《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章复习题集

浙江外国语学院英文学院《英语语言学概论》复习题集PAGE56《新编简明英语语言学教程》1-6章复习题集《英语语言学概论》课程复习题集(1-6章)2012-5-16更新ChapterIIntroduction2012I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEorFALSE:1.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.CompetenceandperformanceisdistinguishedbySaussure.3.Asynchroniclinguisticsisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.4.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.5.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.6.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.7.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.8.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.9.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.10.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.11.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.12.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.13.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.14.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.15.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.16.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.17.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.18.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.19.Thearbitrarynatureoflanguagemakesitpossibleforlanguagetohaveanunlimitedsourceofexpressions.20.Synchroniclinguisticisthestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.21.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.22.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.23.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.24.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.25.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.26.Featuresthatcontrastwordsinmeaningarecalleddesignfeaturesaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.27.Linguisticsymbolsarearbitrary.28.ByarbitrarinessSaussuremeansthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearsomenaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

1.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobed_______.2.

Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage.3.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.43.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.5.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.6.Sisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.7.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.8.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.9.P____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.10.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.11.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbe1212.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes____studyoflanguage.13.Tohelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelationsisthesfunctionoflanguage.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.1.Thedescriptionofalanguageinafixedinstantisa_______study.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.systematic2.Theapplicationoflinguisticsprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearningiscalled_____.A.sociolinguistics B.Psycholinguistics C.computationallinguisticsD.AppliedLinguistics3.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.A.prescriptiveB.analyticC.descriptiveD.linguistic4.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?A.ArbitrarinessB.DisplacementC.DualityD.Meaningfulness5.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.A.primaryB.correctC.secondaryD.stable6.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.A.

inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowritingB.

speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.C.

speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongueD.

Alloftheabove7.Manymodernlinguistshavecriticizedtraditionalgrammariansforadoptinga_____approachtolanguagestudy.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.descriptive8.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.A.synchronicB.diachronicC.prescriptiveD.comparative9.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A.paroleB.performanceC.langueD.Language10.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.A.senseB.soundsC.objectsD.ideas11.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________,A.displacementB.dualityC.flexibility

D.culturaltransmission12.Thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadeby_______earlylastcentury.A.AmericanlinguistN.ChomskyB.SwisslinguistF.deSaussureC.AmericanlinguistEdwardSapirD.BritishlinguistJ.R.Firth13.Thefactthatdifferentlanguageshavedifferentwordsforthesameobjectisgoodproofthathumanlanguageis.A.arbitraryB.rationalC.logicalD.culturalIV.Answerthefollowingquestion:1.Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?2.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?Chapter2：PhonologyI.Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse:1.

VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.

2.

Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

3.

Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.

4.

EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.

5.

Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.

6.

Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.

7.

Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.

8.

Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:thethroat,themouthandthechest.9.Thesound〔z〕isavoicedalveolarstop.9.VoicingisadistinctivefeatureforEnglishconsonants.10.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestring,thenthetwowordsarecalledminimalpairs.Sipandzipareaminimalpair,asarefineandvine,andvealandleaf.11.

Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.

12.

Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.

13.

Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.

12.

Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.

13.

Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.

14.TheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceandmannerofarticulation.15.Thequalitiesofvowelsdependonthepositionsoflips.16.

Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.

17.

Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.

18.

Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.

19.

Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultinachangeofmeaning.

20.

Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.

21.

Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.

22.

Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.23.Articulatoryphoneticsisthestudyoftheproductionofspeechsounds.24.Thespeechsoundsinalmosteverylanguagecanbedividedintotwomajornaturalclasses:consonantsandvowels.25.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofairstream.26.Suprasegmentalfeaturesaredistinctivefeaturesofsegmentalphonemes.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:27．A_____referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.

28．

A___________phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.

29．Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb_______sounds.

30．Ofallthespeechorgans,thet____isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.

31．Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofp_______ofarticulation.

32．Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstructionaudiblyreleasedandtheairpassingoutagainiscalledas________.33．S_________featuresarethephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments.Theyincludestress,tone,intonation,etc.

34．Therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalleds____rules.

35．Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscriptionwhilethetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscalledn_________transcription.

36．Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasi_________.

37．P___________isadisciplinewhichstudiesthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguageandhowsoundsarecombinedintomeaningfulunitstoeffectlinguisticcommunication.

38.Ifyousaydoor,new,two,senior,zoo,youwillnoticethatthefirstsoundsinallthesewordsarea_______sounds.Thetandsarevoiceless,andd,nandzarevoiced.Onlynisnasal.39．Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantcavities:thepharyngealcavity,theo_______cavityandthenasalcavity.

40．T_______arepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcordsandwhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.41．Dependingonthecontextinwhichstressisconsidered,therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressands_________stress.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachofthestatementsbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:1.Thestudyofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsiscalled________phonetics.A.acousticB.articulatoryC.auditoryD.allomorphic2.Thesound/f/is_________________.A.voicedpalatalaffricateB.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative3．Ofallthespeechorgans,the_______is/arethemostflexible.A.mouthB.lipsC.tongueD.vocalcords

4．Thesoundsproducedwithoutthevocalcordsvibratingare____sounds.

A.voicelessB.voicedC.vowelD.consonantal5．__________isavoicedalveolarstop.

A./z/B./d/C./k/D./b/

6．Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophones____________.A.identicalB.same

C.exactlyalikeD.similar

7.Since/p/and/b/arephoneticallysimilar,occurinthesameenvironmentsandtheycandistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobe___________.A.inphonemiccontrastB.incomplementarydistribution

C.theallophonesD.minimalpair

8．Thesound/f/is_________________.A.voicedpalatalaffricateB.voicedalveolarstopC.voicelessvelarfricativeD.voicelesslabiodentalfricative9.

A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.

A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle

10.Palatalsemi-vowelreferstothesound.A.[n]B.[h]C.[w]D.[j]11.Aphonemeisagroupofphoneticallysimilarsoundscalled.A.minimalpairsB.allomorphsC.phonesD.allophones12.Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalled____________.A.phoneticcomponentsB.immediateconstituents

C.suprasegmentalfeaturesD.semanticfeatures

13.A(n)___________isaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit,acollectionofdistinctivephoneticfeatures.A.phoneB.sound

C.allophoneD.phoneme

14．Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledthe____ofthatphoneme.A.phonesB.soundsC.phonemesD.allophones

15.A____vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.A.backB.centralC.frontD.middle16.Thesoundsthatbeginandendthewordschurchandjudgearevoicelessandvoiced_______,respectively.(C)A.stopsB.fricativesC.affricatesD.plosivesIV.Answerthefollowingquestion:1.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?2.Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,andtheassimilationruleinphonology.Chapter3：MorphologyI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Morphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.2.Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguage.3.Justasaphonemeisthebasicunitinthestudyofphonology,soisamorphemethebasicunitinthestudyofmorphology.4.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitsthatcanbeusedfreelyallbythemselvesarefreemorphemes.5.Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:rootsandaffixes.6.Inflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degree,andcase.7.Almosteverywordineverylanguageiscomposedofoneormoremorphemes.8.Theallomorphisanabstractunit.9.Theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeaddediscalledastem,whichcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.10.Prefixesusuallymodifythepartofspeechoftheoriginalword,notthemeaningofit.11.Therearerulesthatgovernwhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofstemtoformanewword.Therefore,wordsformedaccordingtothemorphologicalrulesareacceptablewords.12.Phonetically,thestressofacompoundoftenfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.13.InEnglish,inflectionalaffixesaremostlyprefixes.14.Themeaningofacompoundisthecombinationofthemeaningsofthewordsinthecompound.II.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:1.Risthepartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved.2.M____isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.3.B___________morphemesarethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.4.Affixesareoftwotypes:inflectionalaffixesandd__________affixes.5.As______isaddedtotheendofstemstomodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordanditmaycasechangeitspartofspeech.6.C__________isthecombinationoftwoorsometimesmorethantwowordstocreatenewwords.7.Thewordsnowfallisawordformedbyjoiningtwoseparatewords,i.e.“snow”and“fall.”Thisnewlyformedwordisgenerallyregardedasac_______.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:1.

Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“television”isa(n)______.A.boundmorphemeB.boundformC.inflectionalmorphemeD.freemorpheme2.Thecompoundword“bookstore”istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompound__________.A.

isthesumtotalofthemeaningofitscomponentsB.

canalwaysbeworkedoutbylookingatthemeaningsofmorphemesC.

isthesameasthemeaningofafreephrase.D.

Noneoftheabove.

3.“-s”intheword“books”is_______.A.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.aroot4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTacompoundword?A.RainbowB.MilkshakeC.Icy-coldD.Unpleasant5.Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeechof__________.

A.thefirstelementB.thesecondelement

C.eitherthefirstorthesecondelem

D.boththefirstandthesecondelements.6._______arethosethatcannotbeusedindependentlybuthavetobecombinedwithothermorphemes,eitherfreeorbound,toformaword.A.FreemorphemesB.BoundmorphemesC.BoundwordsD.Words7._________isabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A.SyntaxB.GrammarC.MorphologyD.Morpheme8.

Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis_______.A.lexicalB.morphemicC.grammaticalD.semantic9.

Boundmorphemesarethosethat___________.A.havetobeusedindependentlyB.

cannotbecombinedwithothermorphemesC.

caneitherbefreeorboundD.

havetobecombinedwithothermorphemes.10.

____modifythemeaningofthestem,butusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.A.PrefixesB.SuffixesC.RootsD.Affixes11.

_________areoftenthoughttobethesmallestmeaningfulunitsoflanguagebythelinguists.A.WordsB.MorphemesC.PhonemesD.Sentences12.

“-s”intheword“books”is_______.A.aderivativeaffixB.astemC.aninflectionalaffixD.aroot13.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongto“openclasswords”?A.NounsB.AdjectivesC.ConjunctionsD.Adverbs14.Inthewordunreliable,theprefix“un-”isa(n)_______morpheme.A.freeB.boundC.rootD.inflectional15.Morphemesthatrepresent“tense”,“number”,“gender”,“case”,“aspect”,“degree”andsofortharecalledmorphemes.A.inflectionalB.boundC.freeD.derivational16.TheEnglishword“modernizers”iscomposedofmorphemes.A.fourB.threeC.twoD.five17.Whichofthefollowingaffixdiffersfromothers?A.–lyB.–nessC.–ingD.–fulIV.Derivethefollowingwordsintotheirseparatemorphemesbyplacinga"+"betweeneachmorphemesandthenext:a.rewriteb.broadenc.predigestingd.forefathers

V.Thinkofamorphemesuffixandamorphemeprefix,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybesuffixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.Suffix:Meaning:Stemtype:Examples:Prefix:Meaning:Stemtype:Examples:VI.Answerthefollowingquestion:Whatisaninflectionalmorpheme?Locatetheinflectionalmorphemeineachofthefollowingsentencesandpointoutitsgrammaticalmeaning.Mr.SmithlivesintheBigApple.Thefilm’salreadystarted.Wearepreparingforanimportanttest.Chapter4：SyntaxI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.Syntaxisasubfieldoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.4.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.5.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.6.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.7.Asentencecan’thavemorethanonedeepstructure.8.Thestructurethatoccursaftermovementtakesplaceiswhatwetermassurfacestructure.9.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.10.Anounphrasecontainsanoun,whileotherelementsareoptional.11.Wordsinasentenceareorganizedintogroupsoflexicalcategories,commonlyknownaspartsofspeech.12.Chomskymadeadistinctionbetweentwolevelsofstructures:surfaceanddeepstructures.13.Transformational-generativegrammarwasfirstsuggestedbyNoamChomsky.II.Diagramtheconstituentstructureofthefollowingsentenceandnamethedifferentconstituents.(ICanalysis)ThepassengertrainfromChicagowillarriveinAtlantaaftermidnight.

Chapter5SemanticsI.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:1.DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.2.Senseisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience,whilethereferencedealswiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.

3.Linguisticformshavingthesamesensemayhavedifferentreferencesindifferentsituations.4.Insemantics,meaningoflanguageisconsideredastheintrinsicandinherentrelationtothephysicalworldofexperience.

5.Contextualismisbasedonthepresumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfromorreducemeaningtoobservablecontexts.

6.Behaviouristsattemptedtodefinethemeaningofalanguageformasthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer.

7.Themeaningofasentenceisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofallitscomponents.

8.Mostlanguageshavesetsoflexicalitemssimilarinmeaningbutrankeddifferentlyaccordingtotheirdegreeofformality.

9.Thepredicationanalysisofasentenceonlyappliestostatementsandinterrogativeforms.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:1.S________canbedefinedasthestudyofmeaning.2.Theconceptualistviewholdsthatthereisnod______linkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.3.R______meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.4.Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalleds________.5.Whentwowordsareidenticalinsound,butdifferentinspellingandmeaning,theyarecalledh__________.6.Pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitemsarecalledr_______opposites.7.Whatiscommunicatedbyvirtueofwhatlanguagereferstoisther__________meaningofaword.8.R_________oppositesarepairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetweenthetwoitems.9.C____analysisisbaseduponthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents.10.Whetherasentenceissemanticallymeaningfulisgovernedbyrulescalleds________restrictions,whichareconstraintsonwhatlexicalitemscangowithwhatothers.11.Accordingtothen____theoryofmeaning,thewordsinalanguagearetakentobelabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:1.Thenamingtheo