1994年考研英语试题及答案

SectionIStructureandPartABeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoices,[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5points)BythetimeyouarriveinLondon, inEuropefortwoshallhavewillhavehavebeenI theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearshavingbeenhavingtohavebeentohaveLivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems,obtainingwaterisnottheleast.offorTheheartis inligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.notnotmuchno thefactthathisinitialexperimentshadfailed,Prof.Whitepersistedinhisresearch.BecauseAsInspiteInviewnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitreligious,aswellasworldly,frameofistobehas shouldhave

inThemillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand,allpracticalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.couldwouldhavemightoughttohaveNobreadeatenbymanissosweet earnedbyhisownItisn’tcoldenoughfor afrosttonight,soIleaveJim’scaroutquitewouldtoScientistsgenerallyagreethattheEarth’sclimatewillwarmupoverthenext50to100yearsithaswarmedinthe20,000yearssincetheIceAge.aslongasmuchassoonaswellasPartBDirections:Eachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked,[C]and[D].Identifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectletterinthebrackets.(5points)SimilarelementsintheprehistoricA

frombothareasBthatnsandtheirneighbourshadC

distantbutconnectionsD

before1500B.ItsoonbecameA

thatinsteadofbeingB

tosing

betrainedD

theastronomer’sHealsoA

thatthesolarsystemandtheuniversewouldBintoexistenceC

anaturalprocessandwouldD

oneThemoonhasamassthatisnearlyonehundredtimesA

theearth;inconsequence,theofgravityatthe surfaceisonlyone-sixthofthatattheearth’s“TheBunsenburnerisA

namedbecauseitisBtobeinvented

byRobertBunsen,whowasGermanD

MuchA

Ihavetraveled,IhaveneverseenanyonetoBherinthoroughness,C

theDTheA

andtallgrassinthatyardB

thehouseC

asifhadbeenvacant

forquitesomeIfA

thenatureoftheagingprocessB

betterunderstood,possibilityofC

medicinethatcanblockfundamentalprocessofagingD

veryWhenIconsiderhowtalentedheA

asapainter,Icannothelp

thattheD

willappreciatehisAllenhasA

thathehasalwaysB

agreatinterest

admirationD

theworkoftheBritisheconomistPartCBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoices[A],[B],[C]and[D].Chebracketswithapencil.(10points)Pleasedonotbe toattractattention.Craigassuredhisbossthathewould allhisenergiesinngthisnewjob.callcallcallcallToomuch toX-rayscancauseskinburns,cancerorotherdamagetothebody.Whenconfrontedwithsuchquestions,mymindgoescanhardlyremembermyowndateofbirth.

,andItiswellknownthatknowledgeisthat conditionforexpansionofmind.MorethantwohundredyearsagotheUnitedStates BritishEmpireand eanindependentcountry.gotpulledbrokedroppedCareshouldbetakentodecreasethelengthoftimethatoneisloudcontinuousnoise.subjectedfilledassociatedattachedSomeofthemostimportantconceptsinphysics tothesemathematicalsystems.researchinginto.Asadefenseagainstair-pollutiondamage,manyntsandanimalsasubstancetoabsorbharmfulchemicals.beabletowalk.innobyallinnoonanyWhilety,Helenhasahabitofstoptogiveherlongandflowinghairasmooth.theyhavetakengreat toeducatetheirchildren.Ifanymanheredoesnotagreewithme,heshould nforimprovingthelivingconditionsofthesepeople.putputputputIsupportyourdecision,butIshouldalsomakeitclearthatIamnotgoingtobe toit.TheEnglishlanguagecontainsa(n) ofwordswhicharecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.Inmyopinion,youcanwidenthe oftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation.Yourimproperwordswillgive Thenewsitemaboutthefireisfollowedbyadetailedreport.ontheontheontheontheTheremarkable oflifeontheGalapagosIslandsinspiredCharlesDarwintoestablishhistheoryofevolution.SectionIIClozemarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerwithapencil.(10points)Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis41theutmostimportance.Properselectionwilleliminateonesource42breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords43ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay44unfavorablereactionsinlistener45interferewithhiscomprehension;hence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.46,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymakedifficultforthelistenertounderstandthe48whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinworkingvocabularymaybe49toexinordescribeinathatcanbeunderstoodbyhispasstakebackstirSection ReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)TextTheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privateundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentoizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstoizetheirareusedtoproduceAnimportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismIntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandproducingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnpriceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeacontractwithanotherprivateindividual.InLine8,Paragraph1,“thedesireofindividualstoizees” Americansareneversatisfiedwith Americanstendtooverstate Americanswanttohave esAmericanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpowerof TducerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedconsumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducersdecidethepricesofsupplyanddemandregulateAccordingto thepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterizedby privatepropertyandrightsmanpowerandnaturalresourcesownershipofproductivecontractsandpricesThepassageismainly howAmericangoodsarehowAmericanconsumersbuytheirhowAmericaneconomicsystemhowAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirTextOnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhos,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandtowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety”isnotonthehorizon--it’salreadyWhilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstorscanthenbemade.Atthesametimetheseefficient,allowing nelandstaffingassignmentstobemadens.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons.Computer-yzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,fromgasandelectricutilitiestomilkprocessors,bringbetterandmoreefficientservicestoconsumersthroughtheuseofAccordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsowner.withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankasheobtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopleenjoygreatertrustfromthecashmoneywhereverhewishesFromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearn inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcreditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatesnowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayinitisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanThephrase“ringupsales”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobably makeanorderofrecordsalesonacashcallthesaleskeeptrackofthegoodsinWhatisthispassagemainlyApproachestothecommercialuseofConveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinSignificanceofautomationincommercialAdvantagesofcreditcardsinTextExceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfrompotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindonthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment.Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefullexpressionofsociety’sunderstanding--theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatarepassedontothenextgeneration.thecentralvaluesofthecultureitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.“Allmenarecreatedequal.”We’vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrasewasusedbythiscountry’sfounderstodenoteequalitybeforethelaw,ithasalsobeeninterpretedtomeanequalityofopportunity.Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren--therightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren--disabledornot--toanappropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.Inchildrenwhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.InParagraph2,theauthorcitestheexampleoftheleadingactoronthestagetoshowthat thegrowthofexceptionalchildrenhasmuchtodowiththeirfamilyandthesocietynormalchildrenareexceptionalchildrenarethekeyinterestofthefamilyandtheneedsofthesocietyweighmuchheavierthantheneedsoftheexceptionalchildreneducationisthat theyareexpectedtobeleadersofthethey eaburdenofthetheyshouldfullydeveloptheirdisabledchildrendeservespecialThispassagemainlydeals thedifferencesofchildrenintheirlearningthedefinitionofexceptionalchildreninmodernthespecialeducationalprogramsforexceptionalthenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptionalFromthispassagewelearnthattheeducationalconcernforexceptionalchildren isnowenjoyinglegaldisagreeswiththetraditionofthewasclearlystatedbythecountry’swillexertgreatinfluenceovercourtText“Ihavegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewe’llknowinvastdetailhowcancercellsarise,”saysmicrobiologistRoberttheideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow.ConsiderPasteur,hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butitwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereThisyear,50percentofthe910,000peoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurviveatleastfiveyears.Intheyear2000,theNationalCancerInstituteestimates,thatfigurewillbe75percent.Forsomeskinand2percentforcancerofthepancreas(胰腺).Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistencediscoveringhowcancertodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff,escancerous.Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthethatwewillneverpreventallcancers.“Changesareanormalpartoftheevolutionaryprocess,”saysoncologistWilliamHayward.out,“Wecan’tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicrays.”Theprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,areincellswhicharealwaysresponsibleforatleastpartofthetrouble.Ifwecanunderstandhowcancerworks,wecancounctitsTheexampleofPasteurinthepassageisused predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinaindicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerareprovethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtywarnthatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeTheauthorimpliesthatbytheyear therewillbeadrasticriseinthefive-yearsurvivalrateofskin-cancerpatients90percentoftheskin-cancerpatientstodaywillstillbethesurvivalstatisticswillbefairlyevenamongpatientswithvariouscancersOncogenesarecancer-causing thatarealwaysinoperationinawhichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotthatcanbedrivenoutofnormalwhichnormalcellscan’tturnTheword“dormant”inthethirdparagraphmostprobably.ever-TextDiscoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtSirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemoldonapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccer;eventheyersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthat yerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhomostshotsatthegoal--andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovatorsandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfancifulions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.“Creativethinkingmaymeansimplytherealizationthatthere’swroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikesticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:“Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?”Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromAtoB,theaveragewillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.iftheyleadtodeadends.Highlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferent ignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinAcitizenofasocietythat al whohashadnoAnindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyAccordingtotheauthor,whatdistinguishesinnovatorsfromThevarietyofideastheyThe ligencetheyThewaytheydealwithThewaytheypresenttheirTheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3 RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyof thequotationstrengthenstheassertionthat individualslookfornewwaysofngthingsthereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch’spointofthequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslyThephrase“marchtoadifferentdrummer”(thelastlineofthepassage)suggeststhathighlycreativeindividualsare diligentinpursuingtheirreluctanttofollowcommonwaysofngdevotedtotheprogressofconcernedabouttheadvanceofsocietySectionIVEnglish-TranslationReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedSHEET2.(15points)Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanscientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseries