2011年吉林大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2011年吉林大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1.StructureandVocabulary2.Cloze3.ReadingComprehension4.English-ChineseTranslation5.WritingStructureandVocabulary1．Thegovernmentallocatedaspecialsumofmoneyinordertoreinforcetheprosecutionoftheeffectivepolicy.A．practiceB．proceedingC．useD．implementation正确答案：D解析：名词词义辨析。prosecution意为“实行；起诉”，与选项中的implementati实on行(，执行)词义匹配。故答案为D。2．Thepatient’sunusualsymptomsconfoundedeventhemostexperienceddoctorofthehospital.A．confusedB．hitC．stimulatedD．confronted正确答案：A解析：动词词义辨析。confounded意为“使迷惑，使疑惑”，与选项中的confused(使迷惑，使疑惑)为同意A。表达。故答案为3．Forestsaredelicatesystemsthatifdisturbedcanbepermanentlydestroyed.A．expansiveB．complexC．unusualD．fragile正确答案：D解析：形容词词义辨析。根据句中destroyed判断，森林是很“脆弱的”，与选项中的fragile(脆弱的，易碎的)为同意D。表达。故答案为4．TheCharterhadbeenratifiedbyamajorityoftheparticipantswhoweretheonesthataskedforitsdraft.A．challengedB．approved

C．distributedD．attacked正确答案：B解析：动词词义辨析。ratified意为“批准，认可”，可以很容易判定与approved为同意B。表达。故答案为5．Astheguestsentered,theelderlyhostesswelcomedthemwithcordiality.A．refreshmentsB．sincerityC．happinessD．enthusiasm正确答案：D解析：名词词义辨析。根据句中theguest，theelderlyhostess提供的语境，guests应该是受到了热情的欢迎。cordiality与选项中的enthusiasm(热心，热忱，热情)为近义D。表达。故答案为6．Hespendsalotoftimegoingthroughfootballmagazines,makingintricatelists,andworkingoutcomprehensivestatistics.A．detailedB．misleadingC．complicatedD．ambiguous正确答案：C解析：形容词词义辨析。intricate意为“复杂的，错综的”，与complicated(复杂的，繁杂的)为同意C。ambiguous“模糊不清的；引起歧义的”。表达。故答案为7．Youdon’thavetobeafraidofbeingeatenthereinNewZealandbecauseithasfewpredatorycreatures.A．wildB．preyingC．nativeD．poisonous正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。分析句子，predatory的词义应与eaten相近，意为“食肉的，掠夺性的”，与preying(捕食，掠夺)对应。故答案为B。8．Probablythereisagoodreasonforherabsence,asshedoesn’tusuallystayawayfromwork.A．ConspicuouslyB．Prospectively

C．IncidentallyD．Presumably正确答案：D解析：副词词义辨析。conspicuously“显著地，明显地”；prospectively“可能，潜在，预期”；incidentally“偶然地，附带地”；presumably“大概，推测起来，可假定”。很明显，probably与presumably词义为D。相同。故答案9．Youarenotsupposedtotakeadvantageofsuchalittlegirlbymakingherworkfor50centsanhour.A．exploitB．exportC．exposeD．exchange正确答案：A解析：动词词义辨析。takeadvantageof为固定短语，意为“利用”。对比选项中的动词，只有exploit(开发；开拓，开采)与其意思接近。故答案为A。10．StudentsoftheBerrySchoolforMountainChildrenhelpedpayfortheireducationbydoingpart-timelaborthatpertainedtotheirparticularcourseofstudy.A．resultinB．beganwithC．paidforD．wasrelatedto正确答案：B解析：词组辨析。pertainedto为固定用法，意为“属于……；适合……”。选项中，只有beganwith(开始于)与其意思接近。故答案为B。11．EventhoughformidablewintersarethenormintheDakotas,manypeoplewereunpreparedforthe______oftheblizzardof1888.A．inevitabilityB．ferocityC．importanceD．probability正确答案：B解析：名词词义辨析。inevitability“无可规避，注定发生”；ferocity“凶恶，根据句中转折词Eventhough，空格填入的词应与formidable意思故答案为B。凶猛，残忍”。相近。12．Whilenurturingparentscancompensateforadversity,coldorinconsistentparentsmay______it.

A．exacerbateB．neutralizeC．eradicateD．relieve正确答案：A解析：动词词义辨析。exacerbate“使加剧；使恶化”；neutralize“使成为无效，抵消，使中立化”；eradicate“根除，杜绝”；relieve“减轻，缓解，舒缓”。根据句中While判定，空格填入的词应与compensate意思相对，“冷漠和言行不一的父母则有可能使之加剧恶化”。故答案为A。13．Incertainformsofwriting,thecentralpointofamessagecanbeeffectivelycommunicatedeventhoughthispointisnot______.A．preferredB．explicitC．inferableD．discerned正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。根据句中effectivelycommunicated提供的信息，能与thispoint(中心意思)搭配的形容词只能是explicit(详尽的，明确的)。故答案B。inferable“能理解的，能推论的”；discerned“辨为明的，觉察出的”。14．Whentheplanewashitbytheenemy’sbombitmadea______diveandplungedintotheocean.A．vigorousB．verticalC．visualD．virtual正确答案：B解析：固定用法。averticaldive为常见表达，意为“垂直俯冲”。故答案为B。15．Thefinaldocumentwasofcourse,supposedtomendthedamage______upontheworldbythewar.A．imposedB．impressedC．compelledD．compressed正确答案：A解析：动词词义辨析。impose“强加”；impress“给……以深刻印象”；compel“强迫”；compress“压缩”。根据句意，战争给世界“造成”的创伤可知答案为

A。16．Themagicianpickedseveralpersons______fromtheaudienceandaskedthemtohelphimwiththeperformance.A．byaccidentB．onoccasionC．atrandomD．onaverage正确答案：C解析：介词短语用法。byaccident“意外地”；onoccasion“偶尔”；atrandom“随便地，胡乱地”；onaverage“平均计算”。根据句意，魔术师从audience中为C。点几个人协助表演，这种情况应该是随意的。故答案17．Ileftfortheofficeearlierthanusualthismorning______trafficjam.A．inlinewithB．forthesakeofC．incaseofD．attheriskof正确答案：C解析：介词短语用法。inlinewith“与……一致”；forthesakeof“为了……目的”；incaseof“假如，如果发生；防备”；attheriskof“冒……危险；以……为赌注”。根据句意earlierthanusual与trafficjam之间是因果关系。为C。故答案18．Becauseitistoohotinthatstorehouse,the______ofthosefruitsseemstobeinevitable.A．deteriorationB．detractionC．detrimentD．detention正确答案：A解析：名词词义辨析。deterioration“恶化，变坏；退化”；detraction“诽谤”；detriment“损害，伤害”；detention“滞留；延迟”。根据句意，仓库toohot会导为A。致水果“变坏”，这种情况是不可避免的。故答案19．AreportsubmittedtothePeople’sCongressinthisyear______recommendedaconcertednationalefforttocrackdowncorruptionandbureaucracy.A．officiallyB．emphaticallyC．respectfullyD．delightedly

正确答案：B解析：副词词义辨析。officially“正强调地”；respectfully“尊敬地”；delightedly“高兴地，欣喜地”。为B。式地；官方地”；emphatically“着重地；根据句意，人大报告“着重”建议国家协调一致努力打击腐败和官僚主义。故答案20．ThemurderchargeagainstBeckwithhasbeen______forlackofevidence.A．discardedB．refusedC．eliminatedD．dismissed正确答案：D解析：上下文语义。根据句中murdercharge，lackofevidence提供的语境，汇。选项中，dismissed有“开除，解为D。空格应填入与法律相关的词散”的意思，但还有“驳回”之意。故答案21．Thepeoplewhoobjectedtothenewroadweretoldthatsinceworkhadalreadystartedtherewasnopointin______.A．contradictingB．protestingC．provokingD．refusing正确答案：B解析：动名词词义辨析。根据句意，空格应填入与objected意思相近的名词。选项中，protesting(抗议，反对)符合要求。为B。contradicting“矛盾”；provoking“刺激；令人深思”。故答案22．Thereceptionwasattendedbyvarious______membersofthelocalcommunityandrepresentativesofregionalindustries.A．notoriousB．peculiarC．prominentD．profound正确答案：C解析：形容词词义辨析。notorious“臭名昭著的”；peculiar“奇怪的，罕见的”；prominent“卓越的，突出的”；profound“深刻的，深切的”。此处是指“地方社区的杰出成员”。故答案为C。根据句意，23．Thecompanydirectorsaskedthegovernmentto______inthedisputeandpreventastrike.A．intervene

B．interactC．interceptD．interrupt正确答案：A解析：动词词义辨析。intervene“干涉，介入”，与between或in搭配，故答案为A。interact“相互作用，相互影响”，与with搭配；intercept“拦截，劫夺”；interrupt“打断；中断”，与with搭配。句意：公司董事要求政府介入争端，阻止罢工。24．Executivesofthecompanyenjoyedan______lifestyleoffreegifts,finewinesandhighsalaries.A．exquisiteB．extravagantC．exoticD．eccentric正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。exquisite“精细的”；“外来的”；eccentric“奇怪的”。根据句意，freegifts，finewinesandhighsalariesB。extravagant“奢华的”；exotic都属于“豪华的”生活。故答案为25．Oneoftheexaminationquestions______mecompletelyandIcould’tanswerit.A．baffledB．mingledC．provokedD．diverted正确答案：A解析：动词词义辨析。根据句意，空格应填入与could’tanswer意思相选项中，baffled有“A。mingled“混合”；provoked“挑衅，激怒”；diverted“转移，近的词。被难住”的意思。故答案为分神”。26．Atfirsteverythingwentwellwiththeprojectbutrecentlywehavehadanumberof______withthemachinery.A．disturbancesB．setbacksC．outputsD．distortions正确答案：B解析：名词词义辨析。根据句中的转折词but判断，空格应填入与wentwellwith意思相对的词。从而使Atfirst和recently形成对比。选项中，setbacks意为

“挫折；障碍”，符合句意。故答案为B。disturbances“骚乱；打扰”；outputs“产量；输出”；distortions“歪曲，变形”。27．Thegovernmentcannottakeprivatepropertyforpublicusewithout______.A．premiumB．repaymentC．refundD．compensation正确答案：B解析：名词词义辨析。premium“奖金，奖品”；repayment“酬劳，还款”；refund“退，偿还”；compensation“赔偿金，索赔”。根据句意可知，政府不能无偿地将私人财产充以公用。故答案为B。28．Whencollegestudents______futureemployment,theyoftenthinkofstatus,incomeandprestige.A．anticipateB．applyC．demandD．assume正确答案：A解析：动词词义辨析。根据句意，空格应填入与thinkof意思相近的词，“大学生们期望他们未来的工作”。选项中仅anticipate有“期望”的意思。故答案为A。29．Theconsumersdemandnotonlythattheproductsconformtothesestandardsbutalsothattheenvironmentandproductionconditionsofmanufacture______standardrequirements.A．complywithB．comparewithC．discordwithD．parallelwith正确答案：A解析：动词词组辨析。根据句中notonly…butalso…的句型判定，空格应填入与conformto意思相近的词组。选项中，只有complywith(照做，遵守)符合要求。故答案为A。30．Astronautsare______allkindsoftestsbeforetheyareactuallysentupinaspacecraft.A．inclinedtoB．boundtoC．proneto

D．subjectedto正确答案：D解析：动词词组辨析。inclinedto“倾向于；有……的倾向”；boundto“一定会，束缚于”；proneto“有……倾向的”；subjectedto“承受，使某人经历某事”。根据句意，Astronauts被送上spacecraft上前需“经历”各种测试。故答案为D。ClozeTomanagerhopingtoblossomasabusinessleadermustdeveloptheskilltocommunicateeffectively.Oneoftheforemosttasksofaleaderistocreate【C1】______toacause.Todothathemustfirstcommunicatetobuildmutualunderstanding.【C2】______amanagercommunicatesmostlyto【C3】______information,aleaderusescommunicationstobuildrelationships.Amanageroverwhelmsotherswithdetailsandstill【C4】______themcold.Aleader【C5】______theirheartsbycombininghisvisionwiththeir【C6】______inacommoncause.MostAsianbusinessleadersareinstinctively【C7】______relationshipbuilding【C8】______directcommunications.Buttheydon’tusethemassmediasowell.Whilefacetofacecommunicationsis【C9】______,itisnotenoughintoday’sbigbusiness.【C10】______theirwestern【C11】______,theyarenotsomuchfrightenedbymassmedia’spotentialtomagnify,distort,andexpose.Theproblemliesmoreinthe【C12】______ofprofessionalsupport【C13】______tothem.InmostAsiancompaniesthepublicaffairsfunctioneitherdoesnotexistor【isC14】______routinechoresremovedfromhelpingtheCEOtocommunicatewithwideraudiences.Thereasonprimarilyisthatthe【C15】______communicationsofficersareplacedquitelowintheorganizationalhierarchy.Asia’sneedforbusinessleaderswhoare【C16】______inusingmassmediatoinvolvethepublic【C17】______theeconomicdevelopmentdreamhasneverbeengreaten.Televisionandtheprintmediahaveanenormous【C18】______onthepublic’sperceptionofbusiness.Ourbusinessleadershavenotyetfacedanunsympatheticpress.Theyshouldstartnow【C19】______thedaynotbetoofaraway【C20】______theyaresuddenlyforcedtoentertheperilousarenaofpubliccommunications.31．【C1】A．dedicationB．responsibilityC．commitmentD．commission正确答案：C解析：名词词义辨析。空格后的cause在这里为名词，意为“事业，目标”。dedication“奉献精神”；responsibility“责任”；commitment“承诺”；commission

“委员会”。根据句意，能与create(建立)和cause搭配的名词只能是commitment。故答案为C。32．【C2】A．SinceB．WhenC．BecauseD．While正确答案：D解析：逻辑关系。根据下文的buildrelationships与上文中的buildmutualunderstanding是对比关系，此处应用表转折的词。选项中，只有While(然而，可是)符合题意。故答案为D。33．【C3】A．transportB．carryC．conveyD．express正确答案：C解析：近义词辨析。根据题意，空格应填入“传递，表达”的信息，可先排除A、B两项。convey“传递，运输，表达”；express“表达”，在信息的表达上用convey较合适。故答案为C。34．【C4】A．leavesB．keepsC．makesD．renders正确答案：A解析：leave的用法。表示让员工处于某种状态。故答案为A。35．【C5】A．movesB．touchesC．stimulatesD．loses正确答案：B解析：动词词义辨析。根据句意，此处是指“领导者会触动职员们的内心”。选项中，touches意为“触动，联系”，符合要求。故答案为B。

36．【C6】A．aspirationsB．inspirationsC．perspirationD．persuasion正确答案：D解析：名词词义辨析。aspirations“愿望，抱负”；inspirations“启示”；perspiration“汗水，流汗”；persuasion“说服，劝服，信念”。根据句意可知，领导者通过一个常见的事集合自己及员工的看法来说服他们。故答案为D。37．【C7】A．goodatB．poorinC．excelinD．indifferentto正确答案：A解析：介词短语辨析。由下文But可知有转折之意，与下句中的don’t…sowell意思相反，也就是MostAsianbusinessleaders善于……。故答案为A。38．【C8】A．throughoutB．throughC．therebyD．during正确答案：B解析：介词用法。根据题意，应为“通过”直接联系来建立……选项中，只有through有“通过；经，由”的意思。故答案为B。39．【C9】A．vitalB．utmostC．ultimateD．chief正确答案：A解析：形容词词义辨析。根据句中的转折词While判定，此句承接上句，他们用不好themassmedia，但是facetofacecommunications是极其重要的。选项中，vital意为“A。极重要的”，符合句意。故答案为40．【C10】A．Unlike

B．LikeC．AsD．With正确答案：A解析：上下文语义。根据句中Asian和western信息，可知本段主要讲东、西方领导者的区别。故答案为A。41．【C11】A．colleaguesB．cooperatorsC．coordinatorsD．counterparts正确答案：D解析：名词词义辨析。colleagues“同事”；cooperators“合作者”；coordinators“协调者”；counterparts“同行，人或物”。根据句意，此处是指“和西D。极相似的方的同行相比”。故答案为42．【C12】A．abundanceB．wantC．needD．lack正确答案：D解析：名词词义辨析。前句：领导们不担心大众传媒的放大、扭曲的潜力。与此进行对比，他们担心的是“缺少”能够提供给他们更多专业支持的帮助。后句故答案为D。43．【C13】A．availableB．accessibleC．disposableD．transferable正确答案：A解析：固定搭配。availableto意为“提供给……”，为固定用法且符合句意。accessible“可接近的”；disposable“可支配的”；transferable“可A。转让的”，均不合题意。故答案为44．【C14】A．resignedB．assigned

C．awardedD．distributed正确答案：B解析：动词词义辨析。根据句意，能与routinechores(日常事务)搭配的动词只能是assigned(分配，指定)。故答案为B。awarded“授予”。45．【C15】A．cooperationB．corporateC．incorporateD．commercial正确答案：B解析：固定用法。corporatecommunicationsofficers意为“公关人员”，是固定用法。故答案为B。46．【C16】A．competitiveB．competitorsC．competingD．competent正确答案：D解析：形容词词义辨析。根据who引导的定语从句修饰leaders，由usingmassmedia判定，选项中，competent(胜任的，的)符合要求。故答案为D。competitive“竞争的，比赛的”；competing“相互矛抵触的”。此处是指“有能力的领导人”。有能力盾的，47．【C17】A．inB．intoC．withD．within正确答案：A解析：固定搭配。involve应与介词in搭配，意为“使参与，使参加”。故答案为A。48．【C18】A．affectB．impactC．impetusD．impulse

正确答案：B解析：固定搭配。haveanimpactonsth．意为“对……有影响”，为固定搭Televisionandtheprintmedia对商业公众的看法产生了巨大影响，C项不合题意。故答案为B。配。此句大意是而不是促进看法观点，故49．【C19】A．nowthatB．unlessC．thoughD．as正确答案：D解析：逻辑关系。根据句意分析，前后构成因果关系。选项中，as可作连词，意为“既然，由于”，引导原因状语从句，常用来表示已为人们所知或显而易见的原因或理由。故答案为D。50．【C20】A．wheneverB．whicheverC．whenD．whatever正确答案：C解析：状语从句。空格的词引导定语从句修饰theday，作从句的时间状语。选项中，只有when可以引导时间状语从句，意为“当……的时候”。故答案为C。ReadingComprehensionTherelationshipbetweenthehomeandmarketeconomieshasgonethroughtwodistinctstages.Earlyindustrializationbegantheprocessoftransferringsomeproductionprocesses(e.g.clothmaking,sewingandcanningfoods)fromthehometothemarketplace.Althoughthehomeeconomycouldstillproducethesegoods,theprocesseswerelaboriousandthemarketeconomywasusuallymoreefficient.Soon,themoreimportantsecondstagewasevident—themarketplacebeganproducinggoodsandservicesthathadneverbeenproducedbythehomeeconomy,andthehomeeconomywasunabletoproducethem(e.g.electricityandelectricalappliances,theautomobile,advancededucation,sophisticatedmedicalcare).Inthesecondstage,thequestionofwhetherthehomeeconomywaslessefficientinproducingthesenewgoodsandserviceswasirrelevant;ifthefamilyweretoenjoythesefruitsofindustrialization,theywouldhavetobeobtainedinthemarketplace.Thetraditionalwaysoftakingcareoftheseneedsinthehome,suchasinnursingthesick,becamesociallyunacceptable(and,inmostseriouscases,probablylesssuccessful).Justastheappearanceoftheautomobilemadetheuseofthehorse-drawncarriageillegaland

thenimpractical,andtheappearanceoftelevisionchangedtheradiofromasourceofentertainmenttoasourceofbackgroundmusic,somostofthefruitsofeconomicgrowthdidnotincreasetheoptionsavailabletothehomeeconomytoeitherproducethegoodsorservicesorpurchasetheminthemarket.Growthbroughtwithitincreasedvarietyinconsumergoods,butnotincreasedflexibilityforthehomeeconomyinobtainingthesegoodsandservices.Instead,economicgrowthbroughtwithitincreasedconsumerrelianceonthemarketplace.Inordertoconsumethesenewgoodsandservices,thefamilyhadtoenterthemarketplaceaswageearnersandconsumers.Theneoclassicalmodelthatviewsthefamilyasdecidingwhethertoproducegoodsandservicesdirectlyortopurchasetheminthemarketplaceisbasicallyamodelofthefirststage.Itcannotaccuratelybeappliedtothesecond(andcurrent)stage.51．ThereasonwhymanyproductionprocessweretakenoverbythemarketplacewasthatA．itwasanecessarystepintheprocessofindustrializationB．theydependedonelectricityavailableonlytothemarketeconomyC．itwastroublesometoproducesuchgoodsinthehomeD．themarketplacewasmoreefficientwithrespecttotheseprocesses正确答案：D解析：细节推理题。根据题干关键词production和process定位到原文第三句。原句中的moreefficient与选项D重现，原句中的market与选项D中的marketplace为同根词，选项D中的theseprocesses指代的是thehomeeconomy。D。故答案为52．Itcanbeseenfromthepassagethatinthesecondstage______.A．sometraditionalgoodsandserviceswerenotsuccessfulwhenprovidedbythehomeeconomyB．themarketeconomyprovidednewgoodsandservicesneverproducedbythehomeeconomyC．producingtraditionalgoodsathomebecamesociallyunacceptableD．whethernewgoodsandserviceswereproducedbythehomeeconomybecameirrelevant正确答案：B解析：细节推理题。根据题干关键词inthesecondstage定位到原文第五句。原句对thehomeeconomy否定，在第二阶段，电力获得，只能从themarketeconomy获得。原句中的newgoodsandservices与选项B重现，原句中的irrelevant与选项B中的neverproducedby对应。B。、电器、先进的教育等不能从家庭经济中故答案为53．Duringthesecondstage,ifthefamilywantedtoconsumenewgoodsand

services,theyhadtoenterthemarketplace______.A．ascustomersB．aswageearnersC．bothasmanufacturersandconsumersD．bothasworkersandpurchasers正确答案：C解析：细节事实题。根据题干关键词toconsumenewgoodsandservices，hadtoenterthemarketplace定位到原文第十句。原句中的aswageearnersandconsumers与选项C对应。故答案为C。54．Economicgrowthdidnotmakeitmoreflexibleforthehomeeconomytoobtainthenewgoodsandservicesbecause______.A．thefamilywasnotefficientinproductionB．itwasillegalforthehomeeconomytoproducethemC．itcouldnotsupplythembyitselfD．themarketforthesegoodsandserviceswaslimited正确答案：C解析：细节判断题。根据题干关键词didnotmakeitmoreflexibleforthehomeeconomytoobtainthenewgoodsandservices定位到原文第八句。homeeconomy具体的原因在原文第七句。原句中的economicgrowthdidnotincreasetheoptionsavailabletothehomeeconomy与选项C对应。故答案为C。55．Theneoclassicalmodelisbasicallyamodelofthefirststage,becauseatthisstage______.A．thefamilycouldrelyeitheronthehomeeconomyonthemarketplacefortheneededgoodsandservicesB．manyproductionprocesseswerebeingtransferredtothemarketplaceC．consumersreliedmoreandmoreonthemarketeconomyD．thefamilycoulddecidehowtotransferproductionprocessestothemarketplace正确答案：A解析：细节推理题。根据题干关键词Theneoclassicalmodel定位到原文最后两句。原句中的thefamily…goodsandservices与选项A重现，原句中的decidingwhether…or…与选项A中的relyeitheron对应，家庭既可以通过家族产业也可以A。通过市场来交易它们。故答案为Aswehaveseen,thefocusofmedicalcareinoursocietyhasbeenshiftingfromcuringdiseasetopreventingdisease—especiallyinterm’sofchangingourmanyunhealthybehaviors,suchaspooreatinghabits,smoking,andfailuretoexercise.Thelineofthoughtinvolvedinthisshiftcanbepursuedfurther.Imagineapersonwhoisabouttherightweight,butdoesnotearverynutritiousgoods,whofeels

OKbutexercisesonlyoccasionally.Thispersonisnotill.She/Hemaynotevenbeatriskforanyparticulardisease.Butwecanimaginethatthispersoncouldbealothealthier.Thefieldofmedicinehasnottraditionallydistinguishedbetweensomeonewhoismerely“notill”andsomeonewhoisinexcellenthealthandpaysattentiontothebody’sspecialneeds.Bothtypeshavesimplybeencalled“well”.Inrecentyears,however,somehealthspecialistshavebeguntoapplytheterms“well”and“wellness”onlytothosewhoareactivelystrivingtomaintainandimprovetheirhealth.Peoplewhoarewellareconcernedwithnutritionandexercise,andtheymakeapointofmonitoringtheirbody’scondition.Mostimportant,perhaps,peoplewhoarewelltakeactiveresponsibilityforallmattersrelatedtotheirhealth.Evenpeoplewhohaveaphysicaldiseaseorhandicapmaybe“well”inthisnewsense,iftheymakeanefforttomaintainthebestpossiblehealththeycaninthefaceoftheirphysicallimitations.“Wellness”mayperhapsbestbeviewednotasastatethatpeoplecanachieve,butasanidealthatpeoplecanstrivefor.Peoplewhoarewellarelikelytobebetterabletoresistdiseaseandtofightdiseasewhenitstrikes.Andbyfocusingattentiononhealthywaysofliving,theconceptofwellnesscanhaveabeneficialimpactonthewaysinwhichpeoplefacethechallengesofdailylife.56．Todaymedicalcareisplacingmorestresson______.A．removingpeople’sbadlivinghabitsB．monitoringpatients’bodyfunctionsC．ensuringpeople’spsychologicalwell-beingD．keepingpeopleinahealthyphysicalcondition正确答案：A解析：细节事实题。根据题干关键词medicalcare定位到原文首段首句。原句中的changingourmanyunhealthybehaviors与选项A对应。故答案为A。57．Traditionally,apersonisconsidered“well”ifshe/he______.A．doesnothaveanyunhealthylivinghabitsB．doesnothaveanyphysicalhandicapsC．isabletohandlehisdailyroutinesD．isfreefromanykindofdisease正确答案：D解析：细节推断题。根据题干关键词traditionally定位到原文第二段首句。原句中的notill与选项D对应，传统医学界没有就“不生病”和“身体健康”作出明确的区分，即传统医学界认为“不生病”就是“身体健康”。故答案为D。58．Accordingtotheauthor,thetruemeaningof“wellness”isforpeopleto______.A．beatsatisfytheirbody’sspecialneedsB．strivetomaintainthebestpossiblehealth

C．meetthestricteststandardsofbodilyhealthD．keepaproperbalancebetweenworkandleisure正确答案：B解析：语义题。根据题干信息定位到原文第二段第三句。原句对于“健康”给出新的定义，即不是人们可以达到的一种状态，而是一种努力追求的理想。故答案为B。59．Whichofthefollowinggroupsofpeoplewouldbeconsideredhealthy?A．Peoplewhohavestrongmuscleswellasslimfigures.B．Peoplewhoarenotpresentlyexperiencinganysymptomsofdisease.C．Peoplewhotrytobeashealthyaspossible,regardlessoftheirlimitations.D．Peoplewhocanrecoverfromillnessevenwithoutseekingmedicalcare.正确答案：C解析：细节推理题。根据原文第二段尾句可知，原句中的thebestpossiblehealth与选项C中的beashealthyaspossible对应，原句中的physicallimitations与选项C中的theirlimitations对应，健康的人就应该是那些无论身体有何局限都努力追求最有可能的健康状态的人。故答案为C。60．Peoplewhoarewellarelikelytobebetterableto______.A．earnmoremoneyB．resistanylightdiseaseC．influenceotherpeople’slifeD．challengetheconceptofwellness正确答案：D解析：细节判断题。本题可定位至尾段最后两句。可迅速排除选项A、C。虽然选项B为文案为D，中原句，但D项意思更全面，更能表达文章的整体意思。故答Chemistrydidnotemergeas:scienceuntilafterthescientificrevolutionin17thcenturyandthenonlyratherslowlyandlaboriously.Butchemicalknowledgeisasoldashistory,beingalmostentirelyconcernedwiththepracticalartsofliving.Cookingisessentiallyachemicalprocess;soisthemeltingofmetalsandtheadministrationofdrugsandpotions.Thisbasicchemicalknowledge,whichwasappliedinmostcasesasaruleofthumb,wasneverthelessdependentonpreviousexperiment.Italsoservedtostimulateafundamentalcuriosityabouttheprocessesthemselves.Newinformationwasalwaysbeinggainedasartisansimprovedtechniquestogainbetterresults.Thedevelopmentofascientificapproachtochemistrywas,however,hamperedbyseveralfactors.Themostseriousproblemwasthevastrangeofmaterialavailableandtheconsequentdifficultyoforganizingitintosomesystem.Inaddition,thereweresocialandintellectualdifficulties.Chemistryisnothingifnotpractical:thosewhopracticeitmustusetheirhands,theymusthavea

certainpracticalaptitude.Yetinmanyancientcivilizations,practicaltaskswereprimarilytheprovinceofaslavepopulation.Thethinkerorphilosopherstoodapartfromthismundaneworld,wherethepracticalartsappearedtolackanyintellectualcontentorinterest.Thefinalproblemforearlychemicalsciencewastheelementofsecrecy.Expertsinspecifictradeshaddevelopedtheirowntechniquesandguardedtheirknowledgetopreventothersfromstealingtheirlivelihood.Anotherfactorthatcontributedtosecrecywastheesotericnatureoftheknowledgeofalchemists,whoweretryingtotransformbasemetalsintogoldorwereconcernedwiththehuntfortheelixir(炼金药).Thatwouldbestowtheblessingofeternallife.Inonesense,thesecondofthesewasthemoreseriousimpedimentbecausetherecordsofthechemicalprocessesthatearlyalchemistshaddiscoveredwereoftenwrittendowninsymboliclanguageintelligibletoveryfeworinsymbolsthatwerepurposelyobscure.61．Themaintopicofthepassageis______.A．thescientificrevolutioninthe17thcenturyB．reasonsthatchemistrydevelopedC．thepracticalaspectsofchemistryD．difficultiesoforganizingknowledgesystematically正确答案：B解析：主旨题。原文每段的首句为主题句，仔细分析，可以知道本篇文章是对化学的历史及其发展进程的叙述。故答案为B。62．Accordingtothepassage,howdidknowledgeaboutchemicalprocessesincreasebeforethe17thcentury?A．Philosophersdevisedtheoriesaboutchemicalproperties.B．Aspecialsymboliclanguagewasdeveloped.C．Experienceledworkerstorevisetheirtechniques.D．Expertssharedtheirdiscoverieswiththepublic.正确答案：C解析：细节推理题。根据题干关键词17thcentury定位到原文首句。新知识增加的具体方式在原文首段尾句。原句中的artisansimprovedtechniquestogainbetterresults与选项C对应，新知识的增加来自于工匠们的改进积累。故答案C。为63．WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasoneofthefactorsblockedthedevelopmentofchemistryasascience?A．Thedifficultyoforganizingmaterialsinsystem.B．Socialandintellectualdifficulties.C．Theelementofsecrecy.D．Thedifficultyofimprovingtechniques.

正确答案：D解析：细节判断题。选项A、B与第二段二、三两句对应；选项C与原文尾段对炼金术士保守秘密的做法对应。文章并没有提及选项D。故答案为D。64．Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexplainswhy“thesecondofthesewasthemoreseriousimpediment”(lastsentence,Para.3)?A．Chemicalknowledgewaslimitedtoasmallnumberofpeople.B．Thesymboliclanguageusedwasveryimprecise.C．Veryfewnewdiscoveriesweremadebyalchemists.D．Therecordsofthechemicalprocesseswerenotbasedonexperiments.正确答案：A解析：细节推理题。尾段尾句提到因为炼金术士知识的神秘性，他们还将研究成果记录于故意让人不懂的符号中，总的说来，这些都是由于化学知识局限于少数人的手里。故答案为A。65．WhichofthefollowingoccupationsdoestheauthorimplythatdoesNOTrequireanyknowledgeofchemicalprocesses?A．Cook.B．Artisan.C．Metalworker.D．Philosopher.正确答案：D解析：细节事实题。根据原文第二段尾句可知Thethinker(思想家)orphilosopher(哲学家)与此劳碌绝不沾边。故答案为D。Inthepast,Americancollegesanduniversitieswerecreatedtoserveadualpurposetoadvancelearningandtoofferachancetobecomefamiliarwithbodiesofknowledgealreadydiscoveredtothosewhowishedit.Tocreateandtoimpart,thesewerethedistinctivefeaturesofAmericanhighereducationpriortothemostrecent,disorderlydecadesofthetwentiethcentury.Thesuccessfulinstitutionofhigherlearninghadneverbeenonewhosemissioncouldbedefinedintermsofprovidingvocationalskillsorasastrategyforresolvingsocietalproblems.InasubtlewayAmericansbelievedhighereducationtobeuseful,butnotnecessarilyofimmediateuse.AnotherpurposehasnowbeenassignedtothemissionofAmericancollegesanduniversities.Institutionsofhigherlearning—publicorprivate—commonlyfacethechallengeofdefiningtheirprogramsinsuchawayastocontributetotheserviceofthecommunity.Thisservicerolehasvariousapplications.Mostcommonareprogramstomeetthedemandsofregionalemploymentmarkets,toprovideopportunitiesforupwardsocialandeconomicmobility,toachieveracial,ethnic,orsocialintegration,ormoregenerallytoproduce“productive”ascomparedto“educated”