or,neither…nor,not…but…第七十三页，共一百九十六页。I.总结:allinall,briefly,altogether,toconclude,inconclusion,inoneword,inshort,insummary,tosumup,tosummarize,onthewhole,insum,ashasbeenmentionedabove,inaword,Wecandrawtheconclusionfromwhatwehavetalkedabout:Personally,I….Forthesereason…I,personally,suggeststhat…Accordingtotheaboveanalysis,wecanarriveattheconclusionthat…第七十四页，共一百九十六页。衔接手段使用的问题1）不顾衔接词的词性Acell-phonecanmakeourcommunicationconvenient,howeveritmaybringsometroublestous.2）衔接手段不一致3）关联词受汉语影响Foronething…andforanother专门用于引出某事的理由Iwon