跨文化交际资料

Shortanswerquestion(5*3’)Unit1.Discussthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.(P8-P9)[4points]Convenienttransportationsystems.Innovativecommunicationsystems.Economicglobalization（经济全球化）.Widespreadmigrations(移民).Whatarethethreeingredientsofculture.[3points]Artifacts(thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce)Behavior(whattheydo)Concepts(beliefs,valued,worldviews...)(whattheythink)Howtounderstandculturaliceberg.[2aspects]Theculturelikeicebergthatisvisibleabovethewaterlineandisonlyasmallpartoftheiceberg.Theculturelikeicebergthatisinvisiblesectionbelowthewaterlineandonlycanbesuspectedandimaged.Characteristicofculture.[4points]Cultureisshared.Cultureislearned.Cultureisdynamic.Cultureisethnocentric.Characteristicsofcommunication.[6pints]Communicationisdynamic.Communicationisirreversible(不可逆的).Communicationissymbolic(符号性的).Communicationissystematic(系统的).Communicationistransactional(交互式的).Communicationiscontextual(上下文的，受语境影响的).Unit2-4ThedifferencesinaddressingpeoplebetweenEnglishandChinesecultures.Nameorder.[East：Surname+GivennameWest：Givenname+surname]East：Usingthefirstname.West：Givennameislimited.Chinausekinshiptermstorelatebybloodormarriage.EnglishdonotusekinshiptermslikeChinese.Addressbytitle,office,profession.Chinese：Addresspeoplebyperson’stitle,officeorprofession(职业).English：Onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.Socialfunctionsofcompliments(称赞).[7points]P50.Pra1st.Complimentshaveaseriousofsocialfunctions:Creatingorreinforcingsolidarity(加强团结).Greetingpeople.Expressingthanksorcongratulations.Encouragingpeople.Softeningcriticism(软化批评).Startingaconversation.Overcomingembarrassment(难堪).Unit5DifferentfeaturesofM-timeandP-time(定义要写).M-time(MonochronicTime单一性时间观)meansonlydoonethingatatime.Itfeaturesoneeventatatime.Timeisperceivedasalinearstructureorsomethingconcrete(有形的),tangible(切实的).P-time(PolychronicTime多元时间观)meansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.Itislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Thiswayismoreflexibleandhuman-centered(以人为中心).Unit5Differencesexandgender.(P121.table)SexGenderBiologicalSocially-constructedPermanentVariedovertimeandacrossculturesWithanindividualpropertyWithasocialandrelationalqualityInfluencedthegendersocialization.[2points]Therearetwoprimaryinfluencesongendersocialization:Familycommunication,particularlybetweenmothersandchildren,andrecreationalinteractionamongchildren.Recreationalinteractionamongchildren.Sixprinciplesforeffectivecross-gendercommunication.[P127]Suspendjudgement(暂不决断)Recognizethevalidityofdifferentcommunicationstyles.Providetranslationcues.Seektranslationcues.Enlargeyourowncommunicationstyle.Suspendjudgement.Unit7Theconceptsofhighcontextcultureandlowcontextculture.Highcontextismessagesthatareimplicitly(隐含性)coveredbycontextandnon-verbalunderstandingsascontrastedwithexplicitlyconveyingmessagesbyverbalcodes。Lowcontextismessagesthatareexplicitly(明确的)coveredbyverbalcodes.WhataretheAmerican/Chineseculturalvalueslikeintermsofculturalorientationputforwardbykluckhohnandstrodtbeck?Whatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?Whatistherelationofmantonature?Whatisthetemporalfocusofhumanlife?Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationships?Americanculturehold:Humannatureisevilbutperfectible(可完善的).Mankindcanconquer/(gainmasterywith)nature.Theyhavealineartimeconceptandfuture-oriented.Focusondoing,leadingtoexternalachievements.Fosterthedevelopmentofautonomousindividuals.Chineseculturehold:Humannatureisgoodbutcorruptible(易堕落的).Humancanliveinharmonywithnature.Theyhavecyclicalconceptoftimeandpast-oriented.Humanisbeingandbecoming(成为)atlitudetowardhumanactivity,keepinnerpeace.Theyarefocusmoreonbenefitofgroup.Casestudy10%(课外案例分析.阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题)（深入研究unit5和unit2，unit4（culturally-loadedwords），每单元的重点案例，以及单元后面的练习A,B（划过的问答题，C（euphemismunderstanding），以及E（culturalpuzzles）））Fourdimensions:Individualism个人主义：self-confidence，self-independence，self-esteem(自尊)Individualculture：Selfismoreimportantthangroup.Collectivistside(Group)：Peoplemakedecisionsbyconsensus(一致).PaddleyouowncanceSelf-relianceSelf-confidenceandself-reliancearethemainstaysofastrongcharacter.Self-relianceSomanymen,somanyminds.Selfishness(自私)Ahappylifeisonewhichisinaccordancewithitsownnature.Self-esteem(自尊)Everytubmuststandonhisownbottom.Self-relianceSelf-helpisthebesthelp.Self-relianceOurexpensesareallforconformity.IndividualityEverymanhashishobbyhorse.Individuality.Powerdistance权利距离：Culturesareclassifiedonacontinuum(连续统一体)ofhightolowdistancethatishierarchyvs.egalitarian(平等主义).HierarchySocialhierarchyisprevailing(盛行).Inequalityshouldbeminimized.Personsarenotequal.Equalopportunitytosuccess.Eachonehashisownpositionandactaccordingly.Selfactualization.Comfortablewithunequaldistributionofpower.Superiorsaretobeblamed.Humility(showrespect)byself-disparaging.Innovation.Obedience.Uncertaintyavoidance不确定性规避：Asociety’stoleranceforambiguitypeoplewillendureandhowmuchrisktheyliketotake.[Reflectedonrisk-taking,whetherthepeoplearewillingtotakerisks,makechanges,breakrulesandsoon.]HighuncertaintyavoidanceLowuncertaintyavoidanceAvoiduncertaintyComfortablewithinherent(固有的)uncertaintyStability(稳定性)providedToleratetheunusual(容忍不寻常)Formulatedetailedrules(明确地表达详细的规则)Dislikerules(讨厌规则)Nottoleratedeviantideas(不寻常的想法)PrizeinitiativeLiabletoanxietyandstress(容易感受到焦虑与压力)LesstenseandmorerelaxedMasculinity男性化：Masculinecultures:highvaluesonmasculinetraits,stressassertiveness,competitionandmaterialsuccess.Femininecultures:highvaluesonfemininetraits,stressqualityoflife,interpersonalrelationships,andconcernfortheweak.Forexample:Whydidthefarmerdothat?Whatvaluesarereflectedinthisstory?---thefarmerexplainedtohissonthatonecouldneveratanytimeinanywaymakeotherpeoplefeelinferior,evenunintentionallyandoutofgoodwill.Whataccountsforthefarmer’sbehavioristhathebelievedinindividualism,independence,self-reliance,self-esteem,andegalitarianism,themajorvaluesintheUSA.Powerdistance：Germanydosenothavealargegapbetweenthewealthyandthepoor,buthaveastrongbeliefinequalityforeachcitizens.TheUSexhibitsamoreunequaldistributionwealththanGermansociety.Andthedistancebetweenthehaves’andhave-nots’growslargerandlarger.Lowandhighuncertaintyavoidance:Unitedstates,possessesarelativelylowuncertaintyavoidanceindex.Japan___high问答题：1.Discussthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.

(1)convenienttransportationsystems(便捷的交通系统）

(2)innovativecommunicationsystems(革新通信技术）

(3)economicglobailzation(经济全球化）

(4)widespreadmigrations(广泛的移民）2.Whatarethecharacteristic(特点）ofculture?

(1)shared

(2)learned(enculuration文化习得：learningone'sculture)

(3)dynamic(动态的）（accultration文化适应：adoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanotherculture)

(4)ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主义：ownculturalbackgroundissuperior)

3.Whatarethecharacteristicofcommunication?

(1)dynamic(动态性）

(2)irreversible(不可逆转的）

(3)symbolic(符号的）

(4)systematic(系统性）

(5)transactional（互动性）

(6)contextual(语境)

4.Discussthecontentsof…1)Chronemics:Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.时间学(1)MonochronicTime:payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.(2)PolychronicTime:beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.

2)Proxemics:theperceptionanduseofspace.空间学

3)Kinetics:thestudyofbodylanguage.身势学

4)Paralanguage:involvingsoundsbutnotwordsandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.5..HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?

1)InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname,butinEnglishthisorderisreversed.

2)InChinaseniority(资历）ispaidrespectsto.

Nowadays,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.3)(Aboutaddressingbyrelationship）Chineseoftenextenkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.4)Chineseuseaperson'stitle,office,orprofessiontoindicate(表明）theperson'sinfluential(有权势的）status.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.(p24)6.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments?（赞美的社会作用）

Creatingorreinforcing(加固）solidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksorcongratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism（委婉批评）,startingaconversation,orevenovercomingembarrassment（窘迫）.

7.WhatarethedifferentfeaturesofM-TimeandP-time?

M-Timethinktimeisperceivedasalinearstrucure.认为时间是线性的

P-Timeislessrigid(刻板）andclock-bound,moreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.

8..Whathasinfluencedthegendersocialization?（什么会影响性别社会化）

Therearetwoprimaryinfluencesongendersocialization:familycommunication,part