2001年考研英语试题及答案

2001 入学统一考试英语试SectionIStructureandPartABeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningtheletterinthebracketswithapencil.(5IhavebeentotheGreatWallthree [A][B][C][D]Thesentenceshouldread,“IhavebeentotheGreatWalltimessince1979.”Therefore,youshouldchooseSample[A][B][C]IfIwereinmovie,thenitwouldbeabouttimethatI headinmyhandsforacry.amwouldGoodnewswassometimesreleasedprematurely,withtheBritishrecaptureoftheport halfadaybeforethedefendersactuallysurrendered.towasAccordingtoonebelief,iftruthistobeknownitwillmakeitselfapparent,soone waitinsteadofsearchingforit.wouldhadcannothadShefeltsuitablyhumblejustasshe whenhehadfirsttakenagoodlookathercityself,hairwavedandgolden,nailsredandpointed.hadwouldhavehasTherewasnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolontheparty fromleadershipofit,wouldbeinghavinggoingtoSoinvolvedwiththeircomputers thatleadersatsummercomputercampsoftenhavetothemtobreakforsportsandbecametheethehadthe dothe TheindividualTVviewerinvariablysensesthatheorsheisananonymous,statisticallyinsignificantpartofahugeanddiverseeverythinganythingnolessnothingmoreOnedifficultyintranslationliesinobtainingaconceptmatch.thisismeantthataconceptinonelanguageislostorchangedinmeaninginConversationesweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeingtalkedtoithasallbutlostthewillandtheskilltospeakforitself.Churchasweusethewordreferstoallreligiousinstitutions,theyChristian,c,Buddhist,Jewish,andsoon.PartBBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosetheonethatbestcompletestheMarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterintheracketswithapencil.(10points)ThelostcaroftheLeeswasfound inthewoodsofftheThesentenceshouldread.“ThelostcaroftheLeeswasabandonedinthewoodsoffthehighway.”Therefore,youshouldchooseSample[B]Heistooyoungtobeable betweenrightandItwasno thathiscarwasseennearthebankatthetimeoftherobbery.OneoftheresponsibilitiesoftheCoastGuardistomakesurethatallships followtrafficrulesinbusyharbors.TheEskimoisperhapsoneofthemosttrustingandconsiderateofallnsbutseemstobe thewelfareofhisanimals.criticalindignantindifferentsubjectThechairmanoftheboard onmetheunpleasantjobofdismissinggoodworkersthefirmcannolongeraffordtoItisnaivetoexpectthatanysocietycanresolveallthesocialproblemsitisfacedwith forinandonceforbyUsingextremelydifferentdecoratingschemesinadjoiningroomsmayresultin andlackofunityinstyle.[A][B]TheTimberrattlesnakeisnowontheendangeredspecieslist,andisextinctintwoeasternstatesinwhichitonce However,growthinthefabricatedmetalsindustrywasabletosomeofthedeclineintheironandsteelindustry.Becauseofitsintimacy,radioisusuallymorethanjustamedium;itis Whenanynon-humanorganistransntedintoa ,thebodyimmediayrecognizesitas MyfavoriteradiosongistheoneIfirstheardonathick1923EdisondiscI atagaragesale.trifledscrapedstumbledthirstedSomedaysoftwarewilltranslatebothwrittenandspokenlanguagesowellthattheneedforanycommonsecondlanguagecould Equipmentnot officialsafetystandardshasallbeenremovedfromtheworkshop.conformingconsistentpredominantprovidingAsanindustry,biotechnologystandsto electronicsindollarvolumeandperhapssurpassitinsocialimpactby2020.TheauthorsoftheUnitedStatesConstitutionattemptedtoestablishaneffectivenational ernmentwhilepreservingforthestatesandlibertyforForthreequartersofitsspanonEarth,lifeevolvedalmostasmicroorganisms.Theintroductionofgunpowdergraduallymadethebowand,particularlyinWesternWhoeverformulatedthetheoryoftheoriginoftheuniverse,itis andneedsproving.Thefutureofthis :manyofitstalentedemployeesareflowingintomoreprofitablenet-basedbusinesses.atininatSectionIIClozetmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points) ernmentistobanpaymentstowitnessesbynewspapersseekingtobuyuppeopleinvolvedinprominentcases thetrialofRosemaryInasignificant32oflegalcontrolsoverthepress,LordIrvine,theLordChancellor,willintroducea33billthatwillproposemakingpaymentstowitnesses34andwillstrictlycontroltheamountof35thatcanbegiventoacase36atrialbegins.InalettertoGeraldKaufman,chairmanoftheHouseofCommonsMediaSelectCommittee,LordIrvinesaidhe37withareportthisyearwhichsaidthatselfregulationdidnotsufficientofthelettercametwodaysafterLordIrvinecausedofmediawhenhesaid ofprivacycontainedinEuropeanlegislationwouldbelefttojudges TheLordChancellorsaidintroductionoftheHumanRights theEuropeanConventiononHumanRights inBritain,laiddownthateverybody toprivacyandpublicfigurescouldgotocourttoprotectthemselvesandtheir“Pressdomswillbeinsafe ourBritishheWitnesspaymentsbecame afterWestwassentencedtolifesentencesin1995.Upto19witnesseswere48tohavereceivedpaymentsforlingtheirstoriestonewspapers.Concernswereraised49witnessesmightbeencouragedtoexaggeratestoriesincourt guiltyasforinstancesuchasbetterotherrathersoonerSectiontEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)TextSpecializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupsubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword“amateur”doescarryaconnotationthattheconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityand,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglyeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havetopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreindbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturybemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuch sociologyandphysicsandsociologyandphysicsandWecaninferfromthepassage thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecializationand amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasof professionalstendto eamateursintothescientificamateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalTheauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologyto.theprocessofspecializationandthehardshipofamateursinscientificthechangeofpoliciesinscientificthediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstThedirectreasonforspecialization thedevelopmentinthegrowthoftheexpansionofscientificthesplittingupofacademicTextAgreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide--thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfo(information)richandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethen,however,werethenew,positivesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic.Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetesmoreandmorecommercialized,itisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess--afterall,themorepeopleonline,themorepotentialcustomersthereare.Moreandmoreernments,afraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehind,wanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwo,onetotwobillionpeopleonthenetwillbenettedtogether.Asaresult,Inowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’veeverOfcourse,theuseoftheInternetisn’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential.Totakeadvantageofthistool,someimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.Countriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructure(thebasicstructuralfoundationsofasociety)intheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’sSecondWaveinfrastructure--includingroads,harbors,highways,portsandsoon--werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglish,theGermans,theDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.Guesswhoownsthemnow?TheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructure,whichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructure,thebetteroffyou’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’tmeanlyingdownand fooled,orlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandinfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet.Digitaldivideis gettingworsebecauseofthetherichcountriesareresponsibletheworldmustguardconsideredpositiveernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecause offerseconomiccanbringforeigncansoonwipeoutworldconnectspeopleallovertheThewritermentionedthecaseoftheUnitedStatestojustifytheof providingfinancialsupportpreventingforeigncapital’sbuildingindustrialacceptingforeignItseemsthatnowacountry’seconomydependsmuch howwell-developeditiswhetheritisprejudicedagainstwhetheritadoptsAmerica’sindustrialhowmuchcontrolithasoverforeignTextTheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-ysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject.Sadtosay,thisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrrmistakes,combinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant.Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemtes(patterns)intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.Inotherwords,thereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusingThereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaders,whichhelpsexinwhythe“standardtemtes”ofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.Inarecentsurvey,questionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddle-sizecitiesaroundthecountry,plusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions.RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericans,journalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoods,havemaids,ownMercedeses,andtradestocks,andthey’relesslikelytogotochurch,dovolunteerwork,orputdownrootsinacommunity.Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelite,sotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn’trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders.Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustry,particularlyadecliningone.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecominingabout.Ifitdid,itwouldopenupitsdiversityprogram,nowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgender,andlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlook,values,education,andWhatisthepassagemainlyneedsofthereadersalloverthecausesofthepublicdisappointmentaboutoriginsofthedecliningnewspaperaimsofajournalismcredibilityTheresultsofthejournalismcredibilityprojectturnedoutto.quitesomewhatveryratherThebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir workingconventionalworldeducationalDespiteitsefforts,thenewspaperindustrystillcannotsatisfythereadersowingtoits failuretorealizeitsrealtendencytohireannoyinglikelinesstodoinaccurateprejudiceinmattersofraceandTextTheworldisgoingthroughthebiggestwaveofmergersandacquisitionseverwitnessed.TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.Manyinthesecountriesarelookingatthisprocessandworrying:“Won’tthewaveofbusinessconcentrationturnintoanpetitiveThere’snoquestionthatthebigaregettingbiggerandmorepowerful.Multinationalcorporationsaccountedforlessthan20%ofinternationaltradein1982.Todaythefigureismorethan25%andgrowingrapidly.Internationalaffiliatesaccountforafast-growingsegmentofproductionineconomiesthatopenupandeforeigninvestment.InArgentina,forinstance,afterthereformsoftheearly1990s,multinationalswentfrom43%toalmost70%oftheindustrialproductionofthe200largestfirms.Thisphenomenonhascreatedseriousconcernsovertheroleofsmallereconomicfirms,ofnationalbusinessmenandovertheultimatestabilityoftheworldeconomy.IbelievethatthemostimportantsbehindthemassiveM&Awavearethesamethatunderlietheglobalizationprocess:fallingtransportationandcommunicationcosts,lowertradeandinvestmentbarriersandenlargedmarketsthatrequireenlargedoperationscapableofmeetingcustomer’sdemands.Allthesearebeneficial,notdetrimental,toconsumers.Asproductivitygrows,theworld’swealthExamplesofbenefitsorcostsofthecurrentconcentrationwavearescanty.Yetitishardtoimaginethatthemergerofafewoilfirmstodaycouldre-createthesamethreatstocompetitionthatwerefearednearlyacenturyagointheU.S.,whentheStandardOilTrustwasbrokenup.Themergersofcompanies,suchas,hardlyseemtobringhigherpricesforconsumersorareductioninthepaceoftechnicalprogress.Onthecontrary,thepriceofcommunicationsiscomingdownfast.Incars,too,concentrationisincreasing--witnessDaimlerandChrysler,RenaultandNissan--butitdoesnotappearthatconsumersarebeinghurt.Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.Afewweeksago,AlanGreenspanwarnedagainstthemegamergersinthebankingindustry.Whoisgoingtosupervise,regulateandoperateaslenderoflastresortwiththegiganticbanksthatarebeingcreated?Won’tmultinationalsshiftproductionfromonecetoanotherwhenanationgetstoostrictaboutinfringementstofaircompetition?shouldonecountrytakeuponitselftheroleof“defendingcompetition”onissuesthataffectmanyothernations,asintheU.S.vs.Whatisthetypicaltrendofbusinessestotakeinmoreforeigntoinvestmoretocombine etotradewithmoreAccordingtotheauthor,oneofthedrivingsbehindM&Awave thegreatercustomerasurplussupplyfortheagrowingtheincreaseoftheworld’sFromParagraph4wecaninfer theincreasingconcentrationiscertaintohurtservesasagoodexampleofbothbenefitsandthecostsoftheglobalizationprocessaretheStandardOilTrustmighthavethreatenedTowardthenewbusinesswave,thewriter’sattitudecanbesaidtobe TextWhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImighteapartofanewinternationaltrend.Alalmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthough,inthemannerofadisgracedernmentminister,Icoveredmyexitbyclaiming“Iwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily”.Curiously,sometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslater,experimentinwhattheAmericansterm“downshifting”turnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.Ihavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyof“havingitall,”preachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepageofShemagazine,intoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything.Ihavediscovered,asperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofSheafterabuild-upofstress,thatabandoningthedoctrineof“jugglingyourlife,”andmakingthealternativemoveinto“downshifting”bringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdays,pressureddeadlines,thefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparenton“qualitytime”.InAmerica,themoveawayfromjugglingtoasimpler,lessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting--alsoknowninAmericaas“voluntarysimplicity”--has,ironically,evenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbest-sellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletters,suchasTheTightwadGazette,thatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-’90sequivalentofdropout.WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline--afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’80s--andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’80s,downshiftinginthemid-’90sisnotsomuchaandriskingturningintoone--asa alrecognitionofyourWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraphFull-timeemploymentisanewinternationalThewriterwascompelledbycircumstancestoleaveher“Alalmove”meansstepoutoffull-time ThewriterwasonlytooeagertospendmoretimewithherThewriter’sexperimentshowsthat enableshertorealizeherhelpshermoldanewphilosophyofpromptshertoabandonherhighsocialleadshertoacceptthedoctrineofShe non-materialisticabitofextremeanti-Accordingtothepassage,downshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof thequickpaceofmodernman’sadventurousman’ssearchformythicaltheeconomicSectionIV tReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesinto.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyANSWERSHEET2.(15Inlessthan30years’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall.71)Therewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72)Childrenwillywithdollsequippedwithalitychips,computerswithin-builtalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-evision,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.AccordingtoBT’sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium(aperiodof1,000years),whenputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasof73)Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakece.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.“Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvir