福建专升本英语复习资料复习解析

名词、代词、主谓一致P82、倒装P78形容词、副词、时态语态P55、强调句P98虚拟语气（情态动词）P70、非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）P40非谓语动词、语法练习2、复合从句P89复合从句、语法练习、真题、词汇讲解第二节名词一、综述：考点侧重于名词数和名词全部格。规则形式是在名词后加-s；但以sh、ch、s、x和z结尾名词后加-es；辅音字母加-y结尾名词变y为i，再加-es；f或者fe结尾名词将f、fe变为-ves，但chief、cliff、grief等只加-s。以s结尾一些表示疾病、学科、游戏及地理名词和专有名词通常视为单数，means（方法）；一些名词单复数形式相同，如deer，sheep等。复数形式改变不规则名词，datum/data（数据）、medium/media（媒体）Iftheweatheris___suitable,wewillplaythematchonTuesday.Cbynomeans绝不B.byallmeans千方百计C.byanymeans不论怎样D.bymeansof以...方法Thedesigningofsuchacomplicated（复杂）deviceis___aneasyjob.DbyallmeansB.byanymeansC.bymeansofD.bynomeans主要考点惯用不可数名词damagefurnitureinformationknowledgerecognitionviolencedodamage破坏to(介词）Theaccidentdidverylittle___toeithercar.Cdestruction破坏（construction建设）B.ruin无法修补破坏C.damageD.demolitionrecognizeV.认识、认知importantadj.-importancen.violentadj.-violencen,暴力intelligentadj.聪明-intelligencen.智力一些不可数名词惯用单数形式：一个可数名词＋of＋不可数名词anarticleofclothingapieceofinformationanactofviolence一些不可数名词惯用复数形式：一个可数名词复数形式＋of＋不可数名词fourarticlesofclothingtwopiecesofinformationmanypiecesoffurniture（四）不可数名词其余单数形式anewsstoryaraindrop雨滴ahomeworkassignment惯用数量表示法可数名词不可数名词可数名词不可数名词a/an,one,two,three-alotofalotofanother-somesomefewlittleanyanyafewalittlenonofewerlesseach-a/thenumberofamountofevery-manymuchallallseveral-otherotheranumberofV.复许多thenumberofV.单...数量ThenumberofmixedcouplesinChinathisyear___muchlargerthan___lastyear.Ais,thatB.are,thoseC.is,itD.are,/Iknowthenumberofpeopleinthiscity___550,000andanumberofthem___fromAsia.Care,areB.is,isC,is,areD,are,is单复数名词其余表示方法：typeof，kindof，oneof，the...ofthe数字有时能够当名词或形容词使用。当名词使用时，其词尾可加-s/-es变为复数形式。而当形容词使用时，其词尾不可加-s/-es名词：hundredsofexamples形容词：tenthousandpeople代词综述主要考点one...theother和one...another区分one...theother所修饰数是两个，theother指二者中另一个；而one...another所修饰数是三个或三个以上，another指不定数目（最少三个）中另一个。Ononehand,...Ontheotherhand...首先另首先Foronething,...Foranother....一则...再说both和all区分both用于指两个人或事物，all用于指二者以上人或物。both与all作同位语用，放在名词或代词后，Webothstudyveryhard.若谓语是系动词时，则需将其放在系动词后。若谓语是行为动词，前面又有助动词时，应放在助动词之后，TheyhavebothgonetoBeijingonbusiness.both与all都可用of结构。若其后是名词，of可省略；若是人称代词，of不可省略。whole和all区分whole表示全部、全部意思时，后面不能接复数，而且采取”the＋whole＋名词”词序。当all表示全部、全部时，后面既可跟不可数名词，也可跟复数可数名词，并采取“all＋the＋名词”词序，allthestudents.但allday、allnight不用the。none和noone区分none表示...之中没有一个，通常是对二者以上人或物进行否定。none能够代替单数或者复数名词，谓语动词也有单数或复数改变形式，而它既能够指人也能够指物。neither（of）表示二者都不。noone表示一个也没有，即notasingleone只代替单数名词，只能指人，谓语动词用单数形式。each和every区分表示两个事物中每一个，必须用each，不可用every。当each在句中作主语、同位语或副词状语时，也不可用every替换。例题Itwas___whocleanedthedormroom.A强调句（拿去强调句式仍是完整句）heandIB、himandmeC、heandmeD、himandIThesemachinesarebetterthan___weturnedoutlastyear.CthatB、whatC、thoseD、which主谓一致综述：考试侧重点是主语和谓语动词之间数一致主谓一致遵照三个标准语法一致标准：主单，谓单；主复，谓复概念一致标准：谓语动词单数或复数形式取决于主语所表示概念而不是主语语法形式就近标准：谓语动词在人称和数形式上和主语中最靠近词取得一致主要考点集体名词作主语时，主语和谓语动词一致：集体名词在句中指集体概念，谓语动词用单数形式；在句中指其详细组员，谓语动词用复数形式。audience(观众）,committee（委员会）,crew（乘务员）,staff(员工),army,class,crowd,couple,family,group,team,public,band.Thepublichaseveryreasontobecautiousofprofessionaldeception.Thepublicnowknowthewholestory.Theflightservicecrew___largelywomen.CisB.wasC.areD.were学科名称和疾病名称作主语时，主语和谓语动词一致。一些学科名称和疾病名称虽是词尾加-s形式，但这些词作主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。electronics(电子学）,mechanics（力学）,classics（古典文学）,linguistics（语言学）,economics（经济学）,statistics（统计学）,physics（物理学）,mathematics（数学）Electronicsisapieceofcaketohim.WhenJohnwaselectedpresident,hiscountrywasfacingan___crisis.Aeconomic经济B.economical节约C.economy经济D.economics经济学表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等名词或词组作主语时，主语与谓语动词一致。表示书名、报名、剧名、国名等名词或词组作主语时，如只指一个、一本或一个，不论它形式是单数还是复数，谓语动词只用单数形式。TheNewYorkTimesisnotavailablehere.单复数同形名词作主语时，主语与谓语动词一致。单复数同形名词作主语时，要依照句子意思来确定谓语动词单复数形式。means,species(物种）,series（系列）,works（著作，工厂）,crossroads（十字路口）,headquarters(总部),aircraft,deer,fish,sheepVariousmeansoftransportareintroducedinthisarticle.a/severalseriesof表示时间、距离、度量、价值复数名词作主语时，主语与谓语动词一致。这些复数名词，表示抽象概念，被视为一整体时，谓语动词用单数形式；表示详细多少、强调复数意义时，谓语动词用复数形式。TenminutesisallthatIcanspareforyou.Thefiftymileswerecoveredbythewinnerinthreehours.【就远标准】由with,aswellas等词或词组修饰单数名词作主语时，主语与谓语动词一致。作主语单数名词后有以下词或词组修饰时，谓语动词仍用单数形式：with,alongwith,togetherwith,besides,aswellas,inadditionto,beaccompaniedby(伴伴随),ratherthan(而不是),but（除了，except）Theboss,ratherthanhisemployees,istoblame.A单aswellasB单/复VA单ProfessorWu,withthreelecturers,___attendingasymposium（专题讨论会）inShanghaionenergynow.AA.isB.areC.wasD.wereNobodybutSanandAnn___inthelab.DA.areB.hadbeenC.wereD.isJohn,alongwithhiscousinfromtheU.S.,___tothepark.A(就远标准，主谓一致）suggestsgoingB.suggesttogoC.suggeststogoD.suggestgoingemployV.雇佣employern.雇主employmentn.就业unemployment失业and连接两个名词作主语时，主语和谓语动词一致。通常情况下，and连接两个名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。但有些情况下，and连接两个名词指同一人物、同一事物、同一概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。另外，假如and连接两个单数名词都有each、every、manya，no等词修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。Thewearandtearonthemachineisobvious.Manyaboyandmanyagirlhasbeentotheexhibition.manya许多（单数形式，复数意义）Manyastudent___goingtotakepartinCET-6nextmonth.AisB.istoC.areD.wasManyaman___lifeismeaninglesswithoutpurpose.BthinkB.thinksC.thoughtD.hasthoughtBecarefulwhenyouwatchthepaintingasitis___.B+less无价valueless无价值B.pricelessC.costless无价值D.worthless无价值【就近标准】连词or等连接两个名词（或代词）作主语时，主语和谓语一致。or,either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...butalso....EitherIorthey(areresponsiblefor)对...负责it.none本身作主语时或它修饰名词或代词作主语时，如代表不可数名词，谓语动词用单数，如代表可数名词，谓语动词既可用单数名词也可用复数名词。oneandahalf后接名词应是复数形式，但谓语动词用单数形式。Oneandahalfyearshaspassed.morethanone后接单数可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但假如morethanone本身作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。either,neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。oneortwo后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。oneof后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Oneoftheappleshasgonebad.取决于先行词，"oneof+N复"时动词用复数形式，"theonlyoneof+N复"时动词用单数形式。Johnistheonlyoneofthestudentswho___toFrance.AhasbeenB.havebeenC.hadbeenD.hasbeingThisisthebestoneofautomobiles(汽车)that___inworkingorder.BisB.areC.hadbeenD.haveThisisoneoftherarestquestionsthat___atsuchameeting.DA.hasevenbeenraisedB.IsraisedC.areraisedD.haveeverbeenraised（十五）动词不定式、动名词短语、名词性从句等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。Tohesitatemeansfailure.Whatmatters___notwinningbutparticipating.Dwhat引导名词性从句areB.tobeC.wasD.is倒装综述：部分倒装（将谓语部分助动词或情态助动词置于主语之前），全部倒装（将整个谓语动词置于主语之前）so(neither/nor)＋be动词（助动词，情态动词）＋主语Myfatherisanengineer;soismyhusband.注：如表示赞同他人陈说，so后面部分不倒装。"Jimisagood-swimmer.""Soheis,andsoisDick."so用于必定neither/nor用于否定Helenwon'tapproveofyourproposal,___.CsowillJimB.sowon'tJimC.norwillJim（nor已经否定）D.norwon'tJim（二）具备否定意义词或短语置于句首时，句子通常部分倒装，即将be动词、助动词或情态动词提到主语前。not,never,【seldom,hardly,rarely,scarcely】,【bynomeans,undernocircumstances,innoway,atnotime,innocase,onnoaccount】,【nosooner...（than）,hardly...(when)】,notonly...(butalso)Hardly/scarcelyhadIsatdownwhenIheardsomeoneknockingatthedoor.Nosoonerhadhereturnedthanheboughtafinehouseandwenttolivehere.case箱子、案件、病例、情况account账户Injudgingtheprogresshehasmadeinhisstudies,wemust___thefactthathehasbeenworkingundergreatdifficultiesforseveralmonths.BtakeaccountoverB.takeintoaccountC.takeaccountonD.giveanaccountoftakeintoaccount把...考虑在内giveanaccountof对...叙述accountfor解释阐述Thedoctortoldthewomanthatshemustlosetwentypounds___herhigherbloodpressure.Aonaccountof因为B.atthecostof以...为代价C.onaccordancewith与...一致D.forthepurposeof为了Ihopemyteacherwilltakemyrecentillnessinto___whenjudgingmyexam.Bregard认为B.account把...考虑在内C.countingD.observation观察二、主要考点（一）假如句首否定词修饰主语，是主语一部分，则句子不用倒装。Scarcelyadropofrainfelllastmonth.Hardlyanything___morethanthehappinessofseeingsomeoneusinghisdevicefortreatment.C(几乎没什么比看到有些人将他设备用于治疗更令他开心了）pleasehimB.doespleasehimC.pleaseshimD.doeshimpleaseas或though引导让步状语从句惯用倒装。通常将一些形容词、副词、名词、动词等置于句首。Wealthyasheis,Idon'tenvyhim.Busy___heis,hecanfulfillthetaskaheadofschedule（提前时间表/behind推迟）.BbecauseB.asC.nomatterhowD.although（引导让步状语从句通常不倒装）___,Tomhaslivedalonefor10yearsinJapan.CAsisheachildB.AsheischildC.Childasheis=YoungasheisD.Achildasishe当so、often、only等表示程度或频率副词置于句首时，句子通常倒装。so/such...that如此...以致于so/such＋倒装＋that（详细见第十三节）Sogreatwasthedestructionthatthesouthtookdecadestorecover.only＋副词/介词短语从句置句首Onlyinthiswaycanweaccomplishitontime.Onlyunderspecialcircumstances___totakemake-uptestsatthebeginningofthesemester.DarepermittedfreshmenB.permittedarefreshmenC.freshmenarepermittedD.arefreshmenpermittedOnlyafterhehasacquiredconsiderablefacilityinspeaking___tolearntoreadandwrite.BA.hebeganB.willhebeginC.didhebeginD.musthebegin见“词汇”第5组【全部倒装】当there,here,then,now等副词置于句首，且谓语动词为come,go,be等词时，句子通常全部倒装；但假如主语是代词，句子则不倒装。Look!Herecomesthetaxi.Herearesomelettersforyoutotype.【全部倒装】当out,in,away,up,bang等方位或拟声词置于句首时，句子通常全部倒装；但假如主语是代词，句子则不倒装。Awayflewthebird.Awayshewent.形容词和副词综述favorable有利Thereisnodoubtthatithasbothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.favorite最喜欢-lyn.＋ly---adj.friendlyweeklymonthlydailybrotherlymanlylikely(adj.可能）sbbelikelytodosth.It（形式主语）islikely/possible/probablethat...possible---possiblyadv.aninterestingbooksomethinginterestingadj.作后置定语Weshouldurgethegovernmenttotakesome___measures（采取有效方法）to___theunpleasantsocialproblems.Befficient有效率,tackle（及物动词）B.effective行之有效,handle（及物动词）C.efficient,cope(不及物动词）D.effective.deal(不及物动词）二、主要考点（一）当被修饰词是nothing,something,everything,anything等不定代词时，或者作定语形容词是以a-为前缀形容词（alike相像，alive,asleep,awake)及一些以-able，-ible为后缀形容词（sensible可觉察明智,acceptable可接收,visible可视,=4\*GB3④imaginable),通常将形容词放于被修饰词后面作后置定语，形容词短语也作后置定语。Thetwinsaresomuch___anditisdifficulttotellonefromtheother.DsimilarB.equalC.likeD.alikelook/belike相像besimilarto（介词）与...相同beequalto与...相等alive常作后置定语（见“词汇”第17组）stayawake醒fallasleep睡着（stay、fall是连系动词）=4\*GB3④imaginev.想象imaginationn.imaginative想象力丰富imaginary虚构想象形容词、副词比较级和最高级等比句句型主语＋谓语＋as＋形容词/副词＋as＋比较对象Wehaveaccomplishedas(副词，如此）muchinthepastthreeyearsas（连词，比/如同）wouldhavebeentakentenyearsinthepast.主语＋谓语＋no+(more/less＋形容词/副词)比较级＋than＋被比对象(不比...多/不少于）Sheisnolessdiligentthanherclassmates.否定：notas/so...as比较级句型主语＋谓语＋形容词/副词比较级＋（名词）＋than＋被比对象Factsspeaklouderthaneloquence.主语＋谓语＋more/less＋形容词/副词＋than＋被比对象Theneweditionofthedictionaryismoreexpensivethantheoldone."否定同级比较"也用于表示两个人或事物之间差异：Johndoesn'tworksohardasHenry.最高级句型...the＋形容词/副词最高级＋（名词）＋范围词Janeisthetallestgirlinthedepartmentofpublicrelations.注：引导范围介词，假如为同一范围用of，不然用inOfallthestudents,Bethworkshardest....否定词...＋比较级...（没有...比...更...)Thereisnothingintheworldmorepotentandmoreimpotentthanwords.The...the...（越...越...)themore...themore...Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.superior(优于）、inferior(低于）、senior（年长于）、junior（年幼于）比较级连词用to。Hisstrengthissuperiortomine.其余句型wouldrather/soonerV原形thanV原形Iwouldratherjoinyouinresearchworkthangoonholidaytotheseaside.prefertoVratherthanV原形Iprefertoworkratherthansitidle.prefer(doing)sthto（介词）(doing)sth.He___liveinthecountrythaninthecity,CwouldB.likesto喜欢C.wouldratherD.hadbetter最好做Butshewouldratherstayathomealonethan___toJane'sgossip.CtolistenB.listeningC.listenD.listenedTherevolutionaryfighterwouldratherdiewithhisheadhighthan___withhiskneesbent.C(wouldratherdothando)toliveB.livingC.liveD.livedMoststudentsprefer___withtheirfriendsonlineto___theminperson.D(prefertoVratherthanV，preferdoingtodoing)chatting,visitB.tochat,visitingC.tochat,visitD.chatting,visiting(1)any,far,even,much,slightly,abit,alittle,alot,allthe可用来修饰形容词和副词比较级。much,alot,far表示“更...多”倍数＋比较级/同级Thisroomis3times(倍数)aslargeasthatone.Thisroomistwice(两倍)largerthanthatone.Thenewmethodforrefiningaluminumwas___thatitbecamepracticalformanypurposes,oneofthefirstofwhichwasformakingpotsandpans.BsomorecheaperB.somuchcheaperC.somanycheaperD.suchmuchcheaperso＋形容词/副词...thatsuch＋名词...thatThisbrandofhandbagis___.AtwiceasexpensiveasthatoneB.twiceexpensiverthanthatoneC.astwiceexpensiveasthatoneD.twotimesasexpensiveasthatone有些词不用用比较级也不能用最高级：unique,perfect,infinite,matchless,empty,roundsquare.fairly与rather区分fairly用于褒义形容词或副词(good,well)前；rather用于贬义形容词或副词(bad,badly)前。时态综述hanghangedhanged绞死hanghunghung悬挂lieliedlied撒谎lielaylain躺位于（liein在于）laylaidlaid放置/下蛋laydown制订/layout陈列/layoff使...下岗主要考点（二、五、八少考）（一）通常现在时【主将从现】在以assoonas,when,after等引导时间状语从句中（主句和从句时态一致），或以if,unless等引导条件状语从句中，通常使用通常现在时态。Iwillringyouassoonashecomesback.Evenifit___thisafternoon,Iwillgothere.ChasrainedB.willrainC.rainsD.willhaverained现在进行时Theyareconstructingthatbuilding.有些表示状态和感觉动词通常无进行时，除非这类动词词义发生改变。be,love,like,hate,believe,think,feel,seem.Doyouseeanyoneoverthere?Areyouseeingsomeoneoff?（seeoff意思是“送行”）现在进行时也可表示未来动作：它指按人们计划、安排将要发生动作或指即将开始动作。IamleavingforBeijingtomorrow.现在进行时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌等感情色彩。Heisalwaysfindingfaultwith(对...挑剔)hisemployees.现在完成时出现表示到现在为止这段时间状语时，谓语动词通惯用现在完成时。upto(till)now,sofar,thesedays,thissummer,for...(后接一段时间短语)，since...(后接过去某个详细时间).Wehaven'tseeneachotheragainsincewegraduatedin1987.谓语动词时用通常过去式还是用现在完成时主要取决于动作是否对现在有影响。Whatdidshesayaboutit?IhavelivedinBeijingfor15years.通常过去时（不强调动作对现在影响，只说明过去）IhadawordwithMarythismorning.通常过去时常与表示过去时间状语或从句连用：yesterday,lastweek,in1993,atthattime,once,duringthewar,before,afewdaysago,when."usedto＋V原形"表示"过去经常"而现在已经停顿习惯动作。Heusedtoworkfourteenhoursaday.区分"usedto"和"be/get/becomeusedtodoing"，后者意为习惯于，to为介词。过去进行时YesterdayafternoonFrankHawkingswastellingmehisexperiencesasayoungman.过去完成时过去完成时表示过去某时之前已完成动作或情况。在句中有显著参考动作或有表示“到过去某时为止”时间状语。Bytheendofthewar,thesmallworkshophadbecomealargefactory.BytheendofWorldWar=2\*ROMANII,thedramatheaters___toaboutthirtytheatersinNewYork.AhadbeenreducedB.werereducedC.havebeenreducedD.reducedBytheendofnextyear,I___enoughmoneytobuyahouse.DwillsaveB.havesaveC.mustsaveD.willhavesavedBytheendof...＋时间（过去，过去完成时hadVed;未来，未来完成时willhaveVed）Bythetime到...时间为止通常未来时通常未来时表示某个未来时间会发生动作或情况，也可表示未来重复发生动作或习惯性动作。Hewilltakepartinanimportantraceacrossthecountry.begoingto,betodo,beaboutto也可表示未来动作，但它们经常表示打算、计划、安排和即将要发生动作。will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生动作或情况。未来进行时（will＋be＋动词现在分词）IwillbehavinganEnglishclassthistimetomorrow.未来完成时未来完成时表示未来某时前已完成动作，它也可用来表示推测。Theywillhavestayedhereforfivemonthsnextweek.现在完成进行时现在完成时和现在完成进行时区分：前者通常表示已经结束动作或情况，它强调对现在影响。后者通常表示仍在进行或刚才还在进行动作或情况，它强调动作延续性。We___eachotherfortenyears.BhadknownB.haveknownC.havebeenknowingD.knowIt___almosteverydaysofarthismonth.D（下雨动作可连续）israiningB.rainedC.rainsD.hasbeenraining语态综述：主动语态和被动语态（助动词be＋及物动词过去分词）Hereturnedaweeklaterandfoundhishouse___.DhadbrokenintoB.wasbrokenintoC.tobebrokenintoD.hadbeenbrokenintoIn1950,shewas(过去时间)thelargestshipthat___.DwaseverbuiltB.haseverbuiltC.haseverbeenbuiltD.hadeverbeenbuiltThehousesuddenlycollapsedwhileit___down.CwaspulledB.pulledC.wasbeingpulledD.hadbeenpulledcollapseVi崩塌；不及物动词（不及物动词考词汇，不能够有被动态）pulldownVt拆除when/while(见第十三节复合从句)主要考点除及物动词外，一些相当于及物动词短语动词也可使用被动语态形式，除个别情况，短语动词通常不拆开使用。Thismatterwillbedealtwithassoonaspossible.deal,dealt,dealtdealwithVi=copewithVi=handleVt=tackle处理VtWeshouldurgethegovernmenttotakesome___measures(采取有效方法）to___theunpleasantsocialproblems.Befficient有效率,tackleB.effective行之有效,handleC.efficient,copeViD.effective,dealVi（二）不及物动词/短语和表示状态动词/短语无被动语态形式：happen,rise,occur,takeplace,breakout,lack,fit,suit,equal,become,resemble,befall,consistof,looklikerise,rose,risen上升raise,raised,raised提升，喂养，筹集arise,arose,arisen(from)出现Manydifficultieshave___asaresultofthechangeovertoanewtypeoffuel.CA.risenB.raisedC.arisen出现D.arrivedSomeunexpectedproblems___whenhelefthisjob.DroseB.arousedC.raisedD.arosearouse,aroused,aroused及物动词.引发，激发，唤起sthoccurtosb某人想到It(形式主语）occurstosbthat...(主语从句）TheUnitedKingdom___GreatBritainandNorthernIreland.C(一些不及物动词和表示状态动词无被动语态形式）A.consistedofB.isconsistedofC.consistsofD.consistconsistof=bemadeupof/becomposedof由...组成makeup=compose组成Ourclass___morethan50students,someofwhomarefromotherprovinces.DmakesupofB.composesofC.makesupfor填补D.consistsof将主动语态形式改为被动语态形式时，如碰到动词后跟双宾语情况，我们只能将其中之一变成主语，另一个保持不变。当直接宾语变为主语时，保持在原位间接宾语前需加介词to。Igavemyhusbandatieasabirthdaypresent.→Myhusbandwasgivenatieasabirthdaypresent.→Atiewasgiventomyhusbandasabirthdaypresent.Hewas___admittancetothetheaterfornotbeingproperlydressed.AdeniedB.rejectedC.declinedD.deprivedgivesbsth给予offersbsthdenysbsth/denysth(tosb）拒绝给予，不准sbbedeniedsthdenydoingsth否定depriveshofsth剥夺不定式符号to在被动语态中不可省略。在主动语态中，感官动词和“使”动词常跟不带to动词不定式，但在被动语态中要有to。Isawherpassbythewindow.→Shewasseentopassbythewindow.一些实义动词加副词也表示被动意义:wash,write,sell,eat,keep,open,read,shut.Thepenwriteswell.这笔很好使用主动形式表示被动意义（固定使用方法）Iamtoblame./Idonotknowwhotoblame./Theboss,ratherthanhisemployees,istoblame.blamesthonsb把...怪...blamesbforsth因...责备scoldsbforsth因...责骂Thechildrenwere___forgettingtheirshoesandsockswet.Csuffered遭受B.accused指控C.scolded责骂D.complained埋怨投诉（六）want,deserve,need,require,stand,take,won'tbearwith后跟主动形式动名词能够表示被动意义。Thechildrenneedlookingafter(=tobelookedafter)孩子需要照看Thefilmisquiteworthwatching.sthdeserve值得doing/tobedonesth/sbwant/need/require/demand/deserve1、Ving2、tobeVed见“词汇”第102组一些作表语形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。Heishardtoplease.被动语态中惯用几个介词：by表示动作执行者或施动力；with（tools）表示用某种工具；of（materials）表示用某种原料制成（制成品可见原料）；from（substance)表示源于某种物质（制成品不见原料）非谓语动词也有被动语态通常式完成式不定式（todo）动名词（v-ing）tobedonebeingdonetohavebeendonehavingbeendone强调句综述：当句子中主语、宾语、状语需要强调时，强调句型为：Itis(was)＋被强调部分＋that(who)＋句中其余部分Itwas___whocleanedthedormroom.A(拿去强调句式仍是完整句）heandIB.himandmeC.heandmeD.himandIDon'tbetoohardonhim.Afterall,itwasforthefirsttime___hemadesuchamistake.AA.thatB.whenC.sinceD.before被强调部分与句中其余部分连起来是完整句子:Itwasat8o'clockthathecameback.必须强调是主语（人）itis(was)notuntil...that也为强调句中一个，意思是“直到...才”Itwasnotuntilbearrivedattherailwaystation___herealizedhehadforgottenhisticket.DbeforeB.sinceC.whenD.thatdo在句子可用来强调谓语动词，用于通常过去时或通常现在时。"Youarequitewrong.She___likeyou."DcanB.hasC.shouldD.does假如强调特殊疑问句，可用"特殊疑问词＋is(was)＋it＋that＋句子"主要考点Itis(was)＋被强调部分＋that(who)＋句中其余部分强调主语或者宾语，则that可用who（指人），whom或which（指物）来代替；强调是状语，只能用that。注意：强调结构不能用来强调谓语动词和表语。Itisthearticlethat(which)theydiscussedlastweek.谓语动词前用do,does,did表示强调必定句中，能够用do（务必，一定，真，确实）强调谓语部分，这时动词要用原形。Hedoesliketoeatnoodles.特殊疑问词＋is(was)＋it＋that＋句子：表示"到底在哪"、"到底是谁"Wherewasit(that)yousawtheman?情态动词主要考点“情态动词＋have＋done”表示过去时间各种情态wouldn'thavedonesth,(原来不会),should/oughttohavedonesth,(本应该/应该已经...),wouldhavedonesth.(原来会),can/could/may/mighthavedonesth(可能/可能已经),musthavedonesth.(一定做过，对过去情况必定推测),can't/couldn'thavedonesth,(一定没有做过，对过去情况否定推测)。needn't＋完成时（表示对已经做过事情感到是无须要，本没必要做但实际做了。只有否定形式）They___informed(通知),ortheywouldgethereontime.Cmustn'thavebeenB.shouldn'thavebeen本不应该做C.can'thavebeen一定没有，不可能已经做D.needn'thavebeenThecarelessmanreceivedaticketforspeeding.He___sofast.Ccan'thavedrivenB.wouldn'thavedrivenC.shouldn'thavedriven本不应该D.mustn'thavedriven“情态动词＋be＋doing”表示“应该正在”、“一定正在”、“可能正在”。“情态动词＋havebeendoing”表示“应该一直在”、“想必一直在”。HeshouldnotbewatchingTVnow.Itistimeforclass.Theymusthavebeenworkingontheirthesis.情态动词后面加被动语态，在很多情况下，动词主语是动作承受者，所以，在有情态动词句子中，情态动词后面要跟动词被动语态形式。Manyrareanimalsshouldbesavedfromextinction.虚拟语气（一）1、虚拟式可用于wish后宾语从句中，表示与事实相反愿望。其表示形式通常是将谓语动词提前一个时态。=1\*GB2⑴与现在事实虚拟=2\*GB2⑵与过去事实虚拟hadVed=3\*GB2⑶与未来时间虚拟would/could/might/shouldVIwishIhadbeentotheconcertlastnight.2、在由asif,asthough引导方式状语从句中，表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑，从句中谓语动词用过去时；表示在主句谓语动词所表示时间之前假设情况，从句用过去完成时。表示情况很可能发生或是事实，则用陈说语气。Shelooksasifsheknewallaboutit.Hetalksasifhe___theincident小冲突.A(witness先于talk）hadwitnessedB.witnessedC.witnessD.havewitnessed3、在ifonly（要是...就好了)引导感叹句中，用谓语动词通常过去时表示与现在事实相反情况，用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反地情况。Ifonlyheknewourtelephonenumber!4、在Iwould(had)rather后句子中，动词也要求用虚拟式，表示某人愿望。其表示形式通常是将谓语动词提前一个时态。wouldrather=1\*GB2⑴Ved=2\*GB2⑵hadVedI'dratheryoulefttomorrowinsteadoftoday.（二）If从句主句与现在事实相反动词过去式（be为were）Ved/werewould/should/could/might＋动词原形与过去事实相反动词过去完成式hadVedwould/should/could/might＋have＋动词过去分词与未来时间相反=1\*GB2⑴动词过去式（be为were）=2\*GB2⑵were＋不定式=3\*GB2⑶should＋动词原形（只能用should）would/should/could/might＋动词原形1、【错综时间】混合虚拟式：从句动作和主句动作并不一样时发生IfIwereyou,Iwouldnothavemissedthefilmlastnight.Ifyou___thatlatemovielastnight,youwouldnotbedozy(困倦)now.Chaven'twatchedB.didn'twatchC.hadn'twatchedD.wouldn'thavewatched本题中if从句时与过去事实相反假设，而主句内容与现在事实相反。2、【if省略，部分倒装】从句连词if有时能够省去，were,had,should等非行为动词应提到从句句首。IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotfeelsorry.→WereIyou,Iwouldnotfeelsorry.HadIknownit,I___you.D(IfIhadknownit...)havetoldB.hadtoldC.wouldnottoldD.wouldhavetold3、【含蓄虚拟，错综语气】without(假如没有),butfor(要不是),otherwise(不然),butthat(若不，后接一从句)虚拟＋but(that)真实真实＋but虚拟Shewasnotfeelingwell.Otherwise,shewouldnothaveleftthemeetingsoearly.错综语气___itlefttometodecide,Iwouldnothesitatetopreferthelatter.BIfB.WereC.HadD.Shouldlateadj.lateradv.日后latestadj.最新lately=recentlyadv.最近thelatter后者theformer前者（关系在前）previous先前（时间在前）___foryourlaziness,youcouldhavefinishedtheassignmentbynow.AHaditnotbeenB.WerenotitC.ItwerenotD.Hadnotitbeen(否定语不能提前，只能be/情/助提前）Ifitwerenotfor→WereitnotforIfithadnotbeenfor→Haditnotbeenfor___thestorm,woshouldhavereachedourdestination.本该已经达成目标地BForbutB.ButforC.Inspiteof=despite＋n尽管D.Incaseof以免、以防Withoutcomputer,we___thetremendousmedicaladvancementinthelastfewdecades(在过去几十年）.DwouldnotmakeB.willnothavemadeC.couldnotmakeD.couldnothavemadeI'dhavecomewithyou___Iamsobusy.CexceptforB.providedthat只要C.butthatD.solongas只要butfor＋名词butthat＋从句Theywouldhaveaccomplishedtheproject,butthey___abroadforaconference.DwouldgoB.hadgoneC.havegoneD.went错综语气，虚拟＋but(that)真实（三）1、Itis(high,about)timethatVed（谓语动词用过去时态），表示应该做还没有做事。Itishightimethathestoppedsmoking.Itisabouttimepeople___noticeofwhatwomendidduringthewar.AtookB.takeC.havetakenD.willtakeDon'tyouthinkitistimethatyou___smoking?CgiveupB.wouldgiveupC.gaveupD.mustgiveup2、在lest,forfearthat,incase等词引导从句中，谓语部分用should＋动词原形表示虚拟。should一词也能够省略。incaseit(should)rainincaseofrainWearesometimesafraidtospeakoutourmindslestit___trouble.CwouldcauseB.couldcauseC.causeD.causes3、在It(形式主语）is＋形容词＋that从句句型中，that引导主语从句中谓语动词用should＋动词原形，should可省略。可用于此句型形容词：absurd,advisable,better,best,desirable,(un)fair,fortunate,good,imperative,important,incredible,just,natural,(un)necessary,odd,pleasant,possible,preferable,right,ridiculous,sad,silly,unusual,urgent,vital,wrong.表示必要、应该、提议、要求、诧异、不相信。Itisproposedthatacommittee(should)besetuptolookintothematter.Itisimportantthateveryone___useofeverychanceathand.BmakesB.make(should＋V原)C.hasmadeD.willmake4、“提议、提议、请求、命令”等意思动词所带从句（包含宾语从句和主语从句）。谓语部分用(should＋)V原。=1\*GB2⑴提议：advise,propose,recommend,suggest.=2\*GB2⑵命令：command,instruct,order.=3\*GB2⑶要求：ask,demand,insist,maintain,request,require.=4\*GB2⑷其余：agree,arrange,beg.decide,desire,determine,direct,intend,persuade,pray,urge,tell,moveIsuggestthathe(should)gocampingtomorrow.注意：suggest,insist等词不表示“提议”或“坚持要求”时，其后从句不再用虚拟语气。insist=1\*GB2⑴坚持要求-虚拟=2\*GB2⑵坚持认为-陈说suggest=1\*GB2⑴提议-虚拟=2\*GB2⑵暗示表明-陈说Hislooksuggestedthathewasnottellingthetruth.他神色表明他没讲实话。Heinsistedthathewasright.他坚持认为他是正确Sheinsistedthatwhatshehaddone___right.A(insist作坚持认为解释）wasB.isC.beD.hadbeen非谓语动词作定语和状语综述：非谓语动词时指动词不定式、动名词和分词主要考点动词不定式：指带to动词原形（有时不带to）=1\*GB2⑴作定语动词不定式与其修饰词之间往往有动宾关系，假如该不定式是不及物动词，其后要接介词。Thereisnothingtoworryabout.Shehasnopencil___.BtowriteaboutB.towritewithC.towriteD.towriteinThoughsmall,theroomiscomfortable___.BtoliveB.toliveinC.livinginD.liveinCouldyoufindsomeone____?AformetoplaytenniswithB.formetoplaytennisC.playtenniswithD.playingtennis有些名词后常跟不定式作定语：time,reason,chance,right,ability,need,wish,playThereisnotimetohesitate.thefirst,thesecond,thelast,thebest之后用不定式作定语Hewasthelastmantoblame.他是最不应该被责备Icannotagreewithyoumore.我非常同意你。（否定形式必定意义）=2\*GB2⑵作状语作目标状语：通常置于句子末尾。表示强调也能够置于句首。否定形式为：nottoTosavetheearth,wemustpreventtheearthfrombeingpolluted.Ishutthedoorquietly,soasnottowakethebaby.inorder(not)toV/soas(not)toV为了（不）...表目标作结果状语Shelefth