毕业论文我有一个梦的文体分析

论文（《我有一个梦》的文体分析）AStylisticAnalysisofTheSpeech“IHaveaDream”Abstract:MartinLutherKing‟s“IHaveaDream”isansplendidspeach.Thepurposeofthispaperistoanalysisofsometheofstylisticdevicesusedinthefamousspeech.Keywords:Stylistics,analysis,speech摘要：个梦想》是一篇经典之作。本文从文体学对于这篇著名演讲词进行了详尽的分析。关键词：文体学；分析；演讲MartinLutherKing,Jr,theforemostleaderofCivilRightsmovementinthe1960‟s,deliveredhismostfamousspeech“IHaveaDream”onAugust28,1963.Onthatday,morethan200000Americansofallfaiths,racesandcreedsjoinedamassivepoliticaldemonstrationinWashingtonD.C.,pressuringthenationtograntblacksfirst-classstatus.Onthathistoricoccasion,thespeech“IHaveaDream”recalledthemiserablelifeoftheblackAmericans,andpointedoutthenewdirectionofthemovement.ItwasKing‟sspeechthatpushedtherallytothepeak.Inthisthesis,theauthortriestoofferastylisticanalysisofthefamousspeechbyMartinLutherking,Jr.IHaveaDream.1.StylisticsandstylisticanalysisStylisticsisadisciplinethatstudiesthewaysinwhichlanguageisused;itisadisciplinethatstudiesthestyleoflanguageinuse.Stylisticanalysisisgenerallyconcernedwiththeuniquenessofatext;thatis,whatitisthatispeculiartotheusesoflanguageinaliterarytextfordeliveringthemessage.Thisnaturallyinvolvescomparisonsofthelanguageofthetextwiththatusedinconventionaltypesofdiscourse.2.StylisticAnalysisoftheSpeech2.1.OnGrammatical2.1.1ReferenceSomelinguisticelementsmakereferencetosomethingelsefortheirinterpretationinsteadofbeinginterpretedsemanticallyintheirownright. isanimportantdeviceforlinkingsentencewithsentenceandatthesametimeavoidingunnecessaryrepetition.InthetextofIhaveaDream,thephenomenonofreferenceappearsinmanyplaces,morethan14.Thefollowing3arethetypicalexamplesofeachtype.(1)Andsowe‟vecomeheretodaytodramatizeashamefulcondition.ThepronounwereferstoIandyou.Therearemanypronouninthespeech,whichisanessentialtooltounitetheaudiencetogether.Wemeansthattheleaderisstandingtogetherwiththem,thattheyallhavesufferedthesameinequalityanddiscrimination,thathisdreamistheirdream,thattheymustunitetofightfortheirownrightsandfreedom.(2)WecanneverbesatisfiedaslongastheNegro‟sbasicmobilityisfromasmallerghettotoalargerone.Heresmallerandlargerbelongtothecomparativereference.Bythiscomparison,thespeakertoldtheaudiencethattheirlivingconditionwasn‟tchangedatall.Theyjusthavemovedfromadirtyandpoorplacetoanotherone.2.1.2SubstitutionSubstitutionisconsideredtobeanimportantdeviceusedtoavoidredundantrepetition.Substitutionisusedonceasintheformersentence(2),whereoneisusedtoreplaceghetto.Itmeansthatthoughtheyhavemovetoanewhome,theplacetheyliveinisstillaghetto.2.1.3EllipsisEllipsisisusuallyemployedforeconomyofwordsinspokenEnglishandnormaleverydaywrittendiscourse.Itisacommonmeansofimplicitcohesionbetweensentencesorutterances,usuallyavoidingunnecessaryrepetition.Besidescohesivefunction,ellipsishasrhetoricalfunctiontoexpresscertainaspectsofthemeaningormessageofthework. Thedeviceisusedthreetimesinthisspeechasfollows:(3)Wewillnotbesatisfieduntiljusticerollsdownlikewatersandrighteousnesslikeamightystream.(4)Withthisfaith,wewillbeabletoworktogether;topraytogether;tostruggletogether;togotojailtogether;to…(5)Freeatlast!Freeatlast!Insentence(3),rollsdownafterrighteousnessisomitted,andin(4),wewillbeableisomittedfourtimesbeforeto.Theomissionmakesthesentencemoresimpleandcohesiveinboth(3)and(4).Besides,theellipsisin(4)highlightswhattheyhavetodoandhavetofacetogether.TheshortsentenceshereunitetheheartsoftheNegroesintooneimmediately.Andtheellipsisofwearein(5)expressestheoutburstofgreatjoywhentheoppressedpeoplegettheirfreedom.2.1.4ConjunctionConjunctionreferstotheuseofovertsignalsthatconnectlanguageunitsbothwithinandbeyondsentencestoformliterarydiscourse.Besidescohesivedevices,theyalsohavethefunctionofimplyingtheunder-relationshipbetweensentences.Theyexpresscertainmeaningswhichpresupposethepresenceofothercomponentsinthediscourse.Bytheseconjunctionelements,“onecancomprehendthesemanticrelationsbetweensentences.Hecanevenlogicallypresumethemeaningofthefollowingsentencebyvirtueofwhathasgone.”Inthisspeech,thisdeviceisused20times,withtheconjunctivecomponentsbut,and,so,if,aslongas,when,for,as(causalconjunction),andonehundredyearslater.Typicalexamplesarelistedandanalyzed(6)Butonehundredyearslater,theNegrostillisnotfree…Sowe'vecomeheretodaytodramatizeashamefulcondition.Theadversativeconjunctionbutindicatesthatwhattheyhadexpected,whattheyshouldget,whatthegovernmenthadpromisedtothem,thefreedom,theequalrightsandopportunitiestotheWhites,didn‟toccur.Besides,thewordalsoexpressestheirdisappointment,theirunsatisfactoryandanger.Onehundredlaterbelongstotemporalconjunction.Itimpliesthatsolongatime,ahundredyears,hadpassed,andtheyhadn‟tgotwhattheydeserved,whichwastoounfairtothem.Thentheclausalconjunctionsoarises,whichcombinesthetextnaturally.Itmeansthatwhattheyaredoingandwhattheywilldointhefutureislegalandreasonable.(7)AndthosewhohopethattheNegroneededtoblowoffsteamandwillnowbecontent…AndtherewillbeneitherrestnortranquilityinAmericauntiltheNegroisgrantedhiscitizenshiprights.Theaddictiveconjunctionandusedhereindicatestheirdeterminationtofightuntiltheirrequirementsarefulfilled.2.2 OnLexical2.2.1 Throughoutthespeech,Dr.Kingrepeatswordsandsentence.Thisisaveryoutstandingfeatureinthisspeechcalledrepetition.Itbelongstothestylisticdeviceofsyntacticover-regularity.Thetermrepetitionisrestrictedtomeanthecaseofexactcopyingofacertainpreviousunitinatextsuchasaword,phraseorevenasentence,becausealltheover-regularfeaturesinliteratureareinsomesenserepetitious.Usedinspeech,repetitionnotonlymakesiteasyfortheaudiencetofollowwhatthespeakerissaying,butalsogivesastrongrhythmicqualitytothespeechandmakesitmorememorable.Ifwestudythewholespeechmorecarefully,itiseasyforustofindmanyotherexamplesofrepetitionused.Forexample:(8)Butonehundredyearslater,wemustfacethetragicfactthattheNegroisstillnotfree.Onehundredyearslater,thelifeoftheNegroisstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.Onehundredyearslater,theNegroisstilllanguishinginthecornersofAmericansocietyandfindshimselfanexileinhisownland.Herethephrase“onehundredyearslater”hasbeenrepeatedthreetimes,seeminglyindicatingthatitisreallyalongtimefortheNegrotowaitforthecomingofthetimeofjusticeandrighteousness.(9)Butwerefusetobelievethatthebankofjusticeisbankrupt.WerefusetobelievethatthereareinsufficientfundsintheGREatvaultsofopportunityofthisnation.Thephrase“werefusetobelievethat…”hasbeenusedtwicetoindicatethespeaker‟sgoodhope.2.2.2 UseofParallelismParallelismisanothersyntacticover-regularity.Itmeansexactrepetitioninequivalentpositions.Itdiffersfromsimplerepetitioninthattheidentitydoesnotextendtoabsoluteduplication,it“requiressomevariablefeatureofthepattern-somecontrastingelementswhichare„parallel‟withrespecttotheirpositioninthepattern”(Leech,1969:66).Toputitsimply,parallelismmeansthebalancingofsentenceelementsthataregrammaticallyequal.Totakethemparallel,balancenounswithnouns,verbswithverbs,prepositionalphraseswithprepositionalphrases,clauseswithclauses,andsoforth.Inhisspeech,MartinLutherKingusesparallelismtocreateastrongrhythmtohelptheaudiencelineuphisideas.Herearefewexamples:(10)…bythemanaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination…(Par.2,twoparallelnounphrases)(11)“therewillbeneitherrestnortranquilityinAmerica…”(Par.5,twoparallelnounsjoinedwith“neither…nor”)Itistraditionallybelievedthatparallelismisusedforthepurposeofemphasizingandenhancing,esp.inspeech,theideasexpressedbythespeaker,thusalwaysencouragingandinspiringtheaudience.WeneednottobeverycarefullytofindoutmanymoreexamplesofparallelismusedinKing‟sspeechandclassifiedasislowed:A.parallelnouns:(12)1963isnotanend,butabeginning(Par.5,twoparallelnounsjoinedwith…but…”)B.Parallelnounphrases:(13)Sowehavetocametocashthischeck-acheckthatwillgiveasupondemandtherichesoffreedomandThesecurityofjustice.(Par.4)C.Parallelinfinitivephrases:(14)ItwouldbefetalforthenationtooverlooktheurgencyofthemomentandtounderestimatethedeterminationoftheNegro.(Par.5,twoparallelinfinitivephrases)D.Parallelprepositionalphrases(15)…,whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity,…(Par.25)E.Parallelclauses:(16)…,havecometorealizethattheirdestinyistiedupwithourdestinyand(that)theirfreedomisinextricablyboundtourfreedom.(Par.6,twoparallelobjectivese)2.2.3UseofSimilesandMetaphorsAstwoveryimportanttypesofmeaningtransferenceinliterature,similesandmetaphorsarecomparisonsthatshowsimilaritiesinthingsthatarebasicallydifferent,whichcanbeusedtoaddvividnessandvitalitytowriting.AsLeechpointsout,metaphorisassociatedwithaparticularruleoftransferencewhichmaybecalledthe“metaphoricrule”.Thatis,thefigurativemeaningisderivedfromtheliteralmeaningoritis,asitwere,theliteralmeaning.Throughoutthespeech,Kingmakesextensiveuseofsimilesandmetaphors.Inparagraph1,forexample,KingcomparesTheEmancipationProclamationtotwo of first-“a daybreak”-comparesittothesunrise,which(inthiscase)ends“thelongnightofcaptivity”.Inparagraph2,hespeaksof“themanaclesofseGREgationandthechainsofdiscrimination,”comparingsegregationanddiscriminationunderwhichtheNegropeoplelivetothemanaclesandchainsonceusedonslaves.Therefore,itisveryclearthattheusingofsimilesandmetaphorscandefinitelyaddvividnessandvitalitytowritingandmakeiteasyforthereadersoraudiencetounderstand.Nowlet‟scitesomeofthesimilesandmetaphorsusedinKing‟sspeech.(17)Thisisnotime…totakethetranquilizingdragofgradualism.(Par.4,metaphor)(18)…wewillnotbesatisfieduntiljusticerollsdownlikewatersandrighteousnesslikeamightystream.(Par.7,Similes)2.2.4UseofContrastAlthoughmaybearhetoricaldeviceinsteadofastylisticone,contrasthasalsobeenusedeffectively,likerepetition,inthisspeech,achievingthefunctionofmakingcleartheideasofthespeaker.Inparagraphl,forexample,“GREatbe