星形胶质细胞

NeuronNeuroglia(glia)

PNS:SchwanncellsSatellitecells

CNS:Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglialcells

Ependymalcells

CompositionofNervousTissue1.Neuronshave

TWO

kindsof“processes”calledaxonsanddendrites，butGlialcellsonlyhave

ONE.2.Neurons

CANgenerateactionpotentials,Glialcells

CANNOT.however,Glia

dohavearestingpotential.

3.Neurons

HAVE

synapsesthatuseneurotransmitters.GlialcellsDONOT

havechemicalsynapses.

4.NeuronsDO

NOT

continuetodivide.Glialcells

DO

continuetodivide.Gliaaredifferentfromneurons:Importanceofglialcellsinnervoussystemfunction

isVASTLYunderestimated!Evidenceismounting:NurturingroleSignalingrole(Memory?)InflammationPainManymoretocome!TherearetwomainkindsinPNSSchwanncells（雪旺细胞）Satellitecells（卫星细胞）SchwanncellTheSchwanncellmakingthemyelinsheath(M)aroundtheaxon(A)wascutatthelevelofthenucleus(N).E-endoneurium.Scale=300nm.(Rat,trigeminalnerve.)Schwann细胞功能：形成周围神经系统的有髓神经纤维的髓鞘合成和分泌多种营养因子、细胞外基质成分和细胞黏附分子。周围神经损伤后的再生和修复TherearefourmainkindsinCNSAstrocytes(星形胶质细胞）Oligodendrocytes(少突胶质细胞）Ependymalcells

(室管膜细胞）Microglialcells

(小胶质细胞）Astrocytes

(AS,星形胶质细胞）Mostnumerouscelltypeinbrain

Constitute~30-50%ofbrainvolumeSomeastrocytesdevelopprocesseswithexpandedend-feet

（终足）thatarelinkedtoendothelialcells,ortoependymalcells，etal.ExpressGFAP-anintermediatefilamentproteinProperties

ofAS突起的形态的不同：

纤维性星形细胞：白质中，突起细长，分支少。

原浆性星形细胞：灰质中，突起粗短，分支多。抗原标记物的不同：

1型星形胶质细胞：GFAP+/A2B5-2型星形胶质细胞：GFAP+/A2B5+

分类Fibrousastrocyteprotoplasmicastrocyte星形细胞的功能：为神经细胞提供支持、隔离的作用合成和分泌多种细胞因子（黏连蛋白，生长因子和营养因子），参与神经损伤后再生和修复；参与神经元的迁移；参与血脑屏障的构成参与内环境的稳定：具有多数神经递质的受体，参与神经元及其突触功能的离子、递质和代谢的调节,突触的形成和可塑性功能：新的观点：星形胶质细胞负责大脑信息传送

2007《science》“大脑中与记忆和学习有关的海马区中的星形胶质细胞能够释放一种谷氨酸化学信号，这种信号可以提高神经元间的信号效率”

※星形胶质细胞可以让高度兴奋的神经元保持适当“冷静”，免受疾病侵袭；※星形胶质细胞能使神经元产生长时间增强反应，使人学得进、记得牢。

星形胶质细胞与脑组织的神经干细胞密切相关Astrocytescanabsorblocalexcessofneurotransmitters,andreleasemetabolicandneuroactivemolecules.Astrocytescaninfluenceneuronalsurvivalandactivitythroughtheirabilitytoregulateconstituentsoftheextracellularenvironment。

AS参与维持中枢神经系统内环境稳定葡萄糖葡萄糖乳糖酵解normaldisease储存糖原

1.参与葡萄糖代谢2.参与脑内谷氨酸的代谢Nature411,261-268(2001)

AChBPasanAChRdecoy星形胶质细胞对突触的调节作用Astrocytes

AstrocytescontactvirtuallyeverycellcomponentinbrainOtherastrocytes(gapjunctions)EpendymalcellsNeurons(somas,processes,synapses)OligodendrogliaCapillaryendothelialcells

肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)

《nature》美国的两个科研小组报告说:一种名为“神经胶质细胞”的变异神经细胞所分泌的毒素，可导致肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS).

神经系统疾病的关系Oligodendrocytes

(少突胶质细胞）束间少突胶质细胞血管周少突胶质细胞神经元周少突胶质细胞镀银染色发现突起很少；通过特异性的GC单抗做免疫细胞化学标记，则可见少突细胞有很多突起，而且分支很多。根据在中枢神经系统中的位置和分布：功能形成中枢神经系统的髓鞘抑制神经元轴突的生长和再生（神经突起生长抑制蛋白）摄取神经递质，参与神经系统内的吞噬活动等Ependymalcells

(室管膜细胞）室管膜细胞分布于脑室和脊髓中央管腔面，形似单层立方或柱状上皮，细胞表面有纤毛和微绒毛EpendymalcellsWhoarethestemcellsoftheadultbrain?

astrocytesvs.ependymalcellsastrocytesEpendymalcellsJohanssonetal.,"Identificationofaneuralstemcellintheadultmammaliancentralnervoussystem,"Cell,96:25-34,1999.Doetschetal.,"Subventricularzoneastrocytesareneuralstem

cellsintheadultmammalianbrain,"Cell,97:703-16,1999.ThesubventricularzoneDrJonasFrisencontendsthatneuralstemcellsarecellsthatlineventriclesDrArturoAlvarez-Buyllacontendsneuralstemareastrocytesthatlieonelayerinfromventriclelining;Microglialcells

(小胶质细胞）microgliaTypicalfeaturesofneuronophagia,aclusterofmicrogliaaroundanecroticneuron,areshown(HE,highpower).Ontheleftsideofthediagram,cellslabeled"B1","B2",and"B3"representchronicallyactivatedmicroglialcells."B3"isamarkedlyelongatedcell,thenucleusinparticularhavingalong,rod-shapedform.Thisrodcellisclassicallyseeningeneralparesis(pareticneurosyphilis)butmayalsobeseeninotherchronicdiseasestatesofthebrain.功能吞噬功能静止态——反应态小胶质细胞免疫功能神经元变性——小胶质细胞——表达MHC抗原——呈递给T淋巴细胞——发挥免疫作用胶质细胞培养/content/pw6137808v577k16/fulltext.pdf

材料仪器设备步骤PREPARATIONOFNEWBORNRATSFORCULTURING步骤(细胞悬液的制备）Dissection:1.Removebrainstem,cerebellumanddiencephalons.Immediatelyplaceincolddissectionbuffer2.Peeloffthemeningesandtransfercortextoatubecontainingcolddissectionbuffer.Immediatelyplaceonice3.Pourtissueintoadishandwash,usingasyringe,withmodifiedDMEM/F12culturemediumwith10%FBS,1%glutamine,andgentamicinantibiotic4MechanicallydigesttissuebymincingwithasterilerazorbladeTransfertissuebacktoatubecontaining5ml1Xtrypsinand50uLDNAse.Incubateat37ºCfor25minutes.Removeonlytoswirltubeevery5minutes5.WashtissuewithGlialMediumtwice6.Dissociatetissueintoacellsuspensionbygentlytitratingthrougha5mLpipettefollowedbyafire-polishedPasteurpipette.Transfersupernatanttoafreshtubeduringeachtitration.Doatotalofthreetitrationsusingbothpipettes7