2022年在职研究生考试英语模拟练习题及答案(三)

2022在职研究生考试英语模拟练习题及答案（三）Passage3

Theworldisfullofnewhorrorsandthere猀noplacetohide.Whosaysso?Disasterpsychologists,forastart.Theyarethepeoplewhotakeinthebigpictureofourcollectivereactionstohuman-createddisaster,thewaysthesereactionsarecaused,andourcopingmechanisms.Andresearchintodisasterpsychologyisgrowingfast.

Amongthebigissuesbeingaddressedbytheseresearchersareunderstandingtheterroristsweapons,assessingthefullimpactofterrorism—and,crucially,workingoutwhichpsychologicalapproachesactuallywork.It猀adeeplycontroversialarea.

TaketheworkofDennisEmbryasanexample.Hearguesthatwehaveoverlookedtheobvious:thepurposeofterrorismistocreateterror.Thisworksbest“iftheverysymbolsofeverydaylifebecomeconditionedfearandanxietystimulant”。Thetoptargetswillbethemostsymbolicofanation猀dailylife,preferablyservedupforprime-timetelevision.CrashingplanesfromUnitedandAmericanAirlinesintotheTwinTowersandthePentagonfrom8.46amonmetthoseobjectivesalltooperfectly.Aftertheattacks,peoplestoppedflying.Why?Notbecausetheyhadmadearationalriskassessmentbutbecausethemerethoughtofflyingmadetheirpalmssweat.

Fromterrorismtorailcrashes,counselingand“debriefing”(盘问)arethestandardresponsetohelpthosecaughtupindisasters.Buttherearegrowingdoubtsabouttheireffectiveness.Whatmightbegoingwrong?Debriefingfocusesongettingpeopletotalkthroughthetrauma(损伤)anditsemotionalconsequencessoonaftertheincident.Coulditbethatsomepeoplearebetterbydistancingthemselvesfromwhathappened,ratherthanretellingit?

41.Disasterpsychologyreferstothestudyofhowto__________.

A.avoidhuman-createddisasters

B.copewithhumanreactionstodisasters

C.reducetheworstnaturaldisasters

D.preventgrowingterrorism

42.Thepassagetellsusthatdisasterpsychologyis__________.

A.ahighlycontroversialarea

B.awell-establishedscience

C.notassociatedwithterrorism

D.notapartofscientificstudy

43.AccordingtoDennisEmbry,howdoterroristsreachtheirgoals?

A.Byoverlookingthemostobviousofeverydaylife.

B.Bysettingupnewsymbolsforanation猀dailylife.

C.Byturningsymbolsofeverydaylifeintofearandanxietystimulant.

D.Throughhijackingbigplanesfromthemostfamousinternationalairlines.

44.Whydopeopleusuallystopflyingafterterroristattacks?

A.Becausetheyareterrifiedofflying.

B.Becausetheybelieveinrationalriskassessment.

C.Becausetheirpalmswillbecometoosweatyforthemtofly.

D.Becausetheycan琀decidewhichairlinewillbethesafest.

45.Counselinganddebriefingmaynotbeeffectivemethodsbecause__________.

A.thereisfiercecontroversyinthisarea

B.manyresearchhaveprovedthis

C.somepeoplemayhidetheirtruefeelings

D.somepeoplemayfeelbettertoforgetthedisaster

Passage3

Theworldisfullofnewhorrorsandthere猀noplacetohide.Whosaysso?Disasterpsychologists,forastart.Theyarethepeoplewhotakeinthebigpictureofourcollectivereactionstohuman-createddisaster,thewaysthesereactionsarecaused,andourcopingmechanisms.Andresearchintodisasterpsychologyisgrowingfast.

Amongthebigissuesbeingaddressedbytheseresearchersareunderstandingtheterroristsweapons,assessingthefullimpactofterrorism—and,crucially,workingoutwhichpsychologicalapproachesactuallywork.It猀adeeplycontroversialarea.

TaketheworkofDennisEmbryasanexample.Hearguesthatwehaveoverlookedtheobvious:thepurposeofterrorismistocreateterror.Thisworksbest“iftheverysymbolsofeverydaylifebecomeconditionedfearandanxietystimulant”。Thetoptargetswillbethemostsymbolicofanation猀dailylife,preferablyservedupforprime-timetelevision.CrashingplanesfromUnitedandAmericanAirlinesintotheTwinTowersandthePentagonfrom8.46amonmetthoseobjectivesalltooperfectly.Aftertheattacks,peoplestoppedflying.Why?Notbecausetheyhadmadearationalriskassessmentbutbecausethemerethoughtofflyingmadetheirpalmssweat.

Fromterrorismtorailcrashes,counselingand“debriefing”(盘问)arethestandardresponsetohelpthosecaughtupindisasters.Buttherearegrowingdoubtsabouttheireffectiveness.Whatmightbegoingwrong?Debriefingfocusesongettingpeopletotalkthroughthetrauma(损伤)anditsemotionalconsequencessoonaftertheincident.Coulditbethatsomepeoplearebetterbydistancingthemselvesfromwhathappened,ratherthanretellingit?

41.Disasterpsychologyreferstothestudyofhowto__________.

A.avoidhuman-createddisasters

B.copewithhumanreactionstodisasters

C.reducetheworstnaturaldisasters

D.preventgrowingterrorism

42.Thepassagetellsusthatdisasterpsychologyis__________.

A.ahighlycontroversialarea

B.awell-establishedscience

C.notassociatedwithterrorism

D.notapartofscientificstudy

43.AccordingtoDennisEmbry,howdoterroristsreachtheirgoals?

A.Byoverlookingthemostobviousofeverydaylife.

B.Bysettingupnewsymbolsforanation猀dailylife.

C.Byturningsymbolsofeverydaylifeintofearandanxietystimulant.

D.Throughhijackingbigplanesfromthemostfamousinternationalairlines.

44.Whydopeopleusuallystopflyingafterterroristattacks?

A.Becausetheyareterrifiedofflying.

B.Becausetheybelieveinrationalriskassessment.

C.Becausetheirpalmswillbecometoosweatyforthemtofly.

D.Becausetheycan琀decidewhichairlinewillbethesafest.

45.Counselinganddebriefingmaynotbeeffectivemethodsbecause__________.

A.thereisfiercecontroversyinthisarea

B.manyresearchhaveprovedthis

C.somepeoplemayhidetheirtruefeelings

D.somepeoplemayfeelbettertoforgetthedisaster

Passage4

Bythemid-nineteenthcentury,theterm“icebox”hadenteredtheAmericanlanguage,buticewasstillonlybeginningtoaffectthedietofcommoncitizensintheUnitedStates.Asthetimewenton,icewasusedinhotels,andhospitals,andbysomeforward-lookingcitydealersinfreshfish,andbutter.AftertheCivilWar(1861~1865)，itcameintohouseholduse.Evenbefore1880,halftheicesoldinNewYork,Philadelphia,andonethirdofthatsoldinBostonandChicago,wenttofamiliesfortheirownuse.Thishadbecomepossiblebecauseanewhouseholdconvenience,theicebox,anearlierformofthemodernrefrigerator,hadbeeninvented.

Makinganefficienticeboxwasnotaseasyaswemightnowsuppose.Intheearlynineteenthcentury,theknowledgeofthephysicsofheatwasundeveloped.Thecommonsensethatthebesticeboxwasonethatpreventedtheicefrommelting(溶化)wasofcoursemistaken,foritwasthemeltingoftheicethatperformedthecooling.However,earlyeffortstosaveiceincludedwrappingtheiceinblankets,whichkepttheicefromdoingitsjob.Notuntilneartheendofthenineteenthcenturydidinventorsfindthewaysneededforanefficienticebox.

Butasearlyas1803,aMarylandfarmer,ThomasMoore,hadbeenontherightway.HeownedafarmabouttwentymilesoutsidethecityofWashington,forwhichthevillageofGeorgetownwasthemarketcenter.Whenheusedaniceboxofhisowndesigntotransporthisbuttertomarket,hefoundthatcustomerswouldrefusetobuytherapidlymeltingbutteroftheotherfarmerstopayahigherpriceforhisbutter,thebutterstillfreshandhard.Oneadvantageofhisicebox,Mooreexplained,wasthatfarmerswouldnolongerhavetotraveltomarketatnightinordertokeeptheirproducecool.

46.Thispassageismainlyabout______________.

A.theimportanceoftheiceboxinthemid-nineteenthcentury

B.thedevelopmentandimprovementoftheicebox

C.howtomakeanefficienticebox

D.animportantinventionofaMarylandfarmer

47.Inparagraph1,theword“forward-looking”(line3)probablymeans___________.

A.greedy

B.generous

C.lo