语篇分析-讲义Discourse-Analysis课件

DiscourseAnalysis(1)CourseOrientation:Aims:Thiscourseprovidesageneralintroductionof‘discourse,text,textorganization,conversationalanalysis,amongothers’,whichwillhelpstudentstohaveagoodcommandofthemeanswithwhichtolookintotheuseoflanguage.DiscourseAnalysis(2)Lectureontheoreticpoints,whichisintendedtogivestudentssomeguidingideastounderstandthecourse;Discussiononthekeypointswithinthegrouporclassactivities;Courseprojectalongwiththepresentation;Tutorialwillbemuchencouragedbetweenteacher&studentsanditwillbedonebytakingadvantageofinternetDiscourseAnalysis(3)Theassessment&evaluationofthecoursewillbebasedonClassattendanceandclassperformance:(10%)Assignmentandotherrelevantwork:(15%)Coursepapers(Two):(10%foreach);Courseexamination:(55%)DiscourseAnalysis(4)Definitionof“language”“Languageisagenerativesystemofarbitrary,vocal,visualandconventionalizedsymboluseduniversallyandmainlybyhumanbeingsinspeechcommunityorcultureforcommunication.”keywords&expressions:generativesystemarbitraryvocalvisualconventionalizedDiscourseAnalysis(5)

symboluniversallymainlyhumanbeingsspeechcommunity/culturecommunicationImplicationsaboutthedefinition:Itistheuseoflanguagethatmakeshumanbeingshuman;Languageseemstobeasoldasourspecies;Nothingintheanimalkingdomevenapproximatestohumanlanguageforflexibility,complexity,precision,productivityandsheerquantity.

DiscourseAnalysis(6)Conclusion:Humanshavelearnttomakeinfiniteuseoffinitemeans.Language&mediumAlanguageisanabstractionbasedonthelinguisticbehaviorofitsusers.“Speechisprimary”andthisstatementistrueinmanyways:DiscourseAnalysis(7)a)Writingisarelativelyrecentdevelopmentinhumansociety;b)Thousandsofspeechcommunitiesrelysolelyonspeech;c)Allofusspeakagreatdealmorethanwewrite;d)Althoughweacquirespeechwithoutconsciouseffort,learningtoreadandwriteisusuallylessspontaneousandlessautomatic.DiscourseAnalysis(8)

Therelationshipbetweenlanguageanditsmediuminthefollowingdiagram:language(abstraction)

|mediums(concrete)/\speech<=>writingDiscourseAnalysis(9)Differencesbetweenspeech&writingSpeech:Writing:Composedofsounds;ComposedoflettersMakesuseofintonationMakesuseofpunc-,pitch,rhythm,tempo;tuationandothergra-phologicaldeviceslikeitalics;Producedeffortlessly,Producedwitheffort-notoolsrequired;toolsrequired;DiscourseAnalysis(10)SpeechWritingTransitory;Relativelypermanent;Perceivedbytheear;Perceivedbytheeye;Addresseepresent;Addresseeabsent;Immediatefeedback;Feedbackdelayed;MeaninghelpedbyMeaningmustbemadecontext,bodymove-clearwithinthement,gestures;context;Spontaneous;Notspontaneous;DiscourseAnalysis(11)SpeechWritingAssociativeLogicalThecomponentsoflanguageLanguage-phonology(sounds)--<morphology(meaningfulcombinationsofsounds)>lexis(words)>syntax(meaningfulcombinationsofwords)>semantics(meaning)DiscourseAnalysis(12)Concludingremarks:Whenwehaveexaminedtheselevelsandthewaytheyinteract,wewillhaveacquiredthenecessarytoolstostudylanguageingeneral(linguistics),thevarietyinlanguageandtheusestowhichpeopleputlanguages(sociolinguistics),thewaysinwhichpeopleteachandlearnlanguages(appliedlinguistics)andthevalueofthestudyoflanguageinunderstandingthehumanmind(psycholinguistics).DiscourseAnalysis(13)Definitionof“text”Strictly,itreferstoawrittentextintheusualsense.Whenitisextendedbysomelinguiststocoveracoherentstretchofspeech,itincludesaconversationorotherinterchangeinvolvingtwoormoreparticipants,aswellasstretchesofwriting.Henceoftenequivalentto“discourse,itselfextendedfromsimilarmotives.”DiscourseAnalysis(14)Definitionof“textlinguistics”Thelinguisticanalysisanddescriptionofextended“texts,eitherwrittenorspoken.OriginallyinGerman(textlinguistik)andinvolvinginparticulartheconceptoftextgrammar,orgenerativegrammaroftexts,analogoustoagrammargeneratingsentences.DiscourseAnalysis(15)Definitionof“linguistics”“thescienceoflanguage”or“scientificstudyoflanguage”“thebranchofknowledgethatdealswithlanguage”“thesystematic(scientific)studyoflanguage”Thetasksforlinguistics:DiscourseAnalysis(16)

Linguisticsisentrustedwithprovidinganswerstothefollowingquestions:“Whatislanguage?”“Howdoeslanguagework?”“Whatdoalllanguageshaveincommon?”“Whatrangeofvariationisfoundamonglanguages?”“Whydolanguageschange?”“Towhatextentaresocialclassdifferencesreflectedinlanguage?”DiscourseAnalysis(17)LinguisticsvstraditionalgrammarLinguisticsisdescriptiveinsteadofprescriptive;Linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenform;LinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.DiscourseAnalysis(18)DefinitionofDiscourseAncoherentsuccessionofsentences,spokenor(inmostusage)written.Thusthisentryinthedictionaryisanexampleofdiscourse;likewiseaspeechbyapoliticianorlecturetostudents;likewiseanintervieworanyotherseriesofspeecheventsinwhichsuccessivesentencesorutterancehandtogether.(OxfordConciseDictionaryofLinguistics,1997.:100)DiscourseAnalysis(19)‘Discourse’refersnotmerelytothelanguageofneo-liberalthinkersorpoliticians,butalsototheideasorphilosophiespropagatedbythem.(VanDijk,1997:7)“Discourseanalysis”cannotandshouldnotbetakenasameansortheory,insteaditmayrefertoanykindofstudywhoseaimistoconductsomekindofresearchintothetext.DiscourseAnalysis(20)

‘Discourseisuseoflanguageseenasformofsocialpractice,anddiscourseanalysisisanalysisofhowtextsworkwithinsocio-culturalpractice.Suchanalysisrequiresattentiontotextualform,structureandorganizationatalllevels,phonological,grammatical,lexical(vocabulary)andhigherlevelsoftextualorganizationintermsofexchangesystems,structuresofargumentationandgeneric(activitytype)structure.(Candlin,1996:8)DiscourseAnalysis(21)Discourseanalysis:Theattemptbyvariouslinguiststoextendthemethodsofanalysisdevelopedforthedescriptionofwordsandsentencestothestudyoflargerstructuresin,orinvolvedintheproductionof,connected*discourse.(ibid)DiscourseAnalysis(22)

Theterm‘discourseanalysis’referstoaformoflanguage,publicspeechesormoregenerallytospokenlanguageorwaysofspeaking.(VanDijk,1997:8)‘Discourseanalysisisnota‘level’ofanalysis,say,phonologyorlexicogrammar,butanexplorationofhow“texts”atalllevelsworkwithinsocioculturalpractices.”(Candlin,1995:8)DiscourseAnalysis(23)“Discourseanalysisisanalysisoftextstructureabovethesentence.”(Sinclair&Coulthard,1975:127)Discourseanalysis:Theattemptbyvariouslinguiststoextendthemethodsofanalysisdevelopedforthedescriptionofwordsandsentencestothestudyoflargerstructuresin,orinvolvedintheproductionof,connected*discourse.(ibid)DiscourseAnalysis(24)Theterm‘discourseanalysis’referstoaformoflanguage,publicspeechesormoregenerallytospokenlanguageorwaysofspeaking.(VanDijk,1997:8)‘Discourseanalysisisnota‘level’ofanalysis,say,phonologyorlexico-grammar,butanexplorationofhow“texts”atalllevelsworkwithinsocio-culturalpractices.”(Candlin,1995:8)DiscourseAnalysis(25)Discourseanalysisisanalysisoftextstructureabovethesentence.”(Sinclair&Coulthard,1975:127)Discourseanalysis:Theattemptbyvariouslinguiststoextendthemethodsofanalysisdevelopedforthedescriptionofwordsandsentencestothestudyoflargerstructuresin,orinvolvedintheproductionof,connected*discourse.TermfirstDiscourseAnalysis(26)usedinthe1950sbyZelligHarris:*textlinguisticsisasimilarextensionmanyyearslater.(OxfordLinguistics)Discourseanalysisoriginallydevelopedfromavarietyofdisciplines:sociolinguistics,anthropology,sociology,andsocialpsychology.Thusdiscourseanalysistakesdifferenttheoreticalperspectivesandanalyticapproaches(amongothers)DiscourseAnalysis(27)FunctionsoflanguageFivefunctions(MaryFinocchiaro)Personalfunction:speaker’sorwriter’sabilitytoexpresshisinnermostthoughtsaswellasthegamutofemotions—love,joy,disappointment,distress,anger,sorrow—whicheveryhumanbeingexperiences.Interpersonalfunction:enablesustoestablishandmediatedesirablesocialand

DiscourseAnalysis(28)workingrelationships.Thiscategorywouldincludeexpressionsofsympathy,joyatanother’ssuccess,concernforotherpeople’swelfare,themakingorbreakingofappointments,theappropriatelanguageneededtoindicateagreementordisagreementwhichweuseineverydaysituationsandwhichhelpsmakelivingwithotherspossibleandpleasant.DiscourseAnalysis(29)Directivefunction:enablesustomakerequestsorsuggestions,topersuadeorconvince,shouldalsobepresentedandlearnedinincrementalsteps.Referentialfunction:hasbeenmostfrequentlypracticedinlanguageclassesinthepast—isconcernedwithtalkingorwritingabouttheimmediateenvironmentandaboutlanguageitself.(meta-linguisticfunction)DiscourseAnalysis(30)Imaginativefunction:referstotheabilitytocomposerhymes,poetry,essays,orstoriesorallyorinwriting.Thisfunctionshouldbeencouragedifthelearnerseemstopossesscreativetalent.Buhler(Germanypsychologist)(Sprachtheorie)(OnLanguage)representationalfunction:describingvariouskindsoffactsDiscourseAnalysis(31)expressivefunction:showingvariouskindsofcharacteristicsofthespeakersvocativefunction:thefunctiontoexertsomeinfluenceonthepartoftheaddresseeInBuhler’spointofview,thechieffunctionofthelanguageistodescribethethings.DiscourseAnalysis(32)Jakobson(1960)(AnAmericanlinguist)(LinguisticsandPoetics)*referentialfunction:todescribethecurrentnaturalentityortodescribethevariouskindsofphenomenainthefictionalworld.Thisisalsotermedasdenotativefunctionorcognitivefunction,whichistheequivalenttoBuhler’srepresentationalfunction.DiscourseAnalysis(33)Emotivefunction:describingtheattitudetowardthethingsthatarebeingtalkedaboutonthepartoftheaddresser,whichisequaltowhatBuhlercalledexpressivefunction;Conativefunction:Thismeansthattheaddresserwishestoexertsomekindofeffectonthepartoftheaddresseethroughusingthelanguagesoastoachievetheeffectofthecommunication,whichisequaltoBuhler’svocativefunction;DiscourseAnalysis(34)*Phaticfunction(phaticcommunion):Thiskindoffunctionisnotintendedtoexchangetheessentialinformationorexchangetheideas,insteaditisusedtoestablishakindofrapportorrelationshipandmaintainthiskindofrelationshipamongthepeoplecommunicatingwitheachother.*Metalingualfunction:ThisisreferringtothefunctioninwhichapersonisusingakindofDiscourseAnalysis(35)languagetoexplainanotherkindoflanguage.Forexample,apersonusesEnglishtoexplainthegeneralprinciplesinthephysicalengineering.Thisisalsocalled“glossingfunction”.Poeticfunction:Theabilitytoexpressone’sinformationintheformoffiction.ToJakoboson,therepresentationalfunctionisthemostimportantandthereforeitisprimary.DiscourseAnalysis(36)Richards(1929):(PracticalCriticism)Thefunctiontoexpress“sense”,thatistosay,theabilitytoexpress“theitems/things”or“thestateofaffairs”,whichissimilartoBuhler’s“representationalfunction”andJakoboson’s“referentialfunction”.DiscourseAnalysis(37)Thefunctiontoexpressone’semotionalfeelings:thatistosay,thefunctiontoexpressthespeaker’sattitudetovariousthingsorstateofaffairs,whichissimilartoBuhler’s“expressivefunction”andJakboson’s“emotivefunction”;Thefunctiontoexpressone’stone:ThisistoexpresstheattitudeandopinionoftheDiscourseAnalysis(38)speakertowardthehearer,whichisequaltoBuhler’s“vocativefunction”andJakoboson’s“conativefunction”;Thefunctiontoexpresstheintention:thatistosay,thespeakerwantstoachievesomepurposethroughspeakingorlanguage,whichisequaltowhatJakobosondescribesaspartofthe“conativefunction”;DiscourseAnalysis(39)Thefunctiontoexpresstheintention:thatistosay,thespeakerwantstoachievesomepurposethroughspeakingorlanguage,whichisequaltowhatJakobosondescribesaspartofthe“conativefunction”;Richardsbelievethatthefunctiontoexpressone’ssenseasthebasicfunctionofthelanguage,whichisagainsimilartothoseofBuhler’sandJakoboson’s.DiscourseAnalysis(40)Lyons(1977)(Semantics)Decsriptivefunction:thefunctiontodescribethefactualinformationorstate,whichissimilartoBuhler’srepresentationalfunction,Jakobson’sreferentialfunction,andRichards’functiontoexpressone’sintention;Socialfunction:thefunctiontoestablishacertainkindofsocialrelationshipandmaintainit,whichissimilartoBuhler’s“expressivefunction”,Jakoboson’semotivefunction”and“phaticfunction”andRichards’“thefunctiontoexpressone’semotionalfeelings”;DiscourseAnalysis(41)*Expressivefunction:Thefunctiontoshowtheindividualcharacteristicfeatures