英语国家概况Chapter4课件

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*AGuidetoEnglish-SpeakingCountries英语国家概况TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland*Chapter4

Economy英语国家概况*I.RecentHistoryofBritishEconomy

II.CurrentBritishEconomyContentBack*III.RecentHistoryofBritishEconomyBackEconomicDeclineAfterWorldWarII,theBritisheconomyexperiencedaperiodofgreatdifficultyandrelativeeconomicdecline.CausestwoWorldWars—greateconomiclosstheeraoftheBritishEmpirewasover—decolonization(lossesofrawmaterial&market)militaryexpenditure—overseaslocations;financialcontributiontoNATOandU.N.SecurityCouncil*III.RecentHistoryofBritishEconomyBackPolicies

“mixedeconomy”--aneconomyinwhichthereissomepublicownershipaswellasprivatelyownedbusiness.Duringthe20thcenturythegovernmenthasbecomeinvolvedintheeconomythroughintroductionofsocialwelfarepoliciesandlawstoregulateindustrialrelations.*III.RecentHistoryofBritishEconomyBack1945-1979Polices:DrasticreformsNationalizationofindustriesResult:

Althoughthegovernmentchangedfromonepartytoanother,theeconomyremainedstagnant.Britain’seconomicgrowthfellbehindthatofotherEuropeancountries.inflation通货膨胀tradedeficit财政赤字unemployment失业thefallofthepound英镑贬值*III.RecentHistoryofBritishEconomyBack1979-1997Polices:RadicaleconomicreformPrivatizedstate-ownedindustries.PromotedamorecompetitivespiritintheBritisheconomy.Socialwelfare(reducedoldagepensions,shortenedtheperiodofunemploymentbenefits,cutchildbenefits)“Inpoliticsifyouwantanythingsaid,askaman.Ifyouwantanythingdone,askawoman.”MargaretHildaThatcher(1925-2013)Termofoffice:1979-1990Result:

thepositiveaspect:Inflationcameundercontrol.Businessprofitsincreased.thenegativeaspect:Economystillgrewatlowerrate.ArapidincreaseinunemploymentMrs.Thatcherandherpoliceswereandremainhighlycontroversial.*III.RecentHistoryofBritishEconomyBack1997Polices:TheThirdWayMadetheBankofEnglandindependent.EmphasizedontheminimumwageandsupplementinglowincomesEmphasizedindividualresponsibility“Leadersareordinaryhumanbeingsinextraordinarypositions”Result:

LimitedgovernmentspendingKeptinflationundercontrolReducedunemployment

Bytheendofthe20thcentury,BritisheconomicgrowthsurpassedthatofothermajorEuropeancountries.TonyBlairTermofoffice:1997-2007*

II.

I.Agriculture

I

II.II.EnergyProductionIIII.III.ManufacturingIndustryIIIII.CurrentBritishEconomyBackII.IV.ServiceIndustry*IIII.CurrentBritishEconomyBackAgricultureCharacteristics:SmallproportionofthepopulationengagedinagricultureHighdegreeofmechanizationMildclimateProducingonlyabout60%ofthefoodconsumesAbout70%ofthecountry’slandisdevotedtoagriculture,withtwo-thirdsofitreservedforstockraising.Differentareas:Uplandarea:sheepfarmingFlatarea:cropproductionWetandwarmarea:milkandbeefproduction*IIII.CurrentBritishEconomyAgricultureAgriculturalproducts:Crops:wheat,barley,sugarbeet,potatoesDairyfarmingWorld’sleadingexporterofcattle,sheep,pigsandhorsesAlargeoceanfishingfleet.Fishingindustryfulfillstwo-thirdsofBritain’sdemandforfish.Back*IIII.CurrentBritishEconomyEnergyProductionCoalminingindustryAtraditionalenergyindustryRioTintoGroup(力拓集团）Britain’soilindustryArelativelynewindustry.In1975,oilfirstcameashorefromtheNorthSea.Theworld’s9thlargestoilproducerShell(壳牌集团),BritishPetroleum(BP),BritishGas(BG)NuclearpowerFirstnuclearpowerstation1956Oneoftheworld’snuclearpowers16nuclearpowerplantsBack*1.BusinessservicesIIII.CurrentBritishEconomyManufacturingIndustry2.Retail3.ManufacturingBritishcompaniesareactiveinallmajorfieldsofthemanufacturingindustries,butareparticularlystronginpharmaceuticals,chemicals,aerospace,foodanddrink.Back*FinanceIIII.CurrentBritishEconomyServiceIndustryLondon:knownastheworld’sleadinginternationalfinancialcenterover550internationalbanksand170globalsecuritieshouseshaveofficesinLondon.TheBankofEnglandthecentralbankoftheUK,workingclosecontactwiththegovernment.controlsthemonetarypolicyandgivedirectivestocommercialbanks.TheLondonforeignexchangemarketoneofthelargestcentersfortradingstocksandbonds.themostinternationalofalltheworld’sstockexchanges.Back*TourismIIII.CurrentBritishEconomyServiceIndustryTourismisoneofthelargestindustriesinBritain.Morethan25millionpeoplevisitthecountryeveryyearfromallovertheworld.TheU.K.hasmuchtooffer:CountrysideviewsWonderfulcoastLakesCastlesUniversitytownsOneoftheworld’slargestcentersforinternationalconferences.Back*ForeignTradeIIII.CurrentBritishEconomyServiceIndustryTheprincipleexportedgoods:manufacturedgoods,mineralfuels,